Unification Of Psychology Research Articles

PHILOSOPHICAL AND ETHICAL METHODOLOGY OF L. I. PETRAZYSKI’S LAW THEORY

The article is devoted to the large-scale L. I. Petrazyski’s theory of law, which is filled with new ideas that introduced into methodology, psychology and philosophy of law. The article is targeted to explore the mental structure of consciousness developed by Petrazyski, which is adaptable to a wide range of legal norms and subjective standards for assessing the content of legal experience. Methodology and methods. The dialectical method of discussion was used, supplemented by the deductive method and the method of critical analysis. Results. According to Petrazyski, law itself contains a dichotomy of individual imperative and external instructions for fulfilling duties. Understanding of internal imperative is formed in the mind under the influence of legal experience gained in everyday life. On this basis, an intuitive right is formed that determines a person’s attitude to social activities and personal behavior. The idea of ​​intuitive law runs through all of Petrazycki’s works, which gives him the opportunity to build the concept of a historically inextricable connection between morality and law, resulting in the correct formation of legal norms, changes in social life, and movement towards the common good and justice. It is concluded that Petrazyski’s main contribution to the theory and philosophy of law lies in his firm belief in the unity of law, morality and psychology, as a distinctive characteristic of intuitive law from positive law. Practical implication. The results of the work can be used for further research into Petrazyski’s philosophical and legal ideas of law.

Mental health in challenging times: Psychological perspectives for practitioners and society

AbstractIn general, resilience is a process in which the interplay of risk and protective factors of the system itself and its environment is balanced in such a way that positive development opportunities open up. The resilience of a person, a system and a profession is therefore reflected in the ability to shape conditions in such a way that positive coping with challenges and crises is possible as a basis for positive further development. The time of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine has led to a large number of adjustments to psychology as a science, as a profession and as a perspective on life. This is associated with opportunities for positive further development of the discipline. European psychology has so far mastered the challenge of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine very well. The task now is to harness its successes as a multifunctional hub for other sciences, professions and society as a whole. The aim is to develop an identity that strengthens the unity of psychology in its diversity. With wisdom and resilience, psychology is also increasingly facing up to the challenges expressed in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). In the discussion of social and professional change, the possibilities for a joint positive development of all professions in these stressful times become clear.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

A Unified Psychology as Part of a General Social Science

Through the original and unique Algorithmic Thinking Theory, the Algorithmic reasoning, and the resultant Algorithmic Principles, the author finds out that running of a thinking system leads, rationally, to consequences of even all psychological phenomena, thus a theoretical wholeness is formed up, and integrated into the general social science proposed by the author.

A Unified Psychology as Part of a General Social Science

Through the original and unique Algorithmic Thinking Theory, the Algorithmic reasoning, and the resultant Algorithmic Principles, the author finds out that running of a thinking system leads, rationally, to consequences of even all psychological phenomena, thus a theoretical wholeness is formed up, and integrated into the general social science proposed by the author.

A Unified Psychology as Part of a General Social Science

Through the unique “Algorithmic” reasoning, the author finds out that running of our thinking system leads to consequences like various psychological phenomena, therefore the thinking system and psychological systems can in principle synthesize into a wholeness where, through the same Algorithmic principles, a general social science can be established.

Generating a beneficial creative chaos to manage compartmentalization in psychology: A trans-disciplinary approach to intertwine plurality and unity

The search for a composition between plurality and unity of psychology is developed here by articulating a reflection on three points concerning: the origins of the phenomenon of compartmentalization that can be traced back to a dual configuration - plural and fragmented - of psychology; characteristics that are connected but not coincidental; the acceptability of a trans-disciplinary approach to design a composition of psychology that respects its plural articulation; the choice of the area of health as the elective phenomenical field to test the possibility of composing the plurality and unity of psychology starting from a trans-disciplinary approach.

