Uniform Rules Research Articles

Export of Cultural Property from Ukraine: State Policy and the Challenges of War

Abstract The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 inflicted severe damage on the country’s cultural heritage, triggering an upsurge in attempts to export cultural property across its borders. This paper deals with relevant issues related to the policy of Ukraine regarding the prevention of the export of cultural property abroad and the expertise of confiscated cultural property, as well as underscores the significance of enhancing state policy in this sphere in response to the challenges caused by Russian invasion. The notable increase in illegal attempts to export antiquities abroad requires a revision of the procedure for appointing and conducting the expertise of confiscated objects. This primarily applies to excessively prolonged periods of expertise, the lack of uniform rules applicable to all art experts regardless of their affiliations, and the ambiguous criteria defining “cultural property” in Ukrainian legislation. The paper proposes measures to resolve these difficulties, including introducing preliminary expertise at customs control, unifying the requirements for experts’ conclusions, and clarifying definitions in legislation.

Theoretical Methods of Unification of Normative Legal Terminology

The article analyzes the conditions and directions of unification of normative legal acts. The author identifies the following areas of unification: the creation of unified normative acts; the formation of normative legal acts with a single structure; increasing the list of norms common to similar normative legal acts, norms regulating the same type of public relations; creating conditions for the development of a unified legal terminology in order to ensure the general meaning of legal norms. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that the set of methods used depends entirely on the specifics of the conditions for the unification of normative legal acts, i.e. on the specifics of regulated legal relations. Unification is a law-making process taking place at the interstate and national levels. In the latter case, unification takes place, i.e. The development of uniform norms of law also takes place at the interstate level, but the achievement of the final result largely depends on the desire of each particular State to create in national legislation norms of law identical to the norms developed at the interstate level. Considering this and other circumstances, it seems that unification is a process of creating and consolidating uniform rules of conduct that takes place at the interstate and national levels within the legal framework established by international and national norms of law.

Domains where the uniform rule is well behaved

Domains where the uniform rule is well behaved

Legislative Purpose — The Unwritten Criterion in Classifying Goods: A Case Study of Israel Law

The International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS Convention) or HS, which seeks to establish uniform rules for the classification of products for customs and indirect tax purposes, is considered a resounding success. Its main objective is to ensure that a given product is classified in the same way in all World Customs Organization (WCO) member countries. The HS Convention does not specify the duty rates on each product, leaving it to the discretion of the member states, nor does it consider the legislative purpose of each country — to tax or exempt a product. This paper examines the issue of legislative purpose and concludes that considering the domestic legislative purpose when classifying leads to a lack of uniformity in the classification method and undermines the principle underlying the HS Convention. The issue has not been widely discussed in the literature; therefore, this paper makes a novel contribution to the literature on this topic.

Insect seedling herbivory is influenced by multiple factors, but the plant apparency theory is more supported than other hypotheses – A case study in a subtropical forest

Insect herbivory is ubiquitous in various ecosystems, and directly influences the growth and survival of individual plants, especially during their vulnerable early life stages like the seedling phase. This, in turn, exerts a significant influence on forest community diversity and structure, as well as ecosystem function and stability. Notable variation in herbivory has been detected both among and within plant species. For decades, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain such variations, including both biotic and abiotic variables. However, most studies have considered only one or several of these hypotheses by focusing on a few potential variables, and their results were usually inconsistent; thus, the factors driving herbivory remain unclear. In this study, we examined leaf herbivory by insects of woody species seedlings in a subtropical forest in southwestern China over two seasons. In total, 24 potential variables that represented abiotic resource availability, characters of individual seedlings, conspecific and heterospecific species, and the whole seedling community were selected to test several commonly discussed alternative herbivory hypotheses. Overall, our findings showed that the plant apparency hypothesis was more supported than the other hypotheses in explaining insect seedling herbivory. Our results further indicated that the mechanisms and causes of insect herbivory are complex, multifactorial, species-specific and vary with seasons, indicating that there may be no uniform rules in explaining herbivory for all seedlings. Consequently, such complexity may play an important role in promoting species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance in seedling communities, which may further translate into the following generation of saplings or even adult communities. Changes in the community of insect herbivores and/or variables influencing insect herbivory, may disrupt stability of the original seedling community, thus affecting the regeneration and development of the entire forest community. Therefore, we suggest that issues related to insect herbivory should be considered when developing forest management and conservation.

