Unified Budget Research Articles

Joint In-Orbit Computation and Communication for Minimizing Download Time From LEO Satellites

Downloading a large amount of data from a low Earth orbit satellite to a ground station can be challenging due to the limited contact window, dynamic channel quality, solar energy supply, and thermal management without an atmosphere. Considering such dynamics, this paper proposes a joint design of in-orbit computation and communication for download time minimization. We combine the non-convex thermal constraints and energy constraints into unified energy budget constraints with upper bound approximation, and computational efficiency is achieved by decomposing the resulting large-scale problem into a non-convex communication sub-problem, a convex computation sub-problem solvable with interior point method and a master problem that optimizes the energy budget allocation between computation and communication. The communication sub-problem is solved with a generalized-benders-decomposition-based algorithm that decouples downlink scheduling and power allocation based on a closed-form solution of optimal dual variables in the power allocation primal problem. And the master problem is solved with ternary search by proving the minimal download time is quasi-convex with respect to the energy budget allocation between computation and communication. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution effectively reduces the download time, especially under strict energy constraints and severe channel variations.

Crisis and Opportunity for the OSCE

Reports of the OSCE’s death are an exaggeration. Without a doubt, the organization is in trouble.2 In the past few years, all ten principles of the Helsinki Final Act have been violated. There is war in Europe instead of cooperation. Since decisions in the OSCE are taken by consensus, the polarized geopolitical environment is making it difficult to agree on anything – from the agenda of meetings to who should hold leadership positions in OSCE institutions. No unified budget has been adopted since 2021. But the OSCE is still alive, it is one of the few remaining European security organizations where Russia and the West can talk and seek to manage relations peacefully. For that reason, it could play a key role in rebuilding the European security order when the time comes.

Open Budget Effect on Corruption in the EAEU Countries

Until 1991, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries, namely Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia, were part of the unified budget system of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent independence, the countries began to pursue an independent fiscal policy. In all five countries, a number of reforms have been implemented that have resulted in changes in the organization of fiscal policy, the creation of new fiscal institutions and the corresponding legal framework. Aim . To reveal the open budget effect on the corruption on the cases of the EAEU countries.Tasks. We analyze data from international organizations that assess the current situation in these countries.Methods. We assess the impact of open financial data (according to the Open Data Inventory, ODIN, prepared by Open Data Watch) on corruption for the five EAEU countries (2015–2020) based on unbalanced panel data analysis.Results . The hypothesis posed about the positive anti-corruption impact of an open budget in the EAEU countries was confirmed. We found that the quality of regulation and openness of the budget can affect the reduction of corruption.Conclusion. It is concluded that the EAEU countries differ significantly in anti-corruption and open budget policies and practices, as well as in the international organizations indices.

The essence and features of the legal regulation of budget expenditures on the sector of national security and defense under the conditions of the state of martial

The article deals with the essence and peculiarities of the legal regulation of budget expenditures for the national security and defense sector in the conditions of martial law, and determines their impact on ensuring the country's economy, defense capability, as well as the security of the state and society. It is substantiated that ensuring the appropriate level of financing of the national security and defense sector is an important component for the effective functioning and protection of the state. It was found that the source of resources for the implementation of such priority functions of the state as ensuring national security and defense are the funds of the state budget and local budgets. The actual definition of the concept of «budget expenditures» was formulated, and the analysis of the main legal acts regulating the financing of the security and defense sector of Ukraine was carried out. The peculiarities of financing and logistical support of the national resistance in particular, and the national security and defense sector as a whole are highlighted. It is pointed out the need to make changes to regulatory legal acts to ensure proper financing of the national security and defense sector, taking into account the requirements for prevention and elimination of factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of corruption in this area. Proposals have been formulated to improve the current legislation of Ukraine in terms of ensuring proper financing of the national security and defense sector and effective use of budget expenditures for the specified sector in war conditions, in particular: increasing expenditures for the national security and defense sector and determining their optimal structure; filling local budgets due to effective actions of local authorities; development of a unified budget strategy for financing the security and defense sector; ensuring proper state control over budget expenditures for the security and defense sector by creating a separate independent unit.