Compartmentalization and unity of professional psychology. A road map for the future of the discipline

The compartmentalization of psychological science and of the profession prevents the progress of the discipline. Compartmentalization is a collateral effect of the impressive scientific, methodological, and technical development of psychology, which has led to the emergence of specialized segments of knowledge and practice that unavoidably tend to progress separately from each other and weaken their reciprocal linkage. The work highlights the limits of compartmentalization and discusses motives that call for the unity of psychology. Three approaches to unification are outlined: I) the identification of the ultimate causal explanation; II) the progressive extension of the explicative capacity of specific theories; III) the building of a metatheoretical framework. Finally, the paper proposes the intervention as the criterion to compare the capacity of the three approaches to unity. According to this criterion, approaches can be validated by reason of their ability to enable professional psychology to address the current challenges that people and society have to face.

On unifying psychology: A view from the trenches; and what's wrong with pluralism anyway?

This paper addresses, from the perspective of a psychotherapist, a proposal for unifying psychology under some form of conceptual umbrella, as advanced by Salvatore and colleagues in this current issue of Rivista di Psicologia Clinica. My response raises conceptual and practical questions. The unhappy history of universal models in psychoanalysis illustrates personal, social, and political dynamics that interfere with finding and implementing such models. There is no neutral meta-position; any meta-position is subject to challenge according to its angle, methods, and interests. The question may not be whether, a priori, psychology should be unified, but whether it will turn out to be so. Generalized scientific models applied to psychotherapy may not be close to how people understand and talk about themselves. Psychotherapists are likely to incorporate general principles and models without much rigor and as metaphors to justify and shape change in accord with cultural values rather than to describe or explain. Given different conceptual categories in psychology, natural/causal and humanistic, universal principles or models could be so general and abstract as to constitute philosophy more than science. Balancing assimilation and accommodation, or general stability with local level instability, allow for complexity, flexibility, and responsiveness to unique local conditions for human meaning systems - individual and collective, and for the academic disciplines that study them. Pluralism or polyphony may be an alternative meta-position which allows therapists to flexibly draw from scientific and humanistic perspectives, and from folk psychology, along with personal training and life experience, soft-assembled at the moment of contact with the messy subjectivity of the other.

Comments on "Compartmentalization and unity of professional psychology. A road map for the future of the discipline", by Salvatore and colleagues

My response to this road map has three aspects. First, I agree that the various fields of psychology do not share a consensus about basic principles, but I remain skeptical whether they could ever be linked by a unified theoretical framework. Any new set of governing concepts would immediately become a contested topic, increasing the already precarious reputation of the field. My more important reaction, however, focuses on the varied practices and theories of clinical psychology. Clearly, the use of diverse empirical methods by many clinical disciplines does not support the unification thesis of the road map, but rather illustrates their fragmentation. Yet, I find myself in accord with the authors that the absence of a theory with well-defined basic concepts condemns clinical psychology to a patchwork of forms of treatment with disparate goals and purposes. Without a theory, practitioners have no place to organize their observations, choose possible interventions, or even design meaningful research. The example of psychoanalysis in the paper demonstrates the inadequacy of adopting metapsychological terms for this effort. Some psychoanalytic concepts may belong to subcategories of a unifying theory to come (not an organized model). What we may need most now are conversations about this issue among clinicians. Whether this process might lead to identification of shared factors for the vast domain of professional psychology remains to be seen.

Psychotherapeutic Change Mechanisms and Causal Psychotherapy: Applications to Child Abuse and Trauma.

The study of change mechanisms in psychotherapy needs to be integrated with the causality of behavior, which leads to the concept of causal psychotherapy. Causal psychotherapy is posited as a useful adjunct to standard, evidence based psychotherapies for child and youth victims of abuse and trauma. The article illustrates six processes that could be involved in causal psychotherapy in this context, from the distal to the proximal. They include the distal mechanism of activation-inhibition coordination. The most proximal one relates to executive function. The intermediate levels include ones related to co-regulation (e.g., self control), analysis-synthesis, objectivity-subjectivity, and psychological reserve, which is a new concept in the domain of psychological change mechanisms. Each of the variables can vary from high to low, with the low end being more problematic. Psychotherapy can aim to bring the patient toward adaptive levels. The literature review focuses on psychotherapeutic change mechanisms, and standard psychotherapies for child/youth abuse/trauma, especially trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT). Then, it considers causal aspects of child/youth abuse and trauma, including PTSD. The discussion relates causal therapy to the question of unifying psychology and psychotherapy under the rubric of causality as a core integrative mechanism.