Унификация отраслевых торгов и их перевод в электронную форму как ключевые элементы совершенствования антимонопольного контроля за организацией и проведением торгов

The article is devoted to the research of the legal nature of tenders from the point of view of civil law and competition law, as well as identifying problems within the existing system of industry tenders, which lead to the formation of uncertain judicial practice. It is substantiated that the institution of tenders, initially formed and developed within the framework of civil law, at the present stage has acquired an interindustry character, in connection with which it is necessary to highlight both the civil and competitive significance of tenders. It is established that at the moment the legislation of the Russian Federation contains a significant list of cases of mandatory tenders, which, however, have a fragmentary industry character and do not ensure a sufficient level of competition. Based on this, arguments are given about the need to unify industry tenders in the form of uniform rules for organizing and holding tenders established by antimonopoly legislation, as well as transferring all tenders to electronic form to increase the number of tender participants, and, as a consequence, increase the level of competition in tenders for the purpose of effective implementation of state and municipal property.

Data encryption/decryption and medical image reconstruction based on a sustainable biomemristor designed logic gate circuit

Memristors are considered one of the most promising new-generation memory technologies due to their high integration density, fast read/write speeds, and ultra-low power consumption. Natural biomaterials have attracted interest in integrated circuits and electronics because of their environmental friendliness, sustainability, low cost, and excellent biocompatibility. In this study, a sustainable biomemristor with Ag/mugwort:PVDF/ITO structure was prepared using spin-coating and magnetron sputtering methods, which exhibited excellent durability, significant resistance switching (RS) behavior and unidirectional conduction properties when three metals were used as top electrode. By studying the conductivity mechanism of the device, a charge conduction model was established by the combination of F-N tunneling, redox, and complexation reaction. Finally, the novel logic gate circuits were constructed using the as-prepared memristor, and further memristor based encryption circuit using 3-8 decoder was innovatively designed, which can realize uniform rule encryption and decryption of medical information for data and medical images. Therefore, this work realizes the integration of memristor with traditional electronic technology and expands the applications of sustainable biomemristors in digital circuits, data encryption, and medical image security.

Multimarket firms and product liability: uniform versus variable rules

Abstract When a multimarket firm’s product causes harm to consumers, should the firm bear uniform or variable liability across markets? We analyze a model in which the firm faces the same standard liability in two markets under uniform liability, while its liability rises above and falls below the standard level in markets 1 and 2, respectively, under variable liability. Allowing variation in product liability across markets has broad implications for the firm’s incentive to invest in product safety, total output, and output allocation across markets, as well as for the optimal choice of standard liability in the first place. We show that welfare is higher under variable liability if demand elasticity is lower and demand curvature is weakly higher in market 2 than in market 1, but welfare can be higher under uniform liability otherwise.

A Cross-Client Coordinator in Federated Learning Framework for Conquering Heterogeneity.

Federated learning, as a privacy-preserving learning paradigm, restricts the access to data of each local client, for protecting the privacy of the parties. However, in the case of heterogeneous data settings, the different data distributions among clients usually lead to the divergence of learning targets, which is an essential challenge for federated learning. In this article, we propose a federated learning framework with a unified coding space, called FedUCS, for learning cross-client uniform coding rules to solve the problem of divergent targets among multiple clients due to heterogeneous data. A cross-client coordinator co-trained by multiple clients is used as a criterion of the coding space to supervise all clients coding to a uniform space, which is the significant contribution of this article. Furthermore, in order to appropriately retain historical information and avoid forgetting previous knowledge, a partial memory mechanism is applied. Moreover, in order to further enhance the distinguishability of the unified encoding space, supervised contrastive learning is used to avoid the intersection of the encoding spaces belonging to different categories. A series of experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in a federated learning setting with heterogeneous data.

Agent-wise–replication invariance, the Walrasian solution and the uniform rule

Agent-wise–replication invariance, the Walrasian solution and the uniform rule

Preference manipulations lead to the uniform rule

For the problem of fully allocating a social endowment of a commodity among a group of agents with single-peaked preferences, we study the consequences of manipulation for several families of rules that are not strategy-proof. Given a rule and a true preference profile, we consider the induced direct revelation game, and characterize its equilibrium allocations in terms of the profile. Our results are unequivocal: for any rule we consider, and for each true preference profile, there is a unique Nash equilibrium allocation. For the profile, it is the allocation of the uniform rule (Sprumont, 1991), the unique strategy-proof, efficient, and symmetric rule in this literature. These conclusions are drawn from two distinct sets of assumptions on the rules.

JUDICIAL CASE FLOW MANAGEMENT “CHECKPOINT”: HOW FAR HAVE WE GONE?

This article examines the introduction of judicial case flow management into South African law from a historical perspective, its initial failures, resistance and fundamental principles. It sets out the judicial attempts to regulate the management of litigious matters through the Uniform Rules of Court, particularly rule 37A, and the impact of the introduction of the era of norms and standards on case flow management. Through revelations in practice of the positive progress achieved in judicial case flow management, the central argument is that a more inquisitorial role in the case flow management system is key to ensuring access to justice.

