Uniform Distribution Research Articles

Microstructure and mechanical properties in ultrasonic-magnetic field coaxial hybrid GTAW joints of Ti-6Al-4V

GTAW has less arc energy density and coarse joint microstructure. A novel method of Ultrasonic-Magnetic field coaxial hybrid GTAW (U-M-GTAW) was proposed, which improved upon the traditional GTAW torch. Under 140 A current and 4 mm/s speed, the results indicated that the U-M-GTAW depth-to-width ratio increased by 54.5 % compared to GTAW. Meanwhile, the surface of the joint showed a dense corrugation. The interior of the joints was all composed of martensite α', whose phase transformation obeyed the Burgers orientation relationship. The average martensite length in the U-M-GTAW weld zone was 14.8 μm, which was 33.6 % shorter than GTAW, and the length distribution was more uniform. Additionally, the U-M-GTAW joint orientation shifted from {01−10} to {−12−10}, revealing a higher texture density. The substantial precipitation of martensite in the weld zone resulted in the highest hardness, with an average microhardness of 396.8 ± 9.0 HV, marking a 12.1 % improvement over base metal. Moreover, U-M-GTAW exhibited an elongation of 9.3 %, representing a 10.7 % enhancement compared to GTAW, with deeper dimples in the fracture indicating superior plasticity. Notably, the improvements in microhardness and elongation in U-M-GTAW were primarily attributed to the reduction in martensite length and its uniform distribution under the action of ultrasonic and magnetic fields.

Probabilistic design and optimization of thermal protection system with variable thickness based on non-uniform aerodynamic heating

Thermal Protection System (TPS) is a critical component of space vehicles to protect them from damage by extreme aerothermal heating conditions. The uncertainty of the aerothermal heating conditions, including approaching velocities, atmospheric density, pressure, etc., significantly affects the aerothermal heating imposed on the TPS, vastly changing the initial design conditions. In this study, we developed a new uncertainty quantitative (UQ) analysis method to comprehensively consider all the uncertainty of TPS materials, structures, and aerothermal heating conditions. To address the challenges of a massive amount of input and determined optimization parameters, we first induced the response surface method and Monte Carlo algorithm to produce a large number of analysis samples for Probabilistic Design. Then, the key affecting factors, not all the input design parameters, were chosen for optimization with sequential optimization and reliability assessment (SORA) strategy by a sensitivity analysis. With such improvements, the optimization for UQ analysis becomes practical. We used this new UQ method to analyze the effects of uncertainty of the aerothermal heating conditions on the thermal protection layer. A variable thickness design is proposed to adapt the non-uniform aerothermal heating conditions for the TPS. The results show that significant light-weighting can be achieved without the reliability penalty. The optimized structure also reduces internal temperature gradients and facilitates a more uniform temperature field distribution for the TPS. This study provides a new UQ engineering design approach for the system with many designed parameters.

Innovative High Degree of Freedom Single-Multipoint Incremental Forming System for Manufacturing Curved Thin-Walled Components

This study proposed a new design and control framework for a novel high degree of freedom single-multipoint incremental forming (HDoF-SMIF) system to manufacture curved thin-walled components. First, a novel HDoF-SMIF system was designed based on the principles of HDoF-SMIF technology (including the description of the mechanical structure and network topology). Following that, to realize the process control of the HDoF-SMIF process, this study introduced a novel control strategy for the tool deflection angle specific to robotic incremental forming. It also developed a synergistic motion control approach for the lifting platform and an accelerated computation method to determine the forming parameters for a multipoint reconfigurable die. Then, a novel HDoF-SMIF principle prototype and control program were built for the designed HDoF-SMIF system structure and control method. Finally, the feasibility of the HDoF-SMIF system was verified with the forming test on the domed component, and the geometrical accuracy and wall thickness distribution of the samples were measured using a 3D optical scanner system to evaluate the forming quality of the established HDoF-SMIF system. The results showed that compared to the conventional single-point incremental forming (SPIF) process, the developed HDoF-SMIF system can provide a more uniform thickness distribution of the formed part with a lower overall thickness thinning rate. Furthermore, by increasing the tool deflection angle with a 1mm elastomeric interpolator, the overall part's forming accuracy and surface quality can be effectively improved.

