Unified Complex Research Articles

An AC Z-bus-based distribution factors for contingency analysis of AC–DC networks

The AC–DC networks are susceptible to deliberate and unforeseen contingencies, much like any other traditional power network. Due to the complex form of the unified impedance matrix derived for the provided network, the classic Z-bus-based contingency analysis approach cannot comprehend the AC–DC network. The distribution factors thus obtained from a unified complex Z-bus lead to an indication of the flow of complex current for DC lines. Therefore, an alternative method to discover post-contingency consequences is looked for. A streamlined approach for visualizing an equivalent AC network for the given AC–DC network has been proposed in this work. The AC-equivalent network takes the original AC–DC network and recreates it using two parallel AC networks to get the requisite distribution factors. The ultimate current/power distributions of the original AC–DC network can be determined by applying the superposition rule to the parallel networks, by the linear characteristics of the suggested technique. With this, the standard AC-contingency analysis method to complete the steady-state contingency analysis for the AC–DC network can be utilized. The proposed approach has been validated by the encouraging outcomes achieved for AC–DC networks with 10, 13, and 66 buses.

The Heterogeneity of Post-Menopausal Disease Risk: Could the Basis for Why Only Subsets of Females Are Affected Be Due to a Reversible Epigenetic Modification System Associated with Puberty, Menstrual Cycles, Pregnancy and Lactation, and, Ultimately, Menopause?

For much of human evolution, the average lifespan was <40 years, due in part to disease, infant mortality, predators, food insecurity, and, for females, complications of childbirth. Thus, for much of evolution, many females did not reach the age of menopause (45-50 years of age) and it is mainly in the past several hundred years that the lifespan has been extended to >75 years, primarily due to public health advances, medical interventions, antibiotics, and nutrition. Therefore, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for disease risk following menopause must have evolved during the complex processes leading to Homo sapiens to serve functions in the pre-menopausal state. Furthermore, as a primary function for the survival of the species is effective reproduction, it is likely that most of the advantages of having such post-menopausal risks relate to reproduction and the ability to address environmental stresses. This opinion/perspective will be discussed in the context of how such post-menopausal risks could enhance reproduction, with improved survival of offspring, and perhaps why such risks are preserved. Not all post-menopausal females exhibit risk for this set of diseases, and those who do develop such diseases do not have all of the conditions. The diseases of the post-menopausal state do not operate as a unified complex, but as independent variables, with the potential for some overlap. The how and why there would be such heterogeneity if the risk factors serve essential functions during the reproductive years is also discussed and the concept of sets of reversible epigenetic changes associated with puberty, pregnancy, and lactation is offered to explain the observations regarding the distribution of post-menopausal conditions and their potential roles in reproduction. While the involvement of an epigenetic system with a dynamic "modification-demodification-remodification" paradigm contributing to disease risk is a hypothesis at this point, validation of it could lead to a better understanding of post-menopausal disease risk in the context of reproduction with commonalities may also lead to future improved interventions to control such risk after menopause.

Stability and Synchronization of a Fractional‐Order Unified System with Complex Variables

In this paper, a fractional‐order unified system with complex variables is proposed. Firstly, the basic properties of the system including the equilibrium points and symmetry are analyzed. Bifurcations of the system in commensurate‐order and incommensurate‐order cases are studied. Tangent and period‐doubling bifurcations can be observed when a derivative order or a parameter is varied. The stabilization the system is investigated via the predict feedback method. Based on the stability theory of fractional‐order systems, a projective synchronization for the fractional‐order unified complex system is proposed by designing an appropriate controller. Numerical simulations are applied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