The Structure of Behavior as Unity of Psychology According to Mariano Yela.

As Mariano Yela is one of the most eminent Spanish psychologists, the centenary of his birth is a good occasion to revisit his work. Despite being best known for his contributions to psychometrics, Yela has also made important contributions to theoretical psychology, with particular interest in the question of its unity-diversity. Some of his most important theoretical works, presented in various contexts, were reviewed. One conception of psychology and one concern are emphasized throughout his work. The conception of psychology is based on behavior as meaningful action. The concern is to see any possible unity in the diversity of psychology. The structure of behavior defined by subject, situation and action emerge as the basis on which the unity of psychology could be established. If anything, unity of diversity. Some implications are discussed.

A New Model of Unified Psychology

There exist several unassertive schools of unified psychology which attempt to consolidate divided psychology perspectives by offering equally contentious hypothetical constructs. At the same time, all psychology doctrines are in essence based on an identical premise as they all study human behavior. Accordingly, we approach the unification of psychology through the lenses of the originally proposed algorithm of human behavior, which is defined as a sequence of steps and feedback mechanisms. The algorithm is assessed from the standpoint of the six main psychology perspectives (behavioral, biological, cognitive, humanistic, psychoanalytical, and social). The primary attributes of the perspectives are projected onto the schematics of the algorithm and paired with its elements. We postulate that the algorithm reflects the fundamental premise of each of the individual perspectives, and in doing so integrates them into a single concept of human behavior. The model does not compromise the integrity of various schools of thought, but rather provides a framework uncovering their integrational potential and strengths. The model – unlike typical narrative canon – is compact, analytic, and adaptable to new data. Despite being based on formal logic it is able to shed light on such fundamental issues as human nature, relation between body and mind, relation between humans and nonhuman animals, and unity of experience.

Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies: A fifteen-year bibliometric quest for a bigger impact

To assess scientific progress from global to author levels, a large body of bibliometric studies could be found in many fields but relatively scarcer in the realm of language and linguistic studies, especially at a journal level. Motivated by the commitment and competence shown by the Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, this study presents its bibliometric portrait as captured by two pieces of software, Publish or Perish and VoSviewer.  from the Microsoft Academic, one of the global abstract and citation databases. The descriptive and network analyses of the journal’s bibliometric data revealed the patterns of publication, citation, authorship, keyword co-occurrence, and bibliographic coupling from 2005 to 2019. The first 15 publication years have seen 482 articles by 552 authors from 142 organizations of which Turkish ones were in the majority contributing to 1,291 total citations along with regional and global indexations including in Scopus, one of the largest bibliographic databases. Evolving around the unity of psychology, linguistics, and education/ pedagogy viewed from different perspectives, the journal has been a scholarly outlet for not only local but also global issues in the realm of language and linguistics. The next 15-publication years will see the journal’s growth in “internationality” in terms of authorship due to the combination of increased annual publication and recent international indexation. Â

Why the professional practice of psychology requires a personalistic account of psychological phenomena

Concerns about the epistemological unity of psychology may be attributed to the plurality of outlooks and methods, as well as to an ostensible gap between scientific psychology and professional practice. Such a gap threatens the identity of psychology and also hinders the adequate development of its practical dimension. Scientific psychology mainly adopts a naturalistic outlook and calls for a subpersonal account of psychological phenomena. Opponents of such an approach to psychology maintain that human events have unique features and call for a personalistic account of them. The adoption of an approach underscoring the centrality of personhood—that acknowledges the specificity of the personal domain—may bridge the gap between science and practice, promoting the feasibility of practical psychology.

