Uniform Regulation Research Articles

Ethical constraints and dilemmas in the provision of in-vitro fertilization treatment in Ghana: from the perspectives of experts

BackgroundInfertility presents both medical and public health challenges, with in vitro fertilization (IVF) emerging as a prominent solution, particularly when other alternatives are exhausted. However, IVF treatment raises significant ethical questions that have been under explored in the Ghanaian context. This study aimed to explore ethical constraints and dilemmas in the provision of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment in Ghana.MethodsA descriptive phenomenological qualitative design was employed. Purposive sampling techniques were used to recruit 12 participants including ART experts from three in vitro fertilization (IVF) centres, ethicists and a legal practitioner. In-depth face-to-face interviews guided by an open-ended interview guide were conducted. Thematic analysis of the interviews was performed to identify major themes.ResultsProviding IVF treatment in Ghana raises several ethical issues, including inequitable access due to high costs and limited availability, which favour wealthier individuals and leave marginalized populations with fewer options. There are significant ethical considerations in balancing the potential benefits of successful IVF treatment outcomes against the health risks and emotional tolls on patients. Decisions about the fate of surplus embryos present moral dilemmas, including whether to preserve, donate, or discard them. Differing personal beliefs about the moral status of the embryo further complicate the ethical landscape. Ensuring informed consent is challenging due to the complex medical, ethical, and emotional implications of IVF treatment, potentially leading to compromised consent. Additionally, there are ongoing risks of breaches in confidentiality, given the sensitive nature of reproductive health data and the importance of protecting patient privacy.ConclusionThis study revealed that several ethical dilemmas confront both healthcare providers and couples in the process of IVF. There is an urgent need for the development of clear and uniform regulations to govern the practice of IVF treatment in Ghana, with further attention given to mitigating financial barriers and enhancing support systems for couples considering IVF treatment.

International sports federations as de facto lawmakers: Queer-feminist explorations of the gendered power of sports law

Abstract This article analyses the law-making power of international sports federations, with a specific focus on their authority of shaping global norms on gender. It explores a variety of international sporting rules from feminist and queer perspectives. These include the ban of rainbow armbands at the 2022 FIFA (Men’s) World Cup, rules on the participation of transgender persons in rugby, gendered and racialized uniform regulations in sports, and the Semenya case concerning the sports participation of women with variations in sex characteristics The analysis asserts that despite being non-state actors, international sports federations are de facto international lawmakers that disseminate hegemonic gender norms reflecting cis-hetero-sexism and white body norms. However, analysing the Semenya case and the decision of the Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the case shows that the law-making power of international sports federations in shaping gender norms is not absolute but embedded in a transnational network of norms. The article concludes that subjecting international sports federations to a feminist, queer, and anti-racist legal analysis assists in understanding how hegemonic norms on gender circulate transnationally and enhances knowledge on how international law works in practice.

Exploring the Frontiers of Health Tourism: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Themes and Trends.

Health tourism, encompassing both wellness and medical tourism, serves individuals seeking preventive care, relaxation, and medical treatments in diverse global destinations. This bibliometric study leverages Scopus for bibliographic data to analyze the scientific production in health tourism. The analysis, conducted using Biblioshiny and CiteSpace, focuses on annual scientific production, identifies the most productive authors, and highlights the most relevant sources. Additionally, the study examines countries' scientific outputs and provides a historiographic overview of the field. Trend topics and thematic maps visualize the evolution of research themes, while keywords with the strongest citation bursts are identified. Co-citation analysis reveals influential works and collaborations, and a timeline view of country collaborations illustrates the global research network. The study concludes that while health tourism research has significantly expanded, there is a need for longitudinal studies on long-term outcomes and patient satisfaction. Furthermore, the integration of wellness and medical services, as well as the exploration of ethical and legal frameworks, remain underdeveloped. Practical implications suggest that policymakers should focus on developing uniform regulations and resilient practices to enhance the sustainability and attractiveness of health tourism. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and future directions of health tourism research, highlighting critical areas for further investigation.

CWD as a New Health Threat in Europe and the Adequacy and Effectiveness of Instruments of Legal Response from a Comparative Legal Perspective.

Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) affects wild and farmed cervids. The increasing number of cases in Europe, the resistance of prions to external conditions, and the persistence period threaten not only wild cervid populations but also the economy. The possible zoonotic potential of CWD is of growing concern. CWD is a relevant issue as far as the idea of "one health" is concerned, which is a fundamental principle of European veterinary law. Methods of legal text analysis and interpretation are used for this comparative legal study. Research reveals that countries struggling to tackle CWD employ different normative approaches to the problem and use different control and eradication schemes. The results of this study indicate that it is reasonable to issue uniform regulations in the European Union at the common, rather than national, level. The European legislation should creatively draw on the experience of North American countries that have been struggling with the discussed disease for a long time.

Application and Impact of the Provisions on Technology Transfer in the Regional Agreement

In the context of the lagging legislation of international technology transfer and the lack of unified regulation, the WTO cannot effectively use the dispute settlement mechanism to resolve the related contradictions arising from technology transfer. Signing regional trade agreements has gradually become the main means to regulate and promote technology transfer. However, the developing countries that rely on "market for technology" are often in a passive position, facing the difficulties of signing regional clauses caused by the technology transfer barriers of developed countries and the imperfect means of technology circulation and protection of developing countries, and urgently need to put forward their own countermeasures. In particular, China needs to innovate the domestic technology transfer system through the standard regional trade agreement rules to help our country maintain a good regional trade partnership. By clarifying the application conditions and effects of regional trade agreements, this paper proposes to improve the universality of regional trade agreements from the perspective of international formulation of uniform regulations.

Analisis Karakter Disiplin Siswa Kelas V SDN Banyuajuh 2 pada Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Pramuka Materi PBB

The purpose of this research is to determine the discipline characteristics of fifth-grade students at SDN Banyuajuh 2 during the scout extracurricular activities with marching rules material. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects used are fifth-grade students. Sampling in this study uses purposive sampling. The research sample consists of 6 fifth-grade students. Data collection methods include observation sheets, interviews, and documentation. The research findings are as follows: In terms of punctuality, students depart on time for scout exercises and school, as observed with all students being punctual both when going to school and during scout exercises. The students perform tasks given by the scout leader promptly. During the marching rules exercises, all students carry out the given tasks from the leader, such as following th commands related to marching rules, correctly and on time. Regarding adherence to rules, students comply with school regulations, as observed with all students adhering to school rules. This is evident from students attending classes on time and participating well. Students also contribute to maintaining environmental cleanliness by participating in cleanliness duties and disposing of waste properly. Additionally, students follow the commands of the scout leader and exhibit perfect behavior when receiving the "ready" command during the execution of marching rules exercises. In terms of wearing the prescribed uniform, including the scout uniform, scout hat, scout neckerchief, appropriate grade-specific accessories, belt, and black socks, all observed students, except for one (EF), adhere to the uniform regulations during scout exercises. The exception is student ef, who wears white socks during the second day of scout exercise observations

유니폼 규정의 윤리적 고찰(2) : 퍼포먼스 치어를 중심으로

유니폼 규정의 윤리적 고찰(2) : 퍼포먼스 치어를 중심으로

Strategi Madrasah Tsanawiyah Dalam Meminimalisir Perilaku Indisipliner Siswa

The research aims to explain and describe the efforts of the school in minimizing student disciplinary behavior at Al-Mardliyyah Tagangser Laok Waru Pamekasan Islamic Junior High School. The research method used a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection was done through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data processing involved reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Data validity was ensured through credibility and confirmability. The research results show forms of disciplinary behavior such as arriving late to school, not participating in learning activities, leaving before time, not adhering to uniform regulations, bringing mobile phones to school, and being absent without explanation. The role of the class teacher includes being a parent figure, guidance counselor, motivator, administrator, and communicator. Discipline enforcement is carried out through a system of violation point weights which are socialized at the beginning of each new academic year packaged with the Student Introduction Period activities. A WhatsApp group facilitates communication between class teachers, guidance counselors, and the student affairs department. Collaboration between class teachers and guidance counselors involves formulating guidance procedures, compiling summaries, assigning home visit tasks, and monitoring and evaluation.

Cryptocurrencies, Tax Ignorance and Tax Noncompliance in Direct Taxation: Spanish Empirical Evidence

This article highlights the complexity of taxation surrounding cryptocurrency transactions due to the lack of uniform regulation, creating uncertainty for both taxpayers and tax authorities. After determining the tax obligations of individuals in taxation, a survey has been conducted to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with tax obligations related to cryptocurrencies. The survey, in which 103 people participated, reveals the confusion and errors that prevail in perceptions of the tax obligations for cryptocurrencies, particularly in transactions such as swapping and staking in personal income tax. This results in almost half of the respondents (49.5%) not declaring any of their operations with cryptocurrencies. The reasons for this include the fact that the majority of respondents (66%) find the regulation of cryptocurrencies in Spain confusing and difficult to understand. Additionally, 87.4% believe that tax agencies should provide more information and resources on the taxation of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, and that there should be clearer and more comprehensive regulation. However, it should be noted that 41.7% also consider that tax regulation discourages investment in cryptocurrencies.