STABILITY OF ROAD ROUTES IN THE MOSCOW UYEZD IN THE 17TH - FIRST THIRD OF THE 18TH CENTURY

The article examines a little-studied problem in the period of formation of the system of overland roads in the central part of the Russian state. The purpose of the study is to find out how stable were the road routes in the southern (Zaretskaya) part of the Moscow uyezd in the 17th and the first third of the 18th century. This choice is explained by the fact that the roads in the southern part of the uyezd, separated from its northern (Zamoskovnaya) part by the Moskva river, were a unified complex of communications. The research was based on the cadasters of 1627-1629, Moscow uyezd’s maps of the second half of the 17th century, as well as land surveyor’s plans in the 1720s from the map collection of J.-N. Delisle. The study included identification of settlements indicated on the early 18th-century maps and plans of the second half of the 17th century, a comparison of identified settlements, and search for settlements from the cadasters of 1627-1629 on the basis of comparisons of maps and plans (in some cases, the settlements in the cadasters have references to roads that serve as landmarks). The author concludes that five major roads in southern Moscow suburbs, New Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod, Borovsk, Kashira and Kamensk roads, were formed up to the mid-17th century and kept their importance throughout the 18th century. They were postal highways, “federal highways” of that time. It is impossible to draw a conclusion about the route stability of country roads on the basis of the analyzed sources. The data of cadasters of 1627-1629 allows to confirm that at least three out of five roads (Borovsk, Kamensk and Kashira) existed not only in the second, but also in the first half of the 17th century. The absence of the Zvenigorod road in the Zaretskaya part of the uyezd in the cadasters does not mean that it did not exist in the first third of the17th century. Most likely the scribe simply did not indicate it as a landmark.

Entrepreneurial activity in rural areas: opportunities for stimulation

Entrepreneurial activity in rural settlements is the basis for sustainable development of rural areas. Supporting agricultural producers and ensuring food security, the importance of forming a unified complex for production and processing of agricultural products and diversifying the rural economy determine the relevance of the chosen topic. The goal is to show the potential of rural entrepreneurship as a mechanism for the stability of rural areas of the republic. Methods – scientific generalization, classification, systemic and comparative analysis, abstract-logical. Results – the following were noted as key effects. Organizing a business in rural areas has a number of advantages: increasing the level of employment by creating new jobs, increasing cost recovery, increasing the profitability of agribusiness, quickly responding to demand in accordance with market conditions and changes in market behavior of consumers. In villages, there is an opportunity to open facilities of small economic entities for growing crops for the processing complex, in the fields of agro-, eco-, ethno–tourism, and the sectors of craft professions and service provision. In the Concept for the Development of Rural Territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023-2027, special attention is paid to the issues of entrepreneurial initiative of rural residents. An analysis of production indicators of peasant (private) farms, legal entities, and individual entrepreneurs engaged in agriculture was carried out. Summarizing the study, the authors conclude that small business in rural areas will help overcome labor market problems, preserve the rural way of life, culture, social and environmental control of the territory, technological and institutional modernization based on a comprehensive, balanced and targeted implementation of the interests of the rural population and the state.

Unifying complexity science and machine learning

Complexity science and machine learning are two complementary approaches to discovering and encoding regularities in irreducibly high dimensional phenomena. Whereas complexity science represents a coarse-grained paradigm of understanding, machine learning is a fine-grained paradigm of prediction. Both approaches seek to solve the “Wigner-Reversal” or the unreasonable ineffectiveness of mathematics in the adaptive domain where broken symmetries and broken ergodicity dominate. In order to integrate these paradigms I introduce the idea of “Meta-Ockham” which 1) moves minimality from the description of a model for a phenomenon to a description of a process for generating a model and 2) describes low dimensional features–schema–in these models. Reinforcement learning and natural selection are both parsimonious in this revised sense of minimal processes that parameterize arbitrarily high-dimensional inductive models containing latent, low-dimensional, regularities. I describe these models as “super-Humean” and discuss the scientic value of analyzing their latent dimensions as encoding functional schema.

The COMPASS Complex Regulates Fungal Development and Virulence through Histone Crosstalk in the Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.

The Complex of Proteins Associated with Set1 (COMPASS) methylates lysine K4 on histone H3 (H3K4) and is conserved from yeast to humans. Its subunits and regulatory roles in the meningitis-causing fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans remain unknown. Here we identified the core subunits of the COMPASS complex in C. neoformans and C. deneoformans and confirmed their conserved roles in H3K4 methylation. Through AlphaFold modeling, we found that Set1, Bre2, Swd1, and Swd3 form the catalytic core of the COMPASS complex and regulate the cryptococcal yeast-to-hypha transition, thermal tolerance, and virulence. The COMPASS complex-mediated histone H3K4 methylation requires H2B mono-ubiquitination by Rad6/Bre1 and the Paf1 complex in order to activate the expression of genes specific for the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. deneoformans. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that putative COMPASS subunits function as a unified complex, contributing to cryptococcal development and virulence.