Https://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/journal-detail.php?id=11813

In this study, waste magnesite (WM) particles with different weight fractions (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) were used as particulate material in 6061 aluminium alloy to produce composites with improved properties. The composite material was manufactured using a stir-casting method. A surface morphology investigation confirms the uniform distribution and good interfacial bonding of the WM particles within the alloy base. The addition of 5% WM particles was found to improve the values of tensile strength of 146.68 MPa, hardness of 131.6 HV and coefficient of friction of 0.565. Incorporating 7.5% WM was found to give a low wear of 161 μm and a corrosion current of 8.5 x 10-6 A. The results obtained confirm that such a proportion of WM particles in Al 6061 alloy provides excellent anticorrosion protection, wear properties, and good mechanical properties. Adding 5% WM to Al 6061 improves overall performance characteristics among other ratios.

Custom-made ocular prosthesis: enhancing the iris position of post-evisceration patient

Individuals who have impaired vision as a result of illness or injury may have their appearance improved with the use of a prosthesis eye. To construct realism, symmetry, and a glance that appears natural, it is necessary to duplicate the size and arrangement of the iris with accurate pinpoint accuracy. This is crucial for developing a realistic-looking gaze. Eye loss has a profoundly debilitating impact on the mental state of the person who has suffered it. The ultimate goal of every ocular prosthesis procedure is to facilitate the patient's reintegration into society while preserving their healthy visage and self-esteem. This article provides a clinical report on the rehabilitation of a patient whose left eye had suffered intraocular foreign body damage following evisceration. A closer fit between the prosthesis and the ocular base tissue can be achieved with custom-made acrylic resin ocular prosthesis that are sized and shaped to fit the ocular socket of the patient. This close fit results in a more uniform distribution of pressure compared to factory stock eye prosthesis and is more cost-effective than stock eye prosthesis

NiTiO3 nanoparticles: An environmental game changer in electro-Fenton wastewater remediation

BackgroundIn the face of escalating water pollution challenges, the study explores the efficacy of Electro-Fenton (EF) treatment using NiTiO3 perovskite-modified cathodes for methylene blue (MB) removal from wastewater. MethodsEmploying a Central Composite Design (CCD) methodology, significant factors influencing the EF process, including initial MB concentration, pH, applied current, and reaction time, were optimized. The NiTiO3 catalyst was meticulously characterized, revealing its rhombohedral crystal structure, uniform particle distribution, and efficient charge transfer properties. FindingsElectrochemical analyses demonstrated the superior performance of the NiTiO3/Graphite electrode, emphasizing its increased electroactive sites, enhanced oxygen reduction capability, and reduced charge transfer resistance compared to the bare Graphite electrode. The EF process was finely tuned, demonstrating a 95.38 % removal efficiency of MB at optimal conditions (initial concentration: 25 mg L−1, pH: 4.5, current: 40 mA, time: 110 min). This study underscores the promising potential of NiTiO3-modified cathodes in advanced water treatment applications, highlighting their robust efficiency and environmental significance in combating persistent organic pollutants.

Human-Centered Design and Manufacturing of a Pressure-Profile-Based Pad for Better Car Seat Comfort

A car seat’s function is to support, protect, and make passengers and drivers feel comfortable during a trip. A more uniform pressure distribution and a larger contact area usually provide less discomfort. Consequently, the seat pan’s material and geometry play an essential role in the design process. A shaped pad was opportunely designed and realized, starting from the pressure distributions between the buttocks and the seat pan; pressure data were acquired during an initial experiment involving 41 people, representing a wide range of percentiles. The shaped pad was compared with a standard one by building a special seat with an interchangeable internal pad and testing the standard and the new seat; the second experiment involved 52 people that tested both seats. The tests were conducted to assess comfort (33 subjects were asked to be seated for 1 min each) and discomfort (19 subjects were asked to be seated for 15 min each); during the tests, pressure distribution and contact area data were gathered. The results showed that, for both tests, about 80% of the participants, among which 100% of the female sample, preferred the shaped seat pan pad. Even if the material was exactly the same, the shaped pad seemed to be softer, more comfortable, and more suited to the body’s shape than the standard one. The design methodology was demonstrated to be very useful for granting a more uniform pressure distribution and a wider contact area, i.e., higher comfort and less discomfort.

Lambda-ABF: Simplified, Portable, Accurate, and Cost-Effective Alchemical Free-Energy Computation.

