Unhealthy Dependency Research Articles

Intergenerational Trauma, Dependency, and Detachment.

The literature on intergenerational transmission of trauma is predominantly focused on the mental health functioning of children and grandchildren of trauma survivors. Research shows that having a traumatized parent is related to increased psychopathology and dysfunctional attachment patterns in the next generation, but little is known about the effects of parental trauma on other aspects of interpersonal relating. The current study addresses this gap. Participants were young adult students from an urban college; individual and parental trauma histories, and indices of unhealthy dependency, dysfunctional detachment, and healthy dependency, were obtained. Results indicated that a wide range of parental traumas were positively correlated with dysfunctional detachment, but not related to destructive overdependence or healthy dependency. These results suggest that a wide range of parental traumas have a negative impact on the next generation's interpersonal dependency by fostering a tendency to distance themselves from close relationships.

Mitigating threats to academic freedom in Germany: the role of the state, universities, learned societies and China

ABSTRACT The authors probe whether or not the ecosystem of organised academia in Germany provides sufficient academic autonomy for scholars to conduct their research without fear or favour. Despite constitutional guarantees of academic freedom, academics face multiple threats from populist politicians, dubious third party funding, uncivil society, and misguided developments within German academia itself. These domestic threats are exacerbated on the international stage by the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) globalised censorship regime, dubious party-state funding from China, the weaponisation of informal Chinese social networks, and an unhealthy dependency among Western China scholars on ‘official China’. The authors reveal that the German state, universities, and learned societies have so far failed to properly identify – let alone mitigate – threats to academic freedom emanating from state and non-state agents under control of the CCP. They argue that while German parties have largely abdicated political leadership, German universities exhibit shortcomings in terms of their ethical leadership. Drawing on an in-depth analysis of a controversial statement by the Board of the German Association for Asian Studies (DGA) the authors argue that leading China scholars also seem unwilling or unable to exercise intellectual leadership. The article concludes with policy recommendations to remedy this problem.

Recovering from co-dependence: A study of iranian wives of persons with substance use disorder

Spouses of persons with substance use disorder are likely to suffer from co-dependence, requiring their own process of recovery. Limited research exists, however, describing the process of recovery from co-dependence for this group in Iran. This study aimed to describe recovery from co-dependence among wives of persons with substance use disorder in Nar-Anon self-help groups in Iran. A qualitative case study design was employed to conduct the study. Eleven Iranian wives were selected by purposive snowball sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, non-participation observations and documents. Analyzing the findings through constant comparative method revealed seven interconnected stages of recovery from co-dependence: support system of Nar-Anon, raising awareness, accepting reality, growing spiritually, detaching from unhealthy dependency, being responsible for oneself, and transferring the message of Nar-Anon to others. The findings of this study shed light on the importance of support systems and spirituality in the process of recovery from co-dependence. Dealing with enabling behaviors in the process of recovery was also discussed.

Unhealthy dependency in victims and perpetrators of child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review.

Theoretical conceptualizations of interpersonal dependency and dependent personality disorder suggest that (a) high levels of dependency in parents may increase risk for perpetration of child abuse and neglect and (b) children who are victimized may show elevated levels of dependency later in life. This study used meta-analytic techniques to examine these hypothesized links. A systematic search of psychological and medical online databases revealed 14 published studies (21 effect sizes) examining the link between parental dependency and perpetration of abuse or neglect (overall N of perpetrators=1,321), and 14 published studies (25 effect sizes) assessing dependency in victims of child abuse and neglect (overall N of victims=38,265). The dependency-abuse effect size (d) for perpetrators collapsed across all moderating variables was 0.36, which is considered to be in the medium range. The dependency-victimization effect size (d) collapsed across all moderating variables was 0.29, also a medium effect size. These results support and extend analyses of the relationship between dependency and child maltreatment, and suggest that dependency may be both a precipitant of child maltreatment and consequence of victimization. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, with suggestions for further research outlined.

Internet and Advertisement.

The Internet has revolutionized the way knowledge is currently produced, stored and disseminated. A few finger clicks on a keyboard can save time and many hours of search in libraries or shopping in stores. Online trademarks with an (e-) prefix such as e-library, e-business, e-health etc., are increasingly part of our daily professional vocabularies. However, the Internet has also produced multiple negative side effects, ranging from an unhealthy dependency to a dehumanization of human relationships. Fraudulent, unethical and scam practices are also flourishing through for example misleading online advertising methods. Some social and professional networks gather users' profiles for selling and advertising purposes, sometimes by making it technically difficult to unsubscribe. Here, I discuss some of these unethical aspects and propose some potential solutions to reduce them.