Characteristics, Opportunities, and Challenges of Osteopathy Based on the Perceptions of Osteopaths in Austria: Qualitative Interview Study.

There are no uniform regulations for the osteopathic profession in Europe. It is subject to country-specific regulations defining who shall be allowed to practice osteopathy and which qualification shall be required. In recent years, legal regulations have been established in several European countries for the profession of osteopathy; however, these are also still pending for Austria. Currently, physiotherapists and physicians with osteopathic training are practicing osteopathy in Austria. This study aims to examine the characteristics, challenges, and opportunities of osteopaths in Austria. Guideline-based interviews with osteopaths (N=10) were conducted. The different research questions were examined using a qualitative content analysis. The study provided a differentiated insight into the professional situation of osteopaths in Austria. The most important result was that all interviewees unanimously supported a legal regulation of their profession. However, owing to their different professional self-image-on the one hand, individuals working on a structural basis, and, on the other hand, individuals working on a cranial or biodynamic basis-they were able to imagine a uniform professional regulation only to a limited extent. Additional topics for the interviewed osteopaths in Austria were the quality assurance of training and the urgent need for scientific research. Furthermore, the study also dealt with the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily practice and on education and training in osteopathy. This study is a pioneering study with regard to systematic basic research on osteopathy in Austria. The obtained results and the newly acquired research questions not only have the potential to serve as a basis for further studies but also provide insight into the working and professional situation of osteopaths in Austria for universities, schools, professional associations, politics, and-last but not least-all interested parties. RR2-10.2196/15399.

Current Regulatory Issues for the Use of Probiotics.

The chapter provides an overview of the current regulatory challenges surrounding the use of probiotics. It explores the global regulatory landscape, noting the need for uniform regulations across various regions. It emphasizes that these inconsistencies pose challenges for consumers, healthcare professionals, and industry stakeholders. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the ongoing efforts at the Codex Alimentarius to establish harmonized probiotic guidelines. The chapter also discusses labeling regulations, stressing the need for more accurate and comprehensive information on probiotic products to aid in evidence-based decision-making. Finally, it addresses safety concerns, particularly for vulnerable populations like children, and calls for a multi-layered approach to safety assessments. The chapter concludes by advocating harmonizing regulations and guidelines to facilitate probiotics' safer and more effective use.

The liability of online intermediaries under European Union law

This research explores the complex and multifaceted issue of online intermediary liability. It illuminates the challenges arising from the absence of uniform regulations and the need for a collaborative system between online intermediaries and rightsholders. Specifically, the article scrutinizes the liability of online intermediaries under European Union law for violations of legal interests in online content. It strives to balance intermediary liability frameworks and fair competition, drawing attention to the relationship between specific provisions and the concurrent regime outlined in the e-Commerce Directive. Moreover, the article evaluates the consistency of liability frameworks for online intermediaries and their compliance with market functioning rules under the Trade Secrets and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directives. Furthermore, the article consults the consequences of the EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which holds online user-generated content platforms directly responsible for infringing content. And, unlike the original draft, the final version of this directive does not impose general monitoring obligations. Nevertheless, online intermediaries may need to implement filtering measures to avoid liability for unauthorized communication of copyright-protected works to the public. The writing also considers the impact of a prior legal framework, and the Digital Service Act established to address the issue of online intermediaries being held liable for any illegal information disseminated through their platforms. The research underscores the innovative features of the Digital Services Act, acknowledging the challenges of creating a practical legal framework striving to avoid conflicts with relevant laws. Therefore, this paper sheds light on the complex nature of online intermediary liability to the EU approach accordingly.