International Legal Approaches to the Issue of Admissibility of the Use of Genomic Technologies in Medicine

The purpose of the paper is to determine the main international standards and positions of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations regarding the use of genomic technologies in medicine, which are reflected in their documents. At the universal level, there is no international treaty containing uniform rules in this area, but there are many documents of international organizations (such as WHO, UNESCO) that set out the relevant standards. At the regional level, the experience of the Council of Europe in the field of legal regulation of genomic medicine plays a significant role. National approaches to the legal regulation of genomic medicine vary. In such conditions, the practice of international non-governmental organizations in the field of biomedicine and genetic technologies plays a significant role. They set standards and represent the positions of the biomedical community.Based on the analysis of international acts, it can be concluded that the general position of the international biomedical community is that genome editing technologies can be widely used for therapeutic and scientific purposes, provided that there is no criterion for transmitting genes to descendants. Genome editing should be carried out in accordance with international professional and ethical standards, including the principles of benefit over harm and informed consent. Discussions about the admissibility of hereditary genome editing continue. The prevailing approach of international organizations is that there are currently no reasonable standards for the safety and effectiveness of this technology, while research itself is encouraged.

Epidemic and infection control measures in charitable institutions for children in the 19th — early 20th century (based on the materials from Saint-Petersburg)

Based on the documents stored in archives, here we present the analysis of the evolution of forms of the epidemic and infection control measures in charitable institutions for children in Saint-Petersburg with the deve-lopment of medicine, the introduction of sanitary and hygienic standards, and guidelines based on the acquired experience. The causes of mass infection of the pupils have been identified, which were associated with the lack of well-established daily hygienic practices for pupils, their close contact within the institution, and the presence of visiting caregivers in orphanages who had extensive contacts outside. At the state level, until the end of the 19th century, there were no uniform sanitary norms and rules, as well as specialized schemes for their identification and con-trol. As the analysis shows, this resulted in the fact that the trustee boards of orphanages and doctors assigned to them were forced, sometimes with the help of police, to independently introduce restrictive measures at the ad-ministrative level, determine treatment methods and manage all emerging issues aimed at preserving health of the pupils, while often not having sufficient professional knowledge and experience for this. The documents sug-gest that due to the lack of established diagnostic system, the treatment methods practically did not differ for vari-ous infectious diseases, and the recommendations of doctors for a long time mainly consisted of changing the diet, purifying the air, isolating patients, and burning possessions of sick children. Considering religious education in all charitable institutions, lents and fast days were supposed to be observed, which required the approval of the clergy, who, although as a rule did not create serious obstacles, but granted individual and limited permits. In the beginning of the 19th century, smallpox vaccination began, and such practices gradually expanded thanks to the state and benefactors, but due to the lack of support from church, as well as conservatism and superstition of a significant proportion of parents, they did not become widespread and routine.

Computational boundary improvement and performance optimization of the flue gas waste heat cascade utilization system of the ultra-supercritical 1000 MW generator set

Abstract There is no uniform performance test rule and standard calculation method for efficiency improvement of a system that utilizes waste heat from flue gas and it is mainly carried out through turbine parameters, without considering boiler system performance. Given the above problem, in this paper, the steam turbine, boiler and waste heat from the flue gas step-up utilization system are calculated by establishing a thermal model of ultra-supercritical secondary reheating 1000 MW unit. At the same time, unit design data and field performance test results are used for verification. Analysis comparing simulation outcomes with experimental data revealed that the discrepancies in the heat consumption rate per unit, the efficiency of the boiler, and the rate of coal consumption for power generation peaked at a marginal variance of 0.2%. The optimum operating parameters of the system for low-grade flue gas recovery in a cascading manner are obtained through variable operating condition calculations. The optimum value of high-pressure bypass feed-water flow rate is 52 kg/s at 970 MW operating condition. At the same time, the difference between high-pressure bypass effluent and high plus effluent temperatures should be controlled to be close to 0°C, and the optimal value of low-pressure bypass condensate flow rate is 53 kg/s. As the flow of flue gas in the bypass increases, the efficiency of heat exchange in the bypass economizer also increases, resulting in greater absorption of heat in the utilization apparatus for flue gas waste heat, leading to a more effective energy-saving outcome. However, it is necessary to regulate the temperature of both the primary and secondary air to levels that exceed the minimum requirements for the safe functioning of the coal mill.

Создание единой юридической функции в компании

The article describes prerequisites, targets, tasks, stages and tools of the project for creation of the legal shared services centre (SSC) — unifying the legal function into a vertically integrated specialised centre rendering in-house legal services to the company’s business divisions on the basis of uniform rules and standards and with reasonable expenses, efficiency and high quality.