No Visitor Comes Empty-Handed – Some Thoughts on Unhealthy Dependency

This article looks at a number of issues relating to Unhealthy Dependency between churches in Africa and those in the Materially Developed World. Having defined unhealthy Dependency and recognizing the significance of finance in this area, it looks at the bigger picture, identifying a number of other areas where Unhealthy Dependency has arisen and continues to be significant. It also begins to point out some of the methods by which such unhealthy dependency is being tackled.

The Old-Age Healthy Dependency Ratio in Europe

The aim of this study is to answer the question of whether improvements in the health of the elderly in European countries could compensate for population ageing on the supply side of the labour market. We propose a state-of-health-specific (additive) decomposition of the old-age dependency ratio into an old-age healthy dependency ratio and an old-age unhealthy dependency ratio in order to participate in a discussion of the significance of changes in population health to compensate for the ageing of the labour force. Applying the proposed indicators to the Eurostat’s population projection for the years 2010–2050, and assuming there will be equal improvements in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth, we discuss various scenarios concerning future of the European labour force. While improvements in population health are anticipated during the years 2010–2050, the growth in the number of elderly people in Europe may be expected to lead to a rise in both healthy and unhealthy dependency ratios. The healthy dependency ratio is, however, projected to make up the greater part of the old-age dependency ratio. In the European countries in 2006, the value of the old-age dependency ratio was 25. But in the year 2050, with a positive migration balance over the years 2010–2050, there would be 18 elderly people in poor health plus 34 in good health per 100 people in the current working age range of 15–64. In the scenarios developed in this study, we demonstrate that improvements in health and progress in preventing disability will not, by themselves, compensate for the ageing of the workforce. However, coupled with a positive migration balance, at the level and with the age structure assumed in the Eurostat’s population projections, these developments could ease the effect of population ageing on the supply side of the European labour market.

Ten Talents: The Role of Church-Based Programs in the Microfinance Industry

This article provides the rationale for Christian microfinance as a development strategy that works with the inherent capabilities of the poor and their communities instead of facilitating unhealthy dependency. Microfinance programs are valuable additions to mission programs as they can strengthen local churches. The best way to achieve a program that combines financial services and spiritual development is for local churches to partner with microfinance institutions. This article explains what such partnerships can look like and argues that programs like this need to gain more support from church missions programs in order to succeed and thrive.

RESEARCH: Religiosity and Healthy Dependency as Predictors of Spiritual Well-Being

This study investigated diverse measures of religiosity (i.e., religious orientation, coping, and problem solving) and healthy dependency as correlates and predictors of spiritual well-being. Results from an undergraduate sample (84 women and 52 men) indicated a pattern of inverse associations between religiosity and unhealthy dependency. Moreover, both religiosity (positive and negative coping for men, extrinsic motivation and a less self-directed problem-solving style for women)and healthy dependency(for women)predicted spiritual well-being. These findings provide preliminary support for the study of spiritual well-being as an outcome and for the inclusion of both religious and personality variables as predictors. Implications for future research are presented.

Man, Woman and God in Judg 4

This paper attempts to explain the peculiarities of the Deborah narrative. In contrast to other savior- judges, Deborah is a prophetess, a judiciary, and a woman. Her role as a savior differs from other judges in that she is a high commander, but Barak carries out the actual task of battle. Deborah's rule conveys the lesson that God is responsible for victory. This is why she is presented as a prophet and a messenger of God and her personality is not portrayed in the story at all; rather, she is shown as a well-established judge and therefore an anti-charismatic figure. The emphasis on her status as a woman is meant to prevent her from becoming involved in an actual battle; this is left for Barak to carry out. When Barak demands the presence of Deborah on the battlefield, it might be thought that her presence is necessary to gain victory; then, as in the Ehud narrative, an unhealthy dependency between the people and Deborah might have been produced. Deborah responds with a prophecy that a woman will kill Sisera; in this way she reinforces her prophetic role rather than her personality, rectifying the damage caused by Barak's request.