Impact of roadside advertisements near traffic signs on driving safety

A common distraction that affects drivers on the road is billboards. It can substantially impact how well drivers manage their speed, maintain their lanes, focus their attention, and react to stressful situations. When the billboards are placed next to vital traffic signs, they negatively affect drivers, impairing their ability to recognize these signs visually and, more significantly, altering their driving behavior. In this case, the impact of billboards on drivers is mainly influenced by two critical factors: billboard size and relative position to the traffic signs. In this study, a driving simulator was used to study the influence of these two factors on drivers. For this purpose, the eye movement, EEG and driving behavior data of drivers under different combinations of these two factors were collected. The data were analyzed and comprehensively evaluated using a two-factor repeated measure variance analysis and matter-element model. The results provided three main conclusions. First, the driver's ability to recognize signs and driving behavior are significantly influenced by the size of the billboard, and the impact is higher the smaller the billboard is. Second, the relative anteroposterior position of the billboard and the signboard significantly affects how people recognize signs and behave while driving. The driver was more affected by the billboard's placement in front of the signboard. Third, the drivers were impacted by the billboard size and relative anteroposterior position between signs and billboards. However, the influence of the relative anteroposterior position was more than that of the size. Based on the study's findings, some guidelines for billboards to avoid accidents in the actual world can be developed. First, when positioning billboards around significant signs, every attempt should be made to put the billboard behind the sign so that the driver may first finish identifying the sign. Second, to minimize the impact on drivers, a large billboard (8 m x 24 m), placed as far away from the sign, should be used wherever possible. Finally, it is vital to develop uniform regulations and norms for the size standards of billboards in various settings due to the vast variations in billboard sizes used in China.

Adaptive Multi‐Site Gradient Adsorption of Siloxane‐Based Protective Layers Enable High Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries

AbstractLow Coulombic efficiency and significant capacity decay resulting from an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and dendritic growth pose challenges to the practical application of lithium‐metal batteries. In this study, a highly efficient protection layer induced by octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS) with LiFSI salt is investigated. The OPS exhibits a strong adsorption energy with lithium, its multi‐site gradient adsorption ability enables the simultaneous capture of 8 Li+ and the uniform regulation of Li ion flux. Moreover, the mechanical strength and electronic insulation of the OPS layer induces Li deposition under the protection layer and effectively inhibits lithium dendrite growth. Such a protection layer contributes to the stable and dendrite‐free performance of a lithium‐metal battery employing LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) as a cathode and an ultrathin OPS‐protected lithium foil (20 µm) as the anode. A remarkable capacity retention of 91.4% is achieved after 300 cycles at 1C. The OPS‐protected Li anodes and NCM811 are also tested in combination with a Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte, showing extended cyclability up to 300 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.58% and capacity retention of 85.7%.

The role of local government in Reog Ponorogo MSME empowerment: A regulator, facilitator, and catalyst

This research aims to understand the role of the government as a regulator, facilitator, and catalyst in empowering MSMEs in Reog Ponorogo. The qualitative descriptive research method is used with data collection using observation, interviews, and documentation methods. The results of this research show that the role of local government as a regulator, facilitator, and catalyst in empowering MSMEs in Reog Ponorogo still needs to be improved. As a regulator, the local government should be able to create policies or regulations that agencies can implement to develop Ponorogo Reog MSMEs, such as agency uniform regulations that use Reog attributes in August. The government's role as a catalyst is to provide accessible trading permits for new MSMEs and provide stimulus in the form of people's business credit or KUR in collaboration with private parties in developing MSMEs with relatively simple application requirements.

Subject Composition of the Contract of Trust Management of the Property of the Missing Person

Relevance. A missing person is not a ground for terminating the legal relationship in which he or she was involved. The missing person's property should be preserved and protected from the claims of third parties. For this purpose it is advisable to conclude a property trust agreement. However, the legislation contains gaps with regard to the procedure of its conclusion, which leads to unjustified refusals successfully appealed by the persons concerned in court. Their elimination will make it possible to apply this construction more often on the basis of the provisions of a single legal act enshrining the procedure for concluding an agreement and its standard form.The purpose is to substantiate the need to improve the legislation regulating the legal position of the subjects of the contract of trust management of the property of the missing person, including when it is concluded.Objectives are to identify the features of the legal regulation of the contract of trust management of the property of the missing person; to determine the criteria for the trustees of the studied agreement; to substantiate and formulate proposals for the improvement of civil legislation in the analyzed sphere.Methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, the method of ascending from the abstract to the concrete and the formal-legal method were used in the study.Results are of a theoretical and applied nature and contain suggestions for improving the legislation in terms of trust management of the property of the missing person in order to eliminate gaps in the law and increase the frequency of its use by the guardianship and trusteeship authorities.Conclusion. Contradictions to the civil legislation of rules of trust management of property of the missing person in subjects of the Russian Federation are revealed, for elimination of which it is offered to develop uniform regulations of definition of the candidate of the trustee of property of the missing person and order of the conclusion of the corresponding contract. It has been determined that when selecting a candidate for a trustee, a guardianship authority should take into account the necessary knowledge and skills, confirmed by documents; absence of a negative history of guardianship before and tax debts. It is proposed to create a unified database of trustees of the property of the missing person.