We introduce the lambda-Adaptive Biasing Force (lambda-ABF) method for the computation of alchemical free-energy differences. We propose a software implementation and showcase it on biomolecular systems. The method arises from coupling multiple-walker adaptive biasing force with λ-dynamics. The sampling of the alchemical variable is continuous and converges toward a uniform distribution, making manual optimization of the λ schedule unnecessary. Contrary to most other approaches, alchemical free-energy estimates are obtained immediately without any postprocessing. Free diffusion of λ improves orthogonal relaxation compared to fixed-λ thermodynamic integration or free-energy perturbation. Furthermore, multiple walkers provide generic orthogonal space coverage with minimal user input and negligible computational overhead. We show that our high-performance implementations coupling the Colvars library with NAMD and Tinker-HP can address real-world cases including ligand-receptor binding with both fixed-charge and polarizable models, with a demonstrably richer sampling than fixed-λ methods. The implementation is fully open-source, publicly available, and readily usable by practitioners of current alchemical methods. Thanks to the portable Colvars library, lambda-ABF presents a unified user interface regardless of the back-end (NAMD, Tinker-HP, or any software to be interfaced in the future), sparing users the effort of learning multiple interfaces. Finally, the Colvars Dashboard extension of the visual molecular dynamics (VMD) software provides an interactive monitoring and diagnostic tool for lambda-ABF simulations.

Synergistic Impact on Indoor Air Quality: The Combined Use of Air Conditioners, Air Purifiers, and Fresh Air Systems

As concerns about indoor air quality increase, air purifiers and fresh air systems are increasingly being used in conjunction with air conditioners in office buildings. To study the synergistic effects of multisystem joint operation on indoor air quality, this study used a combination of experimental and simulation methods to study the indoor particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations under different operation conditions. The purification time and the PM2.5 concentration distribution under different conditions were compared with the condition in which the purifier was used alone. The results showed that the purification time required for the condition that the air conditioner runs together with the purifier was shortened by 15.2%. When the fresh air system is running together with the purifier, the purification time can be reduced by 30.4%. It was reduced by 32.6% when the three systems were operating at the same time. The PM2.5 concentration distribution under the joint operating condition was much more even than that under the condition in which the purifier was running alone. To analyze the impact on the CO2 distribution, the CO2 distributions under different joint operations were compared. The results show that the fresh air system can effectively dilute CO2 below 1000 ppm in 30 min. The air conditioner and purifier could help to mix the indoor air to provide a much more uniform indoor CO2 distribution.

Enhanced performance of a Na3.5Co4[Bi2Co2W19.75O70(H2O)6]/porous graphitic carbon nitride heterojunction based photocatalyst realized by the addition of copper sulfide nanoparticles.

Photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution can effectively solve the global energy problem, in which the key factor is the synthesis of efficient photocatalytic materials. In this study, we successfully synthesized a novel photocatalyst, BiWCo/CuS/PGCN, by functionalizing porous graphitic carbon nitride (PGCN) with sandwich-type polyoxometalate Na3.5Co4[Bi2Co2W19.75O70(H2O)6]·39.5H2O (BiWCo) and introducing copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles as a cocatalyst. This approach was aimed at enhancing the built inner electric field between interfaces, resulting in a significant improvement in photocatalytic H2 evolution performance. This research adopts a step-by-step method to synthesize BiWCo/CuS/PGCN composites with p-n heterojunctions, which has high visible light absorption and a synergistic effect of multiple elements. PGCN with a high specific surface area contributes to the uniform distribution of active sites. In addition, the nano-CuS cocatalyst provides abundant active sites and more electron transfer pathways for photocatalysis. Therefore, the H2 production efficiency of BiWCo/CuS/PGCN is 6.3 times that of PGCN, 4.5 times that of BiWCo and 2.5 times that of BiWCo/PGCN under visible light. The H2 production rate of BiWCo/CuS/PGCN reaches 3477.58 μmol g-1 h-1. At the same time, the ternary photocatalyst shows high stability after 30 hours and 5 cycles. This work demonstrates that BiWCo/CuS/PGCN has good application prospects in H2 evolution, and provides a new strategy for the design of efficient ternary photocatalytic materials.