Финансовые аспекты развития Саратовской агломерации

Introduction. The issue of financial support for the development of urban agglomerations is one of the most relevant, since the timeliness and completeness of the integration processes financing largely determine the success in achieving the goals of creating agglomerations. Of particular importance is the budgetary and tax integration of local territories included in the single agglomeration space, since the current legislation establishes significant independence of local authorities in the formation of local budgets. Theoretical analysis. The article analyzes the approaches and processes used to include new rural areas in the already established system of urban agglomeration management using the example of the creation of “Greater Saratov” as part of the Saratov urban agglomeration. Legal and economic factors hindering the development of the agglomeration are identified. The features of the unified city budget formation and the budgetary powers of rural administrations as part of the agglomeration are studied. The problems of local taxation differentiation, taking into account the differences between rural and urban areas, are considered. Discussion of results. The study of the rural and urban areas integration features into a single socio-economic system revealed the advantages and problems of creating a unified budgetary and tax system in the agglomeration. The analysis carried out made it possible to substantiate measures for the urban agglomeration development, in terms of improving taxation and the budgetary process on its territory.

Issues concerning Social Security, Medicare and the national debt

It happens quite usually that national politicians can regularly speak of limiting Social Security and Medicare in some ways. However, when confronted with enough public scrutiny in general, those politicians who advocate such reductions become less strident in their own comments. Taxes from the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) provides revenue for the Social Security and Medicare programs. The amount of gathered tax revenue is partially dependent on the payroll FICA tax cap. This article explains how the cap works. Social Security started in 1935, as part of the New Deal. In 1956, insurance to aid disabled people was started. In this article, different aspects of that cap are also examined. In 1965, the Medicare program came into effect. Any temporary surplus of federal funds must be used to hold US Treasury Securities. Starting in Fiscal Year 1969, the United States of America have operated under the law of the Unified Budget Act. This act stipulates that all receipts and outlays of all federal spending be consolidated into a unified budget. Much of these funds will be needed as future retirees receive benefits from the Social Security and Medicare. As that happens, there may be comparatively less US Treasury securities held by the Social Security and Medicare Trust funds. This article shows some of the concerns that the President and Congress face in budget negotiations. In 2017, the rating for long-term US Treasury Securities stayed at AA+ by Standard and Poor’s, a credit rating firm. Both Congress and the US President needed to work together to slow the growth of annual deficits, which adds to the federal debt. Interestingly, two other bond rating firms, Moody’s Investors and Fitch, maintained the bond rating of AAA. It has to be remembered that none of these ratings are permanent. As time goes on, firms that give bonds ratings will keep on analysing those who issues securities, including the US government. Furthermore, not all credit rating agencies agreed with any fall of the credit rating. As to a more recent credit rating, US Treasuries were rated at AAA. The reader should always be cognizant of the fact that ratings can change over time. Such times as occurred in May 2023 (debt ceilings, tax revenues and spending disagreements between the legislative and executive branches) may or may not be contemplated regarding the credit rating of US Treasuries.

Transport infrastructure development issues affecting the socio-economic situation in Arctic

The object of the research in this article is the transport infrastructure of the regions that are part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The authors aim to study the main socioeconomic problems that exist in the region due to the underdevelopment of transport infrastructure, as well as ways to solve them. To fulfil their research objectives, the authors used a comparative analysis method, a correlation analysis method, and a legal analysis. The study identified the specifics of the construction of transport infrastructure in the far north regions. The length of the road and rail network in the Arctic has been analysed compared with the regions of Central Russia, and the factors that limit the development of transport infrastructure have been identified. The strong dependence of freight traffic volumes on population size was revealed using the example of the Murmansk Oblast, and the main problems affecting the demographic situation in the region were identified. The problem of low passenger flow in air transportation was considered. The authors suggested the following ways of solving the problems: increasing the number of contracts PPP in their classic form, reducing the number of concession agreements, creating a transport system project based on the example of the US Interstate Highway System in the Russian Arctic, drafting a unified transport budget for all territories that make up the Arctic zone, creating a single executive authority for the Arctic zone to distribute the budget evenly.