Trends and Obstacles to Implement Dynamic Perfusion Concepts for Clinical Liver Transplantation: Results from a Global Web-Based Survey.

Organ perfusion technology is increasingly used in many countries, with a focus, however, on the Western world. This study investigates the current international trends and obstacles to the broader routine implementation of dynamic perfusion concepts in liver transplantation. A web-based anonymous survey was launched in 2021. Experts of all involved specializations from 70 centers in 34 countries were contacted, based on the published literature and experience in the field of abdominal organ perfusion. Overall, 143 participants from 23 countries completed the survey. Most respondents were male (67.8%) and transplant surgeons (64.3%) working at university hospitals (67.9%). The majority had experience with organ perfusion (82%), applying mainly hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP; 38%) and other concepts. While most (94.4%) expect a higher utilization of marginal organs with machine perfusion, the majority considers HMP the best technique to reduce liver discard-rates. While most respondents (90%) believed machine perfusion should be fully commissioned, the lack of funding (34%) and knowledge (16%) as well as limited staff (19%) were the three main obstacles to a routine clinical implementation. Although dynamic preservation concepts are increasingly used in clinical practice, significant challenges remain. Specific financial pathways, uniform regulations, and tight collaborations among involved experts are needed to achieve wider global clinical use.

Calendar Effect in The Chinese Securities Market

The existence of the calendar effect as a market anomaly problem proves that there are loopholes in the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). By studying the calendar effect, scholars can gradually identify and solve the problems of regulatory loopholes and information asymmetry in the financial market. This paper divides the Chinese securities market into stock market, bond market, fund market and financial derivatives market, focusing on the weekday effect and the month effect. By summarizing and comparing the weekday effect and the month effect of the above four sub-markets, the paper shows that the calendar effect is more significant in all four markets on Mondays and Fridays, also January and December. The calendar effect of the four sub-markets is not similar in other periods, which may be due to the fact that each market is affected by uniform regulation and the same policies, but also has its own unique characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research results on the calendar effects in the four sub-markets of the Chinese securities market and to promote the development and maturity of the Chinese securities market.

Issues of Termination of Work Relations Due to Reaching the Age Limit

A number of changes to current legislation in recent years have been aimed at increasing the length of stay in the service of certain categories of civil servants. At the same time, such changes are associated with a number of problems concerning: a) the validity of the extension of work relations; b) the fate of the labor contract (contract extension or the conclusion of a new one); c) the grounds and procedure for termination of the contract; d) state guarantees upon termination of the contract in connection with reaching the age limit. The situation is aggravated by the lack of uniform regulation of these issues in different types of state and municipal service. The theoretical and methodological development of this topic is quite low. Most of the works related to the change in work relations have the subject of analysis of military service and specific problems related, for example, to gender aspects of securing the age limit. Directly on the grounds and procedure for terminating the labor contract (contract, employment contract) due to reaching the age limit, a small number of publications can be distinguished, which do not take into account later changes in legislation. To achieve the set tasks, both a general scientific dialectical method is used, which allows us to understand the duality of understanding the legal categories under consideration, as well as methods of formal logic, a comparative method, a system-structural method, etc. According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that it should be unequivocally fixed that the labor contract (contract, employment contract) is imperative terminated when employees reach the age limit. At the same time, it is allowed to extend this period, but not the labor agreement itself, therefore, a new labor contract (employment contract) of an urgent nature can be concluded with such a person. In conclusion, specific proposals are made to improve the current legislation.

IV. AML Directive: Problems related to exchange of information between Financial Intelligence Units

The presented paper is devoted to application problems in the field of ensuring international cooperation between Financial Intelligence Units. In accordance with the set goal, the author further analyses the existing application problems related to the exchange of information between the Financial Intelligence Units of the European Union. A special part of the paper focuses on the issue of the absence of uniform regulation at the level of the European Union in the area of information exchange between the European Union Financial Intelligence Units and the Financial Intelligence Units of third countries. In addition, the author further analyses the use of communication channels between the Financial Intelligence Units related to the assurance of sufficient protection of personal data.