Biowaste Valorization of Palm Tree Phoenix dactylifera L. for Nanocellulose Production

The desire to reduce reliance on oil resources arises from the concerns about carbon footprint and nonrenewability. Conversely, the global presence of over 100 million palm trees poses a significant challenge due to the substantial amount of biowaste generated annually. Additionally, the use of nanocellulose (NC) as a cost-effective material is steadily gaining recognition for its growing adaptability over time. The main goal of this study is to biosynthesized NC from Iraqi date palm Phoenix dactylifera leaves waste with low-concentration acid-alkali treatment. The date palm leaves waste yields 20 g of NC from 100 g of leaves before acid hydrolysis treatment. The chemical components of biosynthesized NC were 47.90%, 26.78%, and 24.67% for α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, respectively. In order to study their properties, NC from raw date palm leaves was studied by microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM). SEM results revealed rod-like structured NC as well as combined long-fine fibrous structures rather than compacted bundles with sizes ranging between 31 and 74 nm. With EDX, all spectra exhibit the peaks of carbon and oxygen as the main elements with 63.8% and 10.44%, respectively, in their compositions, which relate to the typical composition of cellulose. The 3D image of AFM NC with a tapping mode presented a highly uniform distribution of NC with a size of ∼15 nm. The statistical roughness analysis shows that the obtained roughness average is 7.20 nm with the root–mean-square roughness value of 21.56 nm, which corresponded relatively with the micrographs of SEM. The results of this study demonstrate the promise of using date palm waste as raw material to produce NC as green nanocomposite from biodegradable nanomaterials for water purification and sustained drug delivery for biomedical applications. In this regard and because of the insufficient reports about the extraction of NC from palm tree leaves waste, the objective of this study was designed to fabricate NC biologically from fibers sourced from the waste of Iraqi date palm P. dactylifera leaves that left in agricultural lands or burned, which can be an ecological and health problem as a bionanocomposites in the medical and industrial field and as alternative resources of wood materials.

Application of the Collective Risk Model to the Number of Claims with a Negative Binomial Distribution and the Size of Claims with a Discrete Uniform Distribution

Application of the Collective Risk Model to the Number of Claims with a Negative Binomial Distribution and the Size of Claims with a Discrete Uniform Distribution

Automatic Cattle Feeder

The cattle need to be fed. It is a simple statement, but one that resonates with every cattle producer. To make this necessary task easier for farmers, the concept of automatic cattle feeding system came into existence. Automatic Cattle Feeding System is a robotic feeding system which consists of battery operated robotic system that is capable of feeding an equal amount of feed. The feed is manually loaded in the feeder After the feed is mixed in the mixer, it falls onto the conveyer belt and follows a predetermined path until it reaches the last cattle in the fence. To ensure the precise, timely and adequate feeding of each cattle, this project is applicable in an agricultural country where the lack of manpower is there in cattle farming. Due to less man power there is an adverse effect on dairy production. The main objective is to design an automatic cattle feeding system that it moves around the fence to distribute the feed uniformly. With the application of following robotic system , remarkable changes can be brought to this field. . The use of PIC microcontroller helped to control and switch off the whole system whenever there is any issue in the hardware. With the application of Automatic Cattle Feeding system uniformity and hygiene in feed distribution can be maintained

Controlling the physical properties of Ni1-xMnxFe2O4 multiferroic by the enhancement of ferroelectric phase through the increase of Mn content

The nanoparticles of the spinel ferrite system Ni1-xMnxFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were prepared using the auto combustion flash method technique, by using the nitrates as cations source and urea as a fuel agent for combustion. The XRD pattern validates the formation of cubic spinel structure of Ni1-xMnxFe2O4 nanoparticles and traces of hematite phase. By increasing the annealing temperature, the lattice parameter and crystallite size were increased. At various frequencies, the dielectric properties and initial permeability were measured as a function of temperature. The DC resistivity was found to have a linear relationship with temperature, with two regions and one break point at Curie temperature (TC). SEM and TEM analyses are used to investigate the morphology of the samples, as well as the size and shape of the crystallites. The samples' morphology revealed the formation of a uniform and spherical structural distribution. The material transfer to multiferroic at high Mn content accordingly the ferroelectric and ferrimagnetic properties appear, which give the ability of the material to become magnetoelectric material.

Novel single phase warm white-emitting phosphor BaLaGaO4:Dy3+,Sm3+ with high thermal stability and color stability