Unified Approach of Interior-Point Algorithms for P∗(κ)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P_*(\\kappa )$$\\end{document}-LCPs Using a New Class of Algebraically Equivalent Transformations

We propose new short-step interior-point algorithms (IPAs) for solving P∗(κ)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P_*(\\kappa )$$\\end{document}-linear complementarity problems (LCPs). In order to define the search directions, we use the algebraic equivalent transformation (AET) technique of the system describing the central path. A novelty of the paper is that we introduce a whole, new class of AET functions for which a unified complexity analysis of the IPAs is presented. This class of functions differs from the ones used in the literature for determining search directions, like the class of concave functions determined by Haddou, Migot and Omer, self-regular functions, eligible kernel and self-concordant functions. We prove that the IPAs using any member φ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varphi $$\\end{document} of the new class of AET functions have polynomial iteration complexity in the size of the problem, in starting point’s duality gap, in the accuracy parameter and in the parameter κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa $$\\end{document}.

SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE STATE FINANCING OF THE SOCIAL SPHERE IN UKRAINE

The prerequisites and principle of the formation and development of the social sphere in Ukraine have been studied. It was pointed out that despite the multilevel and multichannel nature of the social infrastructure financing, the state and local budgets are the main source of the financial resources that ensure the social sphere functioning and development. It was specified that the budget expenditures for financing the social sphere are versatile and have both state and local financing source and differ according to their functional, departmental and target designation. This factor complicates the social sphere financing system, decreases the level of coordination between individual institutional components and levels, and increases the costs of maintaining and management of the social sphere institutions. It is clarified that the priorities of the state policy and their financing depend on the current financial possibilities. The most problematic aspect of the social sphere financing is still the system of the inter-budgetary transfers. The important directions for improving efficiency of the social sphere financial support are: harsher punishment for the non-purpose use of the funds; optimization of the authority pertaining to the distribution of expenditures between authorities at all levels; involvement of the non-governmental organizations in provision of social services with a view of improving their quality, etc. The general conclusion is that it is expedient to set up conditions for integrating all kinds of social support so as to make a unified complex system; adhere to the program management method of budgetary planning and social sphere financing; ensure transition from the model of financing institutions to the model of service financing; diversify the social sphere sources of financing; implement the practices of social service procurement and mechanisms of the public private partnership; extend autonomy of the local self-government so as to provide social services in accordance with the principles of decentralization of funding; and facilitate the development of the social services market using the legal and economic tools, etc. Provided the indicated activities are adhered to, it becomes possible to develop modern, advanced and effective methods of the social sphere financing.

The Comparative Study on the Theories of Perception between Sarvāstivāda and Sautrāntika

The Sarvāstivāda assumed that perception (*buddhi) is a direct process, while the Sautrāntika believed that the object is perceived indirectly. The Sarvāstivāda recognized “tri-temporal existence”, while the Sautrāntika insisted that the past and the future do not actually exist. The Sarvāstivāda assumed that the physical assemblage (*saṃcaya) of atoms (paramāṇu) can be directly perceived, and refined the theory of presentational perception. The Sautrāntika, on the other hand, based on the “pursuannt element” (anudhātu), proposed the theory of “consciousness having representational form (ākāra)”. Therefore, the cognition of the external object is indirect, and the direct object of cognition is the unified complex (*sārnagrī) of atoms, by which the Sautrāntika refined its theory of representational perception.

Unified Complex Variable Element-Free Methods: A Comprehensive Framework of Complex Variable Meshless Approaches

There are long-term traditions and efforts to apply the complex variable methods to the theoretical and numerical solutions of applied mechanics. Based on the aim of establishing a unified format of the complex variable meshless approximation, this paper proposes a unified complex variable moving least-squares (UCVMLS) approximation for any pair of independent real field variables. In the UCVMLS approximation, based on the complex variable form of real variable pair and the adopted complex variable basis, four independent approximation functions can be constructed, in which two different improved complex variable moving least-squares (ICVMLS) approximations developed before are included. The four trial functions in UCVMLS are proved to be able to construct two different approximations to the same real variable pair. The unified complex variable element-free Galerkin (UCVEFG) method for elasticity is established. Numerical examples are provided by applying UCVEFG method in three elastic problems to show its accuracy.

A Unifying Complexity Certification Framework for Active-Set Methods for Convex Quadratic Programming

In model-predictive control (MPC), an optimization problem has to be solved at each time step, which in real-time applications makes it important to solve these efficiently and to have good upper bounds on worst-case solution time. Often for linear MPC problems, the optimization problem in question is a quadratic program (QP) that depends on parameters such as system states and reference signals. A popular class of methods for solving such QPs is active-set methods, where a sequence of linear systems of equations is solved. We propose an algorithm for computing which sequence of subproblems an active-set algorithm will solve, for every parameter of interest. These sequences can be used to set worst-case bounds on how many iterations, floating-point operations, and, ultimately, the maximum solution time the active-set algorithm requires to converge. The usefulness of the proposed method is illustrated on a set of QPs originating from MPC problems, by computing the exact worst-case number of iterations primal and dual active-set algorithms require to reach optimality.

