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S3 - Nepalese nursing students’ experiences of witnessing disrespectful and abusive care towards women during labour and childbirth

There are increasing reports of disrespectful and abusive care towards women in health facilities during labour and birth which contributes to low uptake of facility-based childbirth in low- and middle-income countries. To investigate undergraduate nursing students’ witnessing of disrespect and abuse towards women during their midwifery clinical practicum. A cross-sectional study was conducted with nursing students (n = 268) in two medical colleges in Nepal. The survey instrument consisted of sociodemographic variables, clinical placement variables, students’ perceptions of respectful maternity care, and nine forms of disrespectful and abusive care practices that may have been observed during their clinical practicum. A total of 171 students (63.8%) students participated. Students’ mean age was 23.68 (SD = 2.44, range = 20-34). Almost half (48%) were in the third year of their program. A total of 138 (80.7%) students had witnessed at least one form of disrespectful and abusive care. Students observed other people not involved in a woman’s care to being present at the birth (43.9%), treating women in an unfriendly manner (42.7%), verbal abuse such as shouting, scolding, insulting, or threatening (33.9%), talking about a woman’s health information with others not directly involved in her care (33.9%), discrimination (24.6%), leaving women exposed (23.4%), and physical abuse such as pushing, slapping, or pinching women if they did not co-operate (23.4%). Witnessing disrespectful and abusive care may adversely impact students’ provision of respectful maternity care (RMC). Educating students about the status of women; midwifery philosophy of care; and strategies to navigate and change a medically-dominated model of care are required. Identification of organisational and personal factors associated with disrespect and abuse is necessary to develop and implement tailored interventions to enhance RMC.

SOCIAL INQUIRY FIELD WORK BASED INSTRUCTION MODEL TO IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY ACTIVITIES

This research is motivated by economic learning conditions that have not involved the value of sustainability. Sustainability values need to be developed in economic learning because economic activities have a great opportunity to behave in an environmentally unfriendly manner that has a broad impact. The application of sustainable values to students is realized through meaningful learning, one of which is by applying the inquiry work field learning model that emphasizes direct experience through field research. Thus this study aims to design learning models with the ADDIE approach (analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation). To design the design of this learning model, a needs analysis was conducted and design was designed by conducting surveys, observations and literature studies on the learning model. The results of this study reveal the current conditions of economic learning, the results of the needs analysis for the preparation of learning models and the design of learning models. It is hoped that from this research, it can be an input for meaningful economic learning through direct experience that is able to foster environmentally friendly behavior in the long term.

Preliminary Study Of Local Catalyst For Low Cost Methanol Synthesis As Subsequence Process Of A Model System Of Biomass Fluidized Bed Catalytic Gasification

Biomass waste has been emerging as an alternative energy and fuel. Direct combustion of biomass leads to harmful substances such as NOx and CO which are environmentally unfriendly manner. Innovation of clean technologies like gasification would have a potential in developing technology to reduce the emissions of harmful substances into the environment. The syngas of biomass gasification is an intermediate product which can be converted further to various types of alternative fuels especially methanol. Agency for the Assessment and application of Technology (BBPT)-Indonesia in cooperation with Gunma University-Japan has been conducting assessment and application of environmentally friendly solid biomass wastes utilization technology under the SATREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development) program. This work is a prolongation of biomass gasification process from empty fruit bunches (EFB) to produce syngas. Furthermore, the syngas has a potential as raw material to synthesize methanol. The study of methanol synthesis focused on the development of efficient and low-cost catalyst in term of low pressure and low temperature. The catalyst of methanol synthesis was prepared by co-precipitation method with copper basis. The experiments have been performed and tested in a once-through process by Low-Pressure Fixed Bed Reactor in Micromeritics unit at a mild operating condition. The result shows that catalyst CuO: ZnO: Al2O3 (47%: 37%: 15%) has a good performance at 20 bar and 270°C with methanol concentration in the gas product up to 1.15%. On the words, the local catalyst performance comparable with commercial catalysts at low pressure and low temperature.

Economic instruments and the efficient recycling of batteries in Delhi and the National Capital Region of India

AbstractLead acid batteries generate hazardous lead waste with environmental and health implications. The deposit refund system for recycling in Delhi provides a discount to consumers on purchasing new batteries and returning used batteries to retailers for recycling. The retailers determine whether batteries are recycled in an environmentally friendly or unfriendly manner by selling them to manufacturers or to unorganized scrap dealers who then sell to unregistered smelters. This study finds that the economic instrument that brings used batteries into recycling works well. Organized recycling is limited, since retailers prefer selling used batteries to the informal sector because of higher prices, lower storage costs and taxes. In addition, we consider policy instruments like a green tax on batteries with a refund when the manufacturer ensures environment-friendly recycling and fiscal incentives to organized smelters to increase production.