In this study, new phosphors BaLaGaO4 (BLGO) doped with dysprosium (Dy3+) and samarium (Sm3+) ions were created using a high-temperature solid-state method. Characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and elemental mapping revealed successful doping and uniform elemental distribution. Then the samples were tested for photoluminescence (PL) spectra, the results indicated that the BaLaGaO4:xDy3+ (BLGO:xDy3+) phosphors emitted strong blue and yellow light upon excitation at 350 nm. The emission peaks were located at 480 and 572 nm, respectively. By introducing different proportions of Sm3+ ions, the BaLaGaO4:0.04Dy3+,ySm3+ (BLGO:0.04Dy3+,ySm3+) samples could be excited at 365 nm, and enhancing the red emission component of the phosphor. Meantime, with increasing Sm3+ content, the correlated color temperature (CCT) decreased from 5507 to 3767 K. And the emission spectrum and decay lifetime of BLGO:0.04Dy3+,ySm3+ confirmed the energy transfer from Dy3+ to Sm3+. Furthermore, at 423 K, the luminous intensity of BLGO:0.04Dy3+,0.04Sm3+ retained 86 % of its strength at 298 K, and the chromaticity shift (ΔS) was only 0.00574, which indicated that the sample had excellent thermal stability and excellent color stability. Finally, using the prepared sample and a 365 nm light-emitting diode (LED) chip, a white light-emitting diode (WLED) was fabricated. The CCT of the manufactured WLED also showed a corresponding reduction (from 3423 to 2814 K). Moreover, under the working conditions of 3.4 V and 0.6A, the thermal imaging obtained after 90 min of WLED operation shows the stability of the packaged WLED at high temperature. These researches show that the phosphor has potential application value in indoor lighting technologies.

Assessment of two recent hot dry rock thermal energy production projects

In this paper, we present analyses of laboratory and field data indicating that the current two-well, injection-production system, connected with multiple hydraulic fractures, is a very promising method for extracting heat from hot dry rock (HDR) systems to generate electricity. The current two-well system could be expanded to a three-well system consisting of one injection well and two symmetric producing wells connected via the central hydraulic fracture emanating from the injection well. To improve a uniform distribution of the injected fluid among all hydraulic fracture stages in the injection well, we advocate for field implementation of a newly designed well stimulation technique, the GeoThermOPTIMAL.We first present an analysis of the post-fracturing flow data obtained from an HDR geothermal injection well at the Utah FORGE Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) research field site. The site is adjacent to the Roosevelt hydrothermal (HT) field. The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of well stimulation in extracting heat from the low-permeability, hot dry granitoid rock in the Utah FORGE research site. The study includes interpreting pressure falloff data obtained during the well stimulation process and employing laboratory-measured core data as a major input in the interpretation of the field falloff data. As a confirmation of the robustness of our analysis in Utah FORGE, we reviewed and analyzed the flow test results published for an injection-production doublet at the Blue Mountain EGS (Project Red) commercial site in Nevada. From the analyses of these two field tests, we have concluded that the interpretation and findings of the Blue Mountain EGS pilot test are consistent with the interpretation and findings from the Utah FORGE field research project test results.In summary, our engineering assessments began with laboratory experiments conducted on various core samples, including those from a granite outcrop and the Utah FORGE geothermal reservoir. These experiments aimed to measure key parameters such as matrix and fracture permeabilities, and porosities (km≈10−18m2, kf,eff≈10−15m2,ϕm≈10−1,andϕf≈10−4). These data served as guides and inputs for analytical and numerical solutions used to match the field pressure response of the geothermal wells. While we did not have core samples from the Blue Mountain EGS wells, we successfully applied the Utah FORGE analysis approach to the Blue Mountain site with cautious optimism.

Experimental study and numerical simulation of the impact of under-sleeper pads on the dynamic and static mechanical behavior of heavy-haul railway ballast track

AbstractLaying the under-sleeper pad (USP) is one of the effective measures commonly used to delay ballast degradation and reduce maintenance workload. To explore the impact of application of the USP on the dynamic and static mechanical behavior of the ballast track in the heavy-haul railway system, numerical simulation models of the ballast bed with USP and without USP are presented in this paper by using the discrete element method (DEM)—multi-flexible body dynamic (MFBD) coupling analysis method. The ballast bed support stiffness test and dynamic displacement tests were carried out on the actual operation of a heavy-haul railway line to verify the validity of the models. The results show that using the USP results in a 43.01% reduction in the ballast bed support stiffness and achieves a more uniform distribution of track loads on the sleepers. It effectively reduces the load borne by the sleeper directly under the wheel load, with a 7.89% reduction in the pressure on the sleeper. Furthermore, the laying of the USP changes the lateral resistance sharing ratio of the ballast bed, significantly reducing the stress level of the ballast bed under train loads, with an average stress reduction of 42.19 kPa. It also reduces the plastic displacement of ballast particles and lowers the peak value of rotational angular velocity by about 50% to 70%, which is conducive to slowing down ballast bed settlement deformation and reducing maintenance costs. In summary, laying the USP has a potential value in enhancing the stability and extending the lifespan of the ballast bed in heavy-haul railway systems.