СОСТОЯНИЯ СОЗНАНИЯ, ПРОБЛЕМА НАБЛЮДАТЕЛЯ, ПОЗНАНИЕ (ИЛИ О ЕДИНСТВЕ ТРАНСЦЕНДЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ, ФИЗИКИ И ФИЛОСОФИИ). ЧАСТЬ I

Currently, there is an intensification of integration processes in science as a result of an increasing number of approaches and points of view on the same subject of research, leading to the convergence of sciences, creation of metatheories and interdisciplinary connections, thanks to the efforts of many researchers from different fields of science. In this context, the article attempts to show the unity of transcendental psychology, physics and philosophy in solving epistemological problems. The present article discusses the question of correspondence of the perceived or observed world with the world itself, with the world as it is «in reality». In connection with understanding of this issue, D. Berkeley, N. Bohr, W. Heisenberg, A. Einstein, A. N. Leontiev, A. I. Mirakyan’s views are being discussed. On the basis of the analysis carried out, the following assumption is made: the reason for insolubility of this problem within the framework of opposing philosophical directions is the discrepancy between levels and states of consciousness of representatives of these scientific directions. Dependence of the perception of the world and paradigm shifts on changes in the states of consciousness are shown. In the context of changes in states of consciousness, the issues of transcending and transitions from one reality to another are considered. A comparative analysis with the provisions of virtualistics is carried out. In the second part of the article, the features of external and internal observers and their relation to the process of cognition in the context of states of consciousness are going to be discussed.

МЕТАФИЗИЧЕСКОЕ ЕДИНСТВО ТРАНСЦЕНДЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ И КВАНТОВОЙ МЕХАНИКИ. ЧАСТЬ 2

This article is a continuation of the previous one, published in this journal under the same title. The article continues the theoretical consideration of signs of the unity of transcendental psychology (TP) and quantum mechanics (QM) in the vision of Aristotle's metaphysics. In the context of the metaphysical triad necessary-possible-real, the «intersection points» of A. I. Mirakyan’s transcendental psychology and the interpretation of quantum mechanics by A. Yu. Sevalnikov. It is shown that in the both transcendental psychology and quantum mechanics epistemological problems are associated with the impossibility of using the language of their classical predecessors. In both sciences, it becomes necessary to use a new language, a new way of thinking and a new logic of understanding the phenomena under study. All this allows us to conclude that both in transcendental psychology and in quantum mechanics, researchers are dealing with a new ontology of reality that differs from that studied in classical physics and in the phenomenology of classical psychology. It became necessary to divide reality into observable and unobservable. This allows us to say that we are talking about polyontic (or modal) philosophy – different modalities or modes of being, within the framework of which it is necessary to consider the relationship between the necessary, the possible and the real things. Both sciences are the sciences of becoming. If QM is the science of the formation of the observed world, then TP is the science of the generation of phenomena of psychical reality. This is one of the reasons for the unity of their methodological foundations. There is a fairly close similarity in the understanding of the concept of «coexisting opportunities» (or «potential opportunities»). In TP, it coincides with the concept of the coexistence of functionally equal opportunities for reflecting various concomitant properties of objects, and in QM – with the principle of superposition of states of elementary particles. The relative nature of the formation of the phenomenon in the reality of the real follows it. In TP, this is expressed in the realization of one of the coexisting possibilities of reflecting any of the presented properties of the object, and in QM this is expressed as a result of the reduction of the wave function to one of the possible states of a quantum object. The relativity of the formation of a specific phenomenon, determined by the existence of «coexisting possibilities», is realized according to the principle of relativity to the means of observation.

THE DIALECTICS OF THE ABSTRACT AND SPECIFIC IN L.S.VYGOTSKY’S WORKS

The article analyzes the complex interaction of the abstract and specific in L.S.Vygotsky’s works. The specific is analyzed as a unity in diversity, as a complex, contradictory, heterogeneous and nonlinear-logic unity. We have proven that L.S.Vygotsky, searching for such content-rich specific that can be a «cell» in psychology, implemented actually the idea of systematicity in psychology. The advantages of «unit analysis» are explicated in view of the fact that a “unit” (unlike an “element”) includes the most simple as well as learnable form of everything that in its “unfolded” state (mentally, on the basis of accumulated scientific facts) allows getting truly specific knowledge. The general way of cognition is pointed out: a philosophical and methodological idea about an object (abstract) - contemplation - analysis – finding of specific-universal - practice - new methodology etc. – the spiral of cognition. A task (supertask) of L.S.Vygotsky’s cultural and historical theory was to build (to unfold) the specific human psychology as a modus (“unit”) of substance. Methodological principles of monism, indeterminism and systematicity are described as fundamental ones in psychology. L.S.Vygotsky’s works highlight Spinoza’s understanding of eternal development, so the concept of development becomes even not a principle but the fabric of a study subject in Vygotsky’s theory. The inner unity of psychology is explained as the most complex relationship of biological and psychical attributes and connections within the psychological domain. Inter-functional psychological systems include not only components of higher mental functions but also natural, biological and cultural ones, namely everything that is covered by “a human being’s psychological life” as a concept. There are many systems, but they are interconnected, forms semantic dynamic systems after emergence of conceptual thinking. We should mention that relations embrace all human personality, they are constantly changes as for their essence and they are the main key to understanding of a human being. “Affect – intellect” antinomy is understood in the sense that all the phenomena from both conscious and unconscious domains, being actualized into an event.