Reforming the Public Financial Management System for Better Performance Budgeting in Ivory Coast

Reforming the public finance management system has always been one of the areas which retain more attention when country leaders and development partners want to create a good environment to facilitate poverty alleviation. This study aimed at investigating the way in which Ivory Coast could reform its public financial management (PFM) for a better performance budgeting in order to achieve its goals of poverty reduction. As a matter of fact, PFM reform is important to secure long-term economic success, to increase the transparency and accountability in country resource management, and create a better service delivery for citizens. Ivory Coast’s authorities are aware of this, after some years of economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s and a diagnosis of its public finance management system in 1999 which highlighted some dysfunctions, have started a huge public finance management reforms. The study has revealed that these reforms have helped to achieve such a unified budget and implement the Public Finance Management Information System (SIGFiP). Despite the political and military crisis that began in 2002 and lasted ten years, the implementation of these reforms has prevented the deterioration of fiscal indicators. There is evidence that without these reforms, the situation of public finances would worsen further.

President Biden′s Infrastructure Plan: Does it address needs of water systems in the United States?

ABSTRACT President Joe Biden’s US$2.3 trillion infrastructure proposal in 2021 includes physical and social investments, but water systems would receive only about 5% of the total. Drinking water and wastewater systems would see a modest increase, but the US$45 billion to replace lead service lines is new. No new investments in dams and waterways were proposed. Negotiations illustrate the politicized unified budget system of the United States with differing philosophies of political parties. Ultimately, the message for water infrastructure in the United States is about the need to persevere in messaging to the public and policymakers about the continuing need for investments.

Development of a Multisite Nursing Simulation Work Group Focusing on the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards.

Simulation faculty development refers to the education of faculty in preparation and facilitation of simulation-based experiences. A college of nursing with six campuses implemented a simulation work group to ensure consistent simulation faculty development across six campuses. The simulation work group was formed in four stages and used the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards as a framework for standardizing simulation. The work group consisted of 14 faculty from five nursing campuses. Members were recruited via email, telephone call, or a simulation newsletter. Challenges were identified and addressed. Work group implementation has provided the simulation program with new initiatives and a unified scheduling system, budget, standardized debriefing, and student evaluation method. With the greater dependence on simulation as an educational modality, implementation of a simulation work group may enable collaboration and growth across campuses while decreasing the disparity of simulation experiences. [J Nurs Educ. 2021;60(3):165-168.].

THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A TAX AND FEE BUDGET IN AN ENTERPRISE

The article discusses the theoretical basis of the process of tax and tax budgeting in an enterprise and justifies the necessity of introducing tax budgetingin enterprises under conditions of instability of modern economic processes. Various interpretations of the essence of tax budgeting have been studied,previous studies in this area have been analyzed and the concept of "tax budgeting" has been defined which represents all its elements and is adapted tothe modern fluid economic environment. The proposed definition of the essence of tax budgeting became the basis for research on the introduction oftax budgeting in enterprises, made it possible to formulate the basic tasks of tax budgeting and define the components of the system of tax planning. Theprocess of tax budgeting of an enterprise has been considered as a result of tax management, regulation and control, as a combined way of optimizingtax flows, aimed at selecting optimal management decisions with a view to maximizing tax revenues, not only by reducing tax liabilities, but byoptimizing tax flows. The main stages of the process of budgeting taxes and fees of an enterprise have been defined, due to using this process will bethe construction of a unified tax budget, the coordination and monitoring of its implementation, and the introduction of measures to optimize tax flows,tax analysis of the implementation of the tax budget and its continuous adjustment in accordance with changes in the internal and external environmentof the enterprise in order to improve the efficiency of tax planning.

The USA Federal Debt-to-GDP Ratio and The Unified Budget Act’s Lack of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Here in the beginning of 2021, two of the truly relevant federal public finance issues are presented in this article. One is the Debt-to GDP Ratio. The second topic is the true nature of deficits, surpluses and future liabilities treated in budgets constructed via the Unified Budget Act. Two graphs on these issues are included. This article shows that the present Debt-to-GDP ratio is relatively high, as if the nation similar to when the United States was in a period of a major war. This graph is shown in this article’s Figure 1. There has been evidence in the macroeconomic literature that indicates a high Debt-to-GDP ratio can possibly result in some degree of slowed economic growth. Though the literature is varied on that point. The reason for the possible crowding out effect has to do with the competition for loanable funds. There is competition from both the public and private demanders of those loanable funds. Furthermore, there is the reality that all federal trust fund balances of the United States must be used to hold U.S. Treasury bonds. For figure 2, two categories on U.S trust funds are shown. One category is the combined total of Social Security. Medicare, Disability and related funds. This is shown in a red line. All the other federal trust funds are indicated in a blue line. There is a graph that shows these two lines. The graph is of the percentage share between the two categories. As a result, the red and blue lines are inverse functions of each other. Over the eighty-year period (1940-2020), there has been variation if both the red and blue lines. The goal of this articles is for leaders and government analysts to be more aware of the issues of the USA Federal Debt to GDP Ratio and the Unified Budget Act’s lack of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.