Study on Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Deeply Buried Mining Area in Inner Mongolia-Shaanxi Province, China

Abstract This paper adopted organic components, environmental isotopes, and organic components to study water quality comprehensively, in order to distinguish the differences of hydrogeochemical characteristics between coal measure strata and aquifers on the roof of deeply buried mining areas in Inner Mongolia-Shaanxi, China. The results show that the deeply buried mining area in Inner Mongolia-Shaanxi belongs to Mu Us Desert, and the surface is covered by aeolian sand, with excellent precipitation infiltration capacity. Salinity of surface water and Quaternary water&amp;lt;500 mg/L, the main cation is Ca2+, and the main anion is HCO3-, which belongs to HCO3-Ca·Mg type water. The Cretaceous Zhidan Formation is in unconformable contact with the Quaternary and constitutes a unified water-bearing complex on the whole, which makes Zhidan Formation have a better supply water source, and its inorganic water quality characteristics are close to the Quaternary water. The deep aquifer is affected by the Anding Formation relative impermeable layer and has weak recharge runoff condition. The salinity of Jurassic water is generally &amp;gt;3500 mg/L due to long-term water-rock action. The main cation is Na+, and the main anion is SO42-, which belongs to SO4-Na type water. According to the analysis of hydrochemical characteristics, there is no direct hydraulic connection between Luohe Formation and Zhiluo Formation. The characteristics of environmental isotopes show that the rainwater, surface water, and Quaternary water in the study area belong to the modern groundwater, while Zhidan Formation water is between the modern groundwater and the ancient water. The values of δD and δ18O in the deep Zhiluo Formation and Yan’an Formation are low, and the groundwater falls below the rainwater line of Ordos Basin with a deep circulation depth. Before mining, the groundwater is in a stagnant state with good closed conditions. Qualitative and quantitative signatures of various organic components in water are on the basis of organic geochemistry and hydrogeology, in order to facilitate the study of the quantity, composition, and distribution patterns of organic substances in groundwater and their role in geological, geochemical, and other processes. By testing the organic matter of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in each aquifer, the organic water chemistry characteristics of each aquifer in the Taokutu well field can be established. The content of dissolved organic matter (TOC and UV254) in groundwater decreases gradually with the increase of aquifer depth. Fluorescence peaks in Area I and Area III mainly appeared in surface water and Quaternary water, and DOM sources were more abundant in surface water. The fluorescence peak in Area I also appears in the water of Zhidan Formation, Zhiluo Formation, and Yan’an Formation, and the fluorescence peak between Area I and Area II is a symbol. The fluorescence peak intensity of Cretaceous → Zhiluo Formation in Area V area has an increasing trend, indicating that there are humus-like DOM from other sources in the deep Zhiluo Formation aquifer. In general, the comprehensive analysis of hydrochemical characteristics by various means can well distinguish the differences of hydrogeochemical characteristics among aquifers, which provides a scientific basis for the rapid and accurate discrimination of water situation and disaster in coal mines and the safe production.