The new system of remuneration for health workers: uniform rules and a differentiated approach

The need for further improvement of the remuneration system in the public sector is considered, in particular, the features of the new remuneration system for medical workers, which has been tested as part of the pilot project of the Government of the Russian Federation in certain regions. The necessity of extending this practice to all regions is justified, which will allow applying a unified approach and actually ensuring a fair differentiation of incomes of medical workers associated with the need to maintain their income level at the level of average salaries in the economy of the relevant region. The analysis of the salary structure of medical workers, which includes, along with the official salary by qualification groups, compensatory and incentive payments, including at the expense of income-generating activities; the formula for adjusting the level of official salaries by regional coefficients, taking into account the objective economic differentiation of the subjects of the Russian Federation, is considered.

A Standardized Nomenclature Design for Systematic Referencing and Identification of Animal Cellular Material.

The documentation, preservation and rescue of biological diversity increasingly uses living biological samples. Persistent associations between species, biosamples, such as tissues and cell lines, and the accompanying data are indispensable for using, exchanging and benefiting from these valuable materials. Explicit authentication of such biosamples by assigning unique and robust identifiers is therefore required to allow for unambiguous referencing, avoid identification conflicts and maintain reproducibility in research. A predefined nomenclature based on uniform rules would facilitate this process. However, such a nomenclature is currently lacking for animal biological material. We here present a first, standardized, human-readable nomenclature design, which is sufficient to generate unique and stable identifying names for animal cellular material with a focus on wildlife species. A species-specific human- and machine-readable syntax is included in the proposed standard naming scheme, allowing for the traceability of donated material and cultured cells, as well as data FAIRification. Only when it is consistently applied in the public domain, as publications and inter-institutional samples and data are exchanged, distributed and stored centrally, can the risks of misidentification and loss of traceability be mitigated. This innovative globally applicable identification system provides a standard for a sustainable structure for the long-term storage of animal bio-samples in cryobanks and hence facilitates current as well as future species conservation and biomedical research.

Predictive Model for Medical Assistance

Medical tourism has emerged as a prominent global healthcare phenomenon, driven by various factors such as cost differentials, quality of care, and accessibility. The first aspect of medical tourism is the transnational use of healthcare services, which is frequently driven by financial savings and shortened wait times. Patients from high-income nations frequently go to less expensive locations for elective surgery, while people from low-income nations may look overseas for cutting-edge medical care due to a lack of local healthcare infrastructure. Patients who choose medical tourism locations do so because of the high quality of the care they receive. Patients are enticed to particular locations by accredited healthcare facilities and highly trained medical personnel. However, maintaining uniform quality across many healthcare systems is still difficult. The economic impact on the countries of origin and destination makes up the third aspect of medical tourism. Through higher healthcare sector income, tourism-related activities, and job creation, medical tourism can promote economic growth in destination nations. On the other hand, source nations could experience issues with the distribution of healthcare resources and the "brain drain" of medical specialists. The relevance of ethical considerations in medical travel cannot be overstated. To preserve the credibility of medical tourism, issues relating to informed consent, patient safety, and the equal distribution of healthcare resources must be properly addressed. The COVID-19 pandemic's effects on international travel and healthcare systems are just a few of the aspects that are taken into account in this abstract while discussing the future of medical tourism. It emphasises the necessity of international cooperation to create uniform policies, rules, and moral frameworks that guarantee the safety of patients taking part in medical tourism.

Investigating Food Allergen Labeling in Commercially Packaged Food Products

Background: In 2017, Turkey introduced Turkish Food Codex Regulation on labeling and providing food information to customers, which has been revised on a regular basis ever since. The purpose of this study was to survey food allergen information regarding foods and beverages sold in Turkey and the extent to which food allergens and precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) are emphasized in the products. Method: Thirteen food and drink categories were reviewed in five physical food stores and three online stores. A total of 1,010 foods and beverages were checked for allergens according to their labels. Results: 1,116 allergenic foods were identified in 59.7% of foods and beverages,. Gluten-containing cereals were clearly labelled in every food category, and milk received the highest number of declarations (30.55%), followed by gluten (27.42%), and tree nuts (9.67%). Snacks contained the most number of allergens (14.8%), followed by dairy products (13.8%), and baked products (12.4%). Conclusions: Accurate and understandable food allergy labeling is essential in avoiding food allergies. Food allergy labeling legislation especially The EU Regulation No. 1169/2011 establishes uniform rules for allergen labeling, which is one of the most stringent food regulations in the world. Current allergen labeling restrictions and policies need to be improved to reduce the risk of food hypersensitivity.