The Characteristics of Bribe-Taking by Chinese High-Level Officials

The COVID-19 virus impacts many facets to American Society. Included in this article is discussion of the effects of the Unified Budget Act (UBA), in how future liabilities may not be considered enough, by political actors. This article explains the influences of COVID-19 virus on federal tax revenues, and the debt to GDP ratio.

The Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Virus and Considerations of the United States Unified Budget Act

The COVID-19 virus impacts many facets to American Society. Included in this article is discussion of the effects of the Unified Budget Act (UBA), in how future liabilities may not be considered enough, by political actors. This article explains the influences of COVID-19 virus on federal tax revenues, and the debt to GDP ratio.

Reform of Planning, Budgeting of State Revenue and Expenditure and Management of State Finance Based on Law No 17 Year 2003 on State Finance

Indonesia public financial management and planning framework has been undergoing major institutional reforms. The present structure and the procedures for preparing and deciding on the budget are the result of a series of reforms initiated and implemented in a very short time starting in 2001.The impetus to the reform came from the financial and economic crises affecting the government finances at the end of the 1990s. Law 17/2003 on State Finances consolidated routine and development expenditures into a unified budget and provided for medium term expenditure planning and performance-based budgeting. Law 1/2004 on State Treasury stipulated provisions on budget execution, debt and asset management, and a consolidated Treasury Single Account for the whole of government administration. Law 25/2004 on Development Planning paved the way for better integrating planning and budgeting processes.

Шок пандемии и посткризисный мир

Coronavirus pandemia of 2020 turned to be a strong external shock for the modern global financial and economic systems. It triggered a virtual cliff of many world markets, especially crude oil production and consumption. COVID‑19 also revealed serious shortcomings of public health systems and week governments’ preparedness to virus epidemics, as well as different degrees of the ability to overcome resulting crisis. Evidently, the world will eventually recover. However, the process will be slow and complicated. Deep structural and institutional changes will be needed. Coronacrisis accelerated many emerging trends and developments in technologies, labor markets, and corporate governance. Social isolation gave a powerful boost to IT, telecommunication, digital platforms, and gig economy. Remote work model demonstrated its efficiency for high skill professionals in financial, legal services, consulting and education. At the same time, low skilled jobs with limited remote access possibilities are likely to face growing troubles and declining incomes. This will further aggravate problems of inequality and lack of social cohesion. As for the international scene, there are already clear evidences of intensifying “bi-polar disorder” between USA and China. This is a highly dangerous trend that will seriously hamper the global post-crisis revitalization. As for the European Union, the coronavirus crisis highlighted the fragility of its currently existing architecture, namely the fundamental asymmetry between Europeanization of values and nationalization of interests. Attempts to convert values into a sort of formal regulations like Schengen or Maastricht naturally meet the challenge from deeply enrooted human identities. The EU needs either to make a decisive move towards unified budget or to rollback to more loose association. In the nearest future we will see what type of adjustment is politically feasible. During and after Covid‑19 crisis an underlying trend emerged for re-focusing business activities and consumer demand towards intangible, non-material production and consumption. The resources for this type of post-crisis development are intellectual and creative, as well as alternative non-carbon, thus they are basically renewable and unlimited. Summing up, the authors suggest that societal and economic growth trajectories will be shifting towards the paradigm of responsible development.

Budgets and Strategy: The Enduring Legacy of the Revolt of the Admirals

THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR II posed new challenges for the United States. Since resources would be scarce relative to requirements, officials hoped to extract efficiencies through reforms, including the “unification” of the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy. The result turned out to be a poisonous interservice rivalry that hamstrung the military in developing unified strategic plans and budgets consistent with national policy. Civilian attempts to break the impasse by mandating specific cuts only exacerbated the situation by provoking the navy into open defiance. The Korean War and the opening of the fiscal spigot under National Security Council Paper 68 (NSC-68) resolved the crisis but bequeathed a troubling legacy. Henceforth, managing interservice rivalry was possible only by loosening the government’s purse strings and delegating responsibility for allocating funds to the services. The correlation between aggressive civilian reform and military setbacks at the start of the Korean War also discredited the notion that civilian leaders should play a significant role in determining how the services spend their money. The services have, in turn, used their power to divide budgets equally, thereby minimizing interservice friction over money but undermining the intention of the National Security Act to promote greater efficiency.1