Interpreting Russell’s Paralysis

Interpreting Russell’s Paralysis Graham P. Stevens James R. Connelly. Wittgenstein’s Critique of Russell’s Multiple Relation Theory of Judgement. London and New York: Anthem P., 2021. Pp. xiv, 206. (Hb) isbn-13: 978-1-78527-740-5, us$125; (ebook) 978-1-78527-741-2, us$40. In 1913 Russell reportedly told Wittgenstein that he was “paralyzed” by Wittgenstein’s objection to the multiple relation theory of judgment at the heart of the book he was writing. Russell abandoned the manuscript, which was only published after his death. However, no clear record of the objection, fully stated, has survived. Unsurprisingly, therefore, there are a lot of competing interpretations of Russell’s paralysis. Given the amount of coverage it has received, a book-length study of the issue is maybe not a hard thing to produce. A good book-length study which does justice to all of these competing theories through a careful analysis of them while also carving out space for a new contribution to that field is far harder to achieve. James Connelly has achieved that here. The multiple relation theory of judgment (mrtj) was intended to eliminate Russell’s ontology of propositions by replacing them with judgment complexes. Ontologically speaking, judgments are not self-subsisting entities but formations out of constituents that are the true members of Russell’s ontology. The proposition that Desdemona loves Cassio does not exist as a unified complex, but Desdemona, Cassio and the relation expressed by the verb “loves” do. Othello’s belief unites these entities through an act of judgment. Wittgenstein’s objection is commonly thought to be directed at demonstrating that judgment (at least as construed by Russell) is not a suitable relation for securing something that meets the demands we have of propositional content. The starting place for the competing interpretations is the ingenious account offered by Stephen Sommerville and Nicholas Griffin. What made their interpretation such an improvement on earlier proposals is that they were the first to really take seriously Russell’s dramatic response. Previous interpretations had provided compelling accounts of how Wittgenstein’s objection fitted into [End Page 181] his wider philosophical project in the Tractatus, but gave no explanation for why Russell should be particularly troubled by it. Sommerville–Griffin argued that the objection exposes a fundamental incompatibility between the mrtj and the ramified type theory of Principia Mathematica. Given that the mrtj was intended to play a key role in the same work, this interpretation gives a very good explanation for the impact of the objection on Russell if he was persuaded by it. Connelly recognizes the influence of the Sommerville–Griffin interpretation, labelling it “sr” (standard reading) and situating subsequent interpretations in comparison to it, including his own. The alternative accounts include my own, as well as those of Peter Hanks, Christopher Pincock, Gregory Landini, Samuel Lebens and Fraser MacBride, and other interpretations are often considered alongside these main targets of the book. An inevitable criticism one might be tempted raise at this point is that several other interpretations are excluded, at least from detailed scrutiny, although it is hard to see how any book on this topic could avoid that without becoming intolerably long. Connelly’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s objection divides it into three “waves”: (1) a general complaint that the Theory of Knowledge manuscript was mistakenly prioritizing epistemology over logic in trying to solve foundational questions; (2) the specific attack on the structure of judgments in the mrtj; (3) the appeal to logical forms in the theory. Really, (1) is something of a scene-setting device. As an objection it would be flimsy, as it just amounts to an opinion of Wittgenstein’s, not any sort of argument. But what makes it significant, Connelly suggests, is that Russell shared the same view, hence the force of the concern in his mind. While I agree with Connelly up to a point here, and he certainly provides evidence for the claim, I don’t think this issue can really point to an explanation of Russell’s paralysis. For one thing, the terms “logic” and “theory of knowledge” are being used in quite an antiquated sense by Russell and Wittgenstein: much...

Міграції чи культурні контакти: щодо теорії «ямної навали» на терени Центральної Європи

It is noted that some researchers have associated the migration of ancestors of Indo-Europeans to Europe with the Yamna cultural and historical community. It is established that based on a comparison of genomic markers from the remains of the Volga-Ural group of Yamna culture and representatives of European populations from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age, Western geneticists recently proposed their concept of mass migration of bearers of Yamna culture to Central Europe, which led to the emergence of Corded ware culture. It is noted that from the archaeological point of view, neither this large-scale migration nor the origin of the «Corded ware culture people» from the «Yamna culture people» can be traced. It has been suggested that the formation of Corded ware cultures took place along with the formation of Yamna cultural community on a unified genetic substrate. It is noted that the similarity of genetic determinants in YCHC and CWC is not the result of the formation of one culture from another, but indicates a common genetic basis, which arose from complex processes of interaction between agricultural and steppe populations, which later developed according to individual cultural trajectories. The advance of the Yamna population to the west is considered as an intrusion into the local environment, not as its mass migration to Central Europe. It is assumed that there was a «trade colonization» with the formation of enclaves, covering the newcomers and the local population, with a gradual advance to the west. This is supported by the fact that in Central Europe about 20 burials of Yamna culture have been studied, which do not form a unified complex but occur in cemeteries of different cultures. It has been established that the main movement of the population of the Yamna culture to the west was along the Danube and partly through Transylvania, where the sites of CWC are unknown. The initial area from which the intrusion was carried out is the North-Western Black Sea region. It is concluded that such statistical information gives reason to doubt the mass migration of bearers of Yamna culture from the Volga-Ural watershed to Central Europe. It is noted that instead the migration of the Seredniodniprovska culture, which settled on the territory of the Northern Sub-Carpathian region and the Sokal Ridge, is much more clearly expressed. It has been established that the population of this culture joined the local CWC environment, forming syncretic sites with features of two and sometimes three (Yamna/Catacombna) cultures. It is known that after Seredniodniprovska culture the representatives of Catacombna culture penetrated Central Europe in the north-western direction. Their presence is most clearly traced in the environment of Strzyżowska culture. It has been established that the movement of the Babyne culture population to the territory of the Sub-Carpathian region, and especially to the Western Volhynia – to places where flint outcrops are localized, the environment of Horodok-Zdovbytsia and Strzyżowska cultures is increasingly observed. Key words: Yamna culture, Corded ware culture, Catacombna culture, Seredniodniprovska culture, Strzyżowska culture, migration, intercultural contacts, barrow, burial.