Facile synthesis of eco-friendly mango peel-derived porous carbon for optimizing microwave absorption

An environment-friendly and cost-effective method to deal with electromagnetic pollution is fabricating porous carbon from biomass as a raw material with a simple technique. The purpose of this research is to create porous carbon from mango peel biomass for optimizing microwave absorption. The resulting porous carbon (PC) has the potential to be an effective microwave absorber. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) depictions also revealed the porous carbon with homogeneous shapes and uniform size distribution. Complex permittivity studies were performed to evaluate their microwave absorption capabilities, resulting in a high reflection loss of −50.2 dB at a thickness of 2.1 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 3.39 GHz for the sample carbonized at 800 °C. The exceptional microwave absorption ability of porous carbon (PC) can be attributed to its effective impedance matching and consequent attenuation of microwaves through dielectric loss. This research introduces a novel biomass source, readily available in nature, which can be easily processed to enhance microwave absorption properties.

Stress distribution in endodontically treated external cervical resorption lesions restored with MTA and biodentine – A finite element analysis

IntroductionRoot resorption poses a significant challenge in dental practice, with external cervical resorption (ECR) being a common manifestation. ECR is often asymptomatic until advanced stages, complicating its diagnosis and management. Various factors contribute to its etiology, ranging from trauma to orthodontic treatment. The classification system proposed by Patel et al. (2018) offers a comprehensive framework for characterizing ECR lesions based on location and extent. Treatment strategies for ECR involve a combination of endodontic intervention and restorative techniques, with bioactive materials like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine emerging as promising options. However, the biomechanical behavior of teeth restored with these materials in the context of ECR remains underexplored. Materials and methodsThis study utilized finite element analysis (FEA) to assess stress distribution in teeth with simulated ECR lesions of varying sizes and locations, restored with MTA or Biodentine. Three-dimensional models of maxillary central incisors were generated based on CBCT scans, incorporating periodontal ligament and surrounding bone structures. Eight experimental models representing different ECR configurations were created and subjected to FEA using Optistruct software based on dimensional classification given by Patel et al., in 2018, A70 M & A70B: 1Ap, A130 M & A130B: 1Bp, B70 M & B70B: 2Ap, B130 M & B130B: 2Bp. All the models were tested for stress distribution by restoring the lesions with either M: MTA or B: Biodentine. Oblique load of 100 N was applied at 45°angle to the long axis 2 mm lingual to incisal edge. vonMises Stress distribution in enamel, dentine, restoration and at all the interfaces were observed. ResultsThe analysis revealed that both MTA and Biodentine restorations exhibited uniform stress distribution around ECR lesions, with no significant differences based on lesion location or size. Maximum stress concentrations were observed around the restorations, particularly in subcrestal lesions. However, overall stress levels were comparable between MTA and Biodentine restorations, indicating similar biomechanical performance. ConclusionFinite element analysis provides valuable insights into the biomechanical behavior of teeth with ECR lesions restored with MTA and Biodentine. Both materials exhibit similar stress distribution patterns and offer adequate reinforcement against mechanical forces. Clinicians can confidently utilize MTA or Biodentine in the management of ECR, considering their favorable biomechanical properties and clinical outcomes. Further research is necessary to validate these findings and optimize treatment protocols for ECR.

Microfluidic-Based dsRNA Delivery Nanoplatform for Efficient Spodoptera exigua Control.

Nanotechnology-based RNA interference (RNAi) offers a promising approach to pest control. However, current methods for producing RNAi nanopesticides are mainly implemented in a batch-to-batch manner, lacking consistent quality control. Herein, we present a microfluidic-based nanoplatform for RNA nanopesticide preparation using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as nanocarriers, taking advantage of the enhanced mass transfer and continuous processing capabilities of microfluidic technology. The dsRNA@LNPs were rapidly formed within seconds, which showed uniform size distribution, improved leaf wettability, and excellent dispersion properties. The delivery efficiency of dsRNA@LNPs was evaluated by targeting the chitin synthetase B (CHSB) gene ofSpodoptera exigua. The dsRNA@LNPs can effectively resist nuclease-rich midgut fluid degradation. Importantly, dsCHSB@LNPs exhibited increased mortality rates, significant reduction of larvae growth, and enhanced gene suppression efficiency. Therefore, a continuous nanoplatform for RNAi nanopesticide preparation is demonstrated by utilizing microfluidic technology, representing a new route to produce RNAi nanopesticides with enhanced quality control and might accelerate their practical applications.