Criminal Justice Act 2003: The Sentencing Provisions

The 1990s began with the enactment of the first general sentencing statute for over 40 years: the CriminalJustice Act 1991. The broad purpose of the Act was to bring about a form of proportionality in sentencing recognising a hierarchy of penalty levels, from fine up to community sentences and thence to custody; requiring ajudgement of seriousness before fixing the penalty level; reserving custodial sentences for serious cases; but, by way of exception to the general principle, allowing for longer-than-proportionate sentences for offenders thought to present a danger of serious harm. These objectives were set out fairly clearly in the White Paper of 1990,1 but the drafting of the 1991 Act was less clear. Some provisions, such as those on previous convictions, were drafted in such a technical and unfriendly manner as to generate judicial opposition. Other provisions were not direct in their expression: whereas the White Paper made it plain that proportionality should be the touchstone, the Act fell short of declaring such a principle. The provision on the length of prison sentences stated only that sentences should be 'commensurate with the seriousness of the offence' and this was not enough to prevent the then Lord Chief Justice from distorting the provision by construing it to mean 'commensurate with the punishment and deterrence which the seriousness of the offence requires.'2 Within months of its introduction, parts of the structure of the 1991 Act were dismantled (unit fines abolished, greater discretion to take account of previous convictions). In the years that followed the Act subsided into the background, its main provisions rarely even cited in sentencing judgments, its influence barely perceptible. One reason for this was a stark change of penal climate. The killing of James Bulger in early 1993 and the appointment of Michael Howard as Home Secretary later that year led both the press and politicians to call for tougher sentences. Howard proclaimed that 'prison works,' whereas in 1990 the same government had described prison as'an expensive way of making bad people worse.'3 Tougher measures were brought in, although when Howard proposed the introduction of mandatory sentences the senior judiciary rose up in open disagreement with the policy and (at the House of Lords stage) forced amendments to what became the

The Positive Feedback Bias as a Response to Out‐Group Unfriendliness1

This study tests whether Whites provide especially positive feedback to minorities who respond to feedback in an unfriendly manner. White female undergraduates (N = 66) gave verbal feedback to either a Black or a White confederate who posed as the author of a poorly written essay. Confederates responded to participants’ feedback in either a friendly or unfriendly manner. As predicted, participants who gave feedback to an unfriendly Black confederate supplied a selectively higher ratio of positive to negative comments and a selectively higher proportion of positive comments. Participants paired with an unfriendly Black confederate also provided the most positive post‐interaction ratings, despite minimal impression‐management pressures. Collectively, these findings indicate that Whites’ self‐image motives underlie the positive feedback bias.

Diversity of word usage as a stress indicator in an interview situation

Two experiments testing stress in interview situations were carried out. In the first, 40 college student subjects were asked to tell two different tales, 16 of them were frustrated by the experimentor in between the two tales; 24 told them without interruption. The type-token-ratio (T.T.R.) of the first group was significantly higher before than after treatment, while the second group showed a tendency toward the reverse. In the second experiment, 38 subjects were asked about their motives for choosing psychology as a major; 19 were treated normally; 19 in an unfriendly manner. The T.T.R. of the second group was significantly lower than that of the first group. Both experiments confirmed the following hypothesis: in an interview situation, a positive relationship evokes more differentiated word (nouns) usage than does a negative one.

International Practice Regarding Traditional Fishing Privileges of Foreign Fishermen in Zones of Extended Maritime Jurisdiction

In recent years, many nations have made claims of extended maritime jurisdiction or exclusive control for various purposes, and sometimes have claimed sovereignty over areas of sea far beyond the three-mile territorial sea traditionally claimed by many nations. A primary objective of many of these claims has been control over fishing in coastal waters, with the purpose of reserving for the exclusive use of fishermen of the coastal state the fish resources in the waters claimed, or of controlling the activities of foreign fishermen and possibly exacting fees for the privilege of continued fishing. The nature of most claims of authority to regulate the taking of fish in coastal waters is such as to exclude foreign fishermen, such claims having as their basic purpose unconditional right of exclusion. What rights exist for displaced fishermen exist as a matter of comity, i.e., friendship between friendly nations, and as such form no basis for claims of legal right to recompense (although the governments of fishermen who are expelled without a phase-out period may justifiably respond in like unfriendly manner, enacting restrictive tariffs or similar economic handicaps). Several countries have made provision in their own laws for recognition of “traditional” or “historic” fishing for foreign fishermen on a basis of reciprocity, i.e., their fishermen would have similar rights in the exclusive fisheries zone of the foreign nation whose fishermen were permitted to continue fishing. Most such laws have been very recent. The problem is not new, however. Problems of access to the North Atlantic fisheries embroiled the United States and Great Britain immediately after the Revolutionary War, and were not resolved until 1910 by action of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. Pelagic sealing inflamed relations between the United States and other nations in the late 19th century, requiring arbitration for settlement.

THE PROBABLE EFFECT OF CLIMATE OF RUSSIAN FAR EAST ON HUMAN LIFE AND ACTIVITY

If, as in the Arabian fairy-tales, it were possible to bring the past before our eyes again so that we could follow the first steps of human civilization, then we could, without doubt, see how great has been the influence of geographical conditions. We should see how nature determined the first and most difficult steps of humanity, sometimes giving human beings numerous opportunities and opening wide and easy paths to progress, and again without pity keeping whole nations during long, long centuries without the least ray of light. From the material on hand, which has been gathered by students of geography. ethnography, history, and other branches of science, we must conclude that all of mankind's customs and inclinations, its physical characteristics, and the anthropological types of various nationalities, as well as the very germs of its religious beliefs, are due first of all, and above all, not to some unseen, supreme power, but to the law-abiding forces of nature. If we could sum up all the present knowledge about nature, it would be possible to conclude without hesitation that the surrounding nature has always had a deep and irresistible influence on all the branches of the vegetable and animal kingdom, as well as on the physical and spiritual nature of man. Geography recounts the history of geographical conditions, and among them the chief place of importance belongs to the climate. On it depends the material as well as the spiritual organization of governments, and on it is based all their future. Explorers in Siberia have constantly noted the influence of the climate on its life. Of these observations, the most notable are those of the famous Russian scientist, Prof. A. Midendorff. In his work, Travels to Northern and Southern Part I (St. Petersburg, i860), which constitutes an epoch-making event in the study of Siberia, he says: Nowhere in all the world does the climate act in such an unfriendly manner toward vegetable and animal life, not excluding man, as it does in Siberia. Nowhere but there [Ecology, Vol. III., No. 2 (pp. 89-I80) was issued May i8, I922.]