Automating the Process of an Oil and Gas Company Property Management: Regulatory and Economic Aspects

In this article, the authors consider the modern principles and features of maintaining the oil and gas company equipment database in the ERP system for the growth of the efficient use of property assets in oil and gas companies with a view to establishing common methodological principles and approaches thereto, and the formation of management reporting in these companies and their subsidiaries. The proposed methodology establishes the unified requirements to the management accounting and the formation of a system of effective use of assets of an oil and gas company in modern conditions, allowing to modernize and repair each technological process of the oil and gas companies both in a staged manner and, in general, and to timely receive management information for each technological process or for each business unit regarding the use of property assets of an oil and gas company. The article describes the prototype model for the classification and grouping of the company property, which can be implemented in modules on SAP or Oracle platforms in order to visualize methodology of the future system implemented on directories of a unified budget classifier. It was argued that the primary goal of the ERP system implementation was the creation of an understandable and functional system of the company asset management that would allow a much more efficient budget planning to optimize stock balances, costs for repairs, investment costs, in other words, would improve the efficiency and transparency of the entire workflow.

Perspective directions of improvement of management of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Ukraine on the example of the developed countries of the world

Introduction. In any state, due to the existence of an administrative-territorial division, there are relations between public authorities of different levels in the budgetary sphere. The main task of organizing and managing inter-budgetary relations is to provide state guarantees at a certain minimum acceptable level throughout the territory and all citizens regardless of their place of residence when receiving equal state social services. At present, unfortunately, in Ukraine there is a political inconsistency in the problem of the division of competences and responsibility for the implementation of specific functions of central, regional and local authorities, which negatively affects the processes of redistribution of intergovernmental resources. The financial independence of territorial communities can not be based without a clear distribution of tax revenues, spending powers between levels of government, and a mechanism for making financial, independent decisions.
 Aim and tasks. The purpose of this article is to investigate the mechanisms of implementation of the state budget policy and the model of organization of public administration of budget relations, which are used in economically developed countries of the world in order to determine their specificity, which will enable to effectively regulate the current economic situation in Ukraine.
 Research results. The current mechanism of budgetary equalization and the model of organization of public administration of budget relations in Ukraine is analyzed. The models of state participation in budget policy of different countries of the world are outlined. The components of the mechanism of management and regulation of interbudgetary relations at the regional level are determined. The economic models of all countries of the world, which can be distinguished from states with a unitary system, where they are noted much more than with the federal system, are investigated.
 Conclusion. Considering the model of the mechanism of management of inter-budgetary relations, one can conclude that there is no definite model acceptable to all countries of the world. The construction of a specific mechanism is based on the level of decentralization of the budget and taxation system, the scope of the powers of local authorities, the political choice between efficiency and equality, the depth and degree of disproportion between administrative and territorial units. The most effective model of intergovernmental relations in Ukraine can be considered a model, which will use the appropriate level of fiscal independence of local governments with the implementation of unitary, that is, a unified legal framework, the maintenance of a unified accounting, budget classification and management of budgetary relations.

Treasury Finance in the U.S. Financial System

Treasury finance plays a key role in an economy with four sectors identified as Treasury, Fed, Banks, and Nonbanks. Congress sets federal tax, credit, and spending policy which vary with the state of the economy. This causes autonomous changes of the federal balance sheet. Congress delegates control of monetary policy to Fed. To transmit monetary policy Fed controls the average interest rate charged on an overnight loan of reserve balances in the interbank fed funds market. To help Fed retain control of the fed funds rate Treasury applies cash management with a goal to minimize changes in levels of reserve balances caused by Treasury finance operations. During an accounting period Treasury applies debt management to cover the cash deficit or dispose of the cash surplus. Treasury borrows from the public to cover the unified budget deficit, to increase Treasury operating cash, and to cover cash disbursements driven by other changes in the federal balance sheet. Treasury pays off debt held by the public to dispose of the cash surplus caused by the unified budget and other changes in the federal balance sheet. Treasury altered its cash management activity during the financial crisis.