Unified complex coefficient PID controller tuning for complex coefficient system

Generally, controllers are tuned to meet the desired time and frequency domain specifications for integer/fractional order real coefficient systems whose frequency response is symmetric about the origin of the complex frequency plane. These controllers are tuned through analytical/numerical approaches. On the contrary, the frequency responses of the complex coefficient systems are unsymmetrical, and hence tuning of controllers should consider both positive and negative frequencies. In this article, tuning of complex coefficient proportional integral derivative controller is proposed for such systems to meet the desired gain and phase margin specifications in positive and negative frequencies. For illustration, the simulation results are presented for stable, unstable, and non-minimal phase systems with the proposed tuning method.

Development of a complex index to characterize the recovery evolution of asphalt binder after cyclic loading

Accurate quantification of recovery potential of asphalt binder is crucial to the asphalt pavement performance assessment and pavement design. A new unified complex recovery index was developed to effectively capture the asphalt recovery evolution after cyclic loading, including the modulus recovery and the fatigue resistance recovery. The recovery master curve was developed based on the rest-damage superposition principle (RDSP), which can quantify the recovery of modulus and fatigue resistance over a wide rest time range. Results indicate that the recovery process can be divided into three stages, in which the fatigue resistance recovery always lags behind the modulus recovery.

Bioinspired Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogel with Reversible Switching and Fluorescence Behavior Served as Light‐Controlled Soft Actuators

AbstractStimuli‐responsive materials with multiple functions occupy a significant position in the research of bionic artificial intelligence materials. It is a challenge to integrate rapid shape deformation and color change synergistically by a simple method in the same system. Herein, an effective strategy to develop an anisotropic bilayer hydrogel actuator with unified complex deformation and color change is proposed via combining the near‐infrared (NIR) light‐responsive graphene oxide/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (GO‐PNIPAM) active hydrogel layer and an UV light‐responsive fluorescent poly(acrylic acid [4‐(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)] benzyl ester/N‐isopropylacrylamide) passive hydrogel layer. The actuator can undergo light‐controlled sapphire fluorescence color change and complex shape deformation simultaneously or separately under light irradiation. It can be remotely manipulated without the requirement for additional reagents, and the irradiation dosage can be accurately modulated through adjusting the irradiation parameters. This work provides new perspectives of intelligent systems with synergistic multiple functions, including smart robots, environmental sensors, and intelligent biomimetic devices.

The Complexity of Reachability in Affine Vector Addition Systems with States

Vector addition systems with states (VASS) are widely used for the formal verification of concurrent systems. Given their tremendous computational complexity, practical approaches have relied on techniques such as reachability relaxations, e.g., allowing for negative intermediate counter values. It is natural to question their feasibility for VASS enriched with primitives that typically translate into undecidability. Spurred by this concern, we pinpoint the complexity of integer relaxations with respect to arbitrary classes of affine operations. More specifically, we provide a trichotomy on the complexity of integer reachability in VASS extended with affine operations (affine VASS). Namely, we show that it is NP-complete for VASS with resets, PSPACE-complete for VASS with (pseudo-)transfers and VASS with (pseudo-)copies, and undecidable for any other class. We further present a dichotomy for standard reachability in affine VASS: it is decidable for VASS with permutations, and undecidable for any other class. This yields a complete and unified complexity landscape of reachability in affine VASS. We also consider the reachability problem parameterized by a fixed affine VASS, rather than a class, and we show that the complexity landscape is arbitrary in this setting.

The Hydrated Proton [H(H2O)n]+ as the Basis of Unified Complex Acidity Function Scale $$H_{{\text{o}}}^{{\text{w}}}$$ in Aqueous Solutions of Strong Acids With a Predominant Water Concentration

The Hydrated Proton [H(H2O)n]+ as the Basis of Unified Complex Acidity Function Scale $$H_{{\text{o}}}^{{\text{w}}}$$ in Aqueous Solutions of Strong Acids With a Predominant Water Concentration