PsyD Programs in Counseling Psychology: Current Status and Future Directions

This article depicts the unique integration of science and practice found in Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) programs. To dispel myths and provide accurate information about the counseling psychology PsyD degree, survey and interview data from all nine American Psychological Association (APA)–accredited counseling psychology PsyD programs are presented. We argue that embracing PsyD programs within a unified counseling psychology training structure and value system has advantages for the field, including providing a mechanism to foster counseling psychology’s reach and social justice mission. Given the newly-articulated professional competencies of the APA Standards of Accreditation, we also suggest that maintaining counseling psychology training consistency across both Doctor of Philosophy and PsyD programs has the potential to better meet counseling psychologist career trajectories and workforce needs.

Psychology Today: Still in Denial, Still Outdated.

The questionable state of psychology as a science has been pointed out repeatedly over last hundred years. Sometimes programs to overcome the obvious limitations of psychology have been also proposed. So far, in vain. Zagaria with coauthors (this issue) bring the subject up again. They demonstrate that psychology today is characterized by the incoherence of definitions of core constructs and lack of consensus in the scientific community. The authors also suggest that psychology would do better by adopting a research program of a specific form of evolutionary psychology. In this paper I show, mostly on the basis of my earlier works on the same subject, that shortcomings of psychology today go much deeper than the authors of the target article have discussed. Psychology today is characterized by fundamental epistemological and methodological problems. As the same shortcomings characterize the version of evolutionary psychology advocated by Zagaria and coauthors, it is not the best candidate to ground the future of psychology. I suggest the psychology misses unifying psychology of a specific kind, which basic principles were outlined by Vygotsky almost a century ago.

Psycholinguistic Preconditions of Gradation Functioning in the Individual World Picture

Aim of the research. To describe objective and subjective factors of language semantic interpretation of gradation thinking content (psychological and linguistic aspects in gradation semantics).
 Research methods. The article describes the foundations of distinguishing functional and semantic gradation category in the Ukrainian language which is reflected in the units of different levels. The linguistic cognitive character of the investigation is proved within these notions, as one of the principle tasks of the work is to determine mental anthropocentric and psychological factors of emerging gradation utterances in the Ukrainian language, which demonstrate the unity of linguistics and psychology, language and speech. The methodology consisted in comparing the materials of gradation in different levels, carrying out hypothetic modeling of the gradation scale on the basis of functioning gradation verbal markers, determining psychological foundations for gradation functioning in the individual picture of the world. The interaction of the objective (conceptual world of the gradated O) and the subjective (emotional and intellectual sphere of the gradator S) worlds creates the gradation fragment in a language, its orientation concerning the gradation dimension (O – object, S – subject of gradation).
 Results. The investigation of the motivation, semantic accentuation and communicators character, i.e. the inner world of the speaker and listener, text author and reader, enabled to code and decode the information given in the text. For decoding we identified the gradation units and explicated them on the sentence (text) level, distinguished pragmatic structures with redundant information. Thus the problem of certain stereotypes as the norm of environment perception, deviations from the norm was partially solved and the possibilities of reconstructing the quality characteristics of the language world picture were expanded.
 Conclusion. The choice of the verbal implementation for gradation category is carried out by the author of the communication act, it is subordinated to particular psychological regularities, which are general for human language but mentally individual concerning the communicator personality and individual language picture of the world.