Unfinished Task Research Articles

Hope of success relates to the memory for unsolved compared to solved anagrams.

It is widely believed that unfinished tasks are better remembered than finished tasks, a phenomenon labelled the "Zeigarnik-Effect." It has been argued that this advantage relies on the persisting tension inherent in uncompleted intentions. However, this interpretation has been challenged. First, the memory advantage could not be reliably replicated. Second, a memory advantage can still be observed when the unfinished status of an uncompleted intention is inherently terminated, rendering the "persisting tension" explanation unlikely. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential memory advantage of interrupted but finished tasks and its relation to the personality disposition achievement motivation, specifically, hope of success and fear of failure. This goal was motivated by the hypothesis that the experience of a discrepancy between the anticipation of success and the subsequent failure would relate to the memory for an unfinished task, and that this discrepancy experience would be stronger for people high in hope of success. A large sample of adults (>1,000 participants) was presented with 12 anagrams. If they did not solve an anagram within 60 s, they were shown the solution. Afterwards, we measured free recall of the anagram solutions and assessed achievement motivation. Overall, participants recalled more unsolved anagrams than solved anagrams. However, only individuals high in hope of success displayed a greater tendency to remember unsolved anagrams. This study supports the idea that a discrepancy experience rather than persisting tension coincides with memory for unsolved tasks.

Moral evolution as development: an unfinished task

Moral evolution as development: an unfinished task

Of Geosocial Relations and Separations

How might an attention to the role that the geologic plays in everyday social and political formations help reveal and politicize the geographically, temporally, and stratigraphically distributed forms of violence in the Anthropocene? Building on recent work in environmental humanities, anthropology, geography, and feminist geophilosophy that aims to rethink racialized forms of violence alongside planetary forces and earthly formations, this article explores how geosocial relations and exclusions register distributed forms of violence that are often kept separate from each other. Through an ethnographic account of a state-led oil shale exploration project in southwestern Turkey during the eruption of war between Kurdish freedom fighters and the Turkish state in southeastern Turkey in the summer of 2015, the article traces the links and disjunctures between the everyday disavowal of resource exploration and colonial warfare. It explores how the disavowal of war and hydrocarbon exploration forecloses political and ethical possibilities. It further examines how emergent geosocial relations between people and rocks carry the possibility of reckoning with anti-Kurdish war and violence. In doing so, the article invites environmental humanities to rethink methodological and analytical ways of rendering violence visible. The article concludes by speculating about the possibility of geosocial solidarity, or a mode of relation with geological formations and humans that forges connections between racialized forms of othering and planetary scales of time, space, and materiality. As a mode of earthly praxis, geosocial solidarity is what might come after the unfinished task of detangling distributed forms of violence in the Anthropocene.

Effect of Substituents on Molecular Reactivity during Lignin Oxidation by Chlorine Dioxide: A Density Functional Theory Study.

Lignin is a polymer with a complex structure. It is widely present in lignocellulosic biomass, and it has a variety of functional group substituents and linkage forms. Especially during the oxidation reaction, the positioning effect of the different substituents of the benzene ring leads to differences in lignin reactivity. The position of the benzene ring branched chain with respect to methoxy is important. The study of the effect of benzene substituents on the oxidation reaction's activity is still an unfinished task. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) and the m062x/6-311+g (d) basis set were used. Differences in the processes of phenolic oxygen intermediates formed by phenolic lignin structures (with different substituents) with chlorine dioxide during the chlorine dioxide reaction were investigated. Six phenolic lignin model species with different structures were selected. Bond energies, electrostatic potentials, atomic charges, Fukui functions and double descriptors of lignin model substances and reaction energy barriers are compared. The effects of benzene ring branched chains and methoxy on the mechanism of chlorine dioxide oxidation of lignin were revealed systematically. The results showed that the substituents with shorter branched chains and strong electron-absorbing ability were more stable. Lignin is not easily susceptible to the effects of chlorine dioxide. The substituents with longer branched chains have a significant effect on the flow of electron clouds. The results demonstrate that chlorine dioxide can affect the electron arrangement around the molecule, which directly affects the electrophilic activity of the molecule. The electron-absorbing effect of methoxy leads to a low dissociation energy of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Electrophilic reagents are more likely to attack this reaction site. In addition, the stabilizing effect of methoxy on the molecular structure of lignin was also found.

An unfinished task? Matching the Platform Work Directive with the EU and international "social acquis"

An unfinished task? Matching the Platform Work Directive with the EU and international "social acquis"

Circumscription of Fulbrightiella gen. nov. and Sherwoodiella gen. nov., Two Novel Genera in the Calotrichaceae (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria).

Three novel strains in Calotrichaceae from tropical habitats were isolated and characterized with regard to their morphology, phylogenetic placement, and secondary structures of conserved domains in the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The strains fell into two clades formerly identified as Calothrix from freshwater and brackish habitats. Based on both morphology and ecology, they differed from the type species of Calothrix, C. confervicola, which is marine, has wide trichomes with short cells, and narrows abruptly to a hyaline hair. The first clade grouped species with heteropolar filaments widened at the base and narrowed gradually toward the apex but not ending in a hair, with basal heterocytes that are formed in series as the apically placed heterocytes senesce; this clade is being named Fulbrightiella gen. nov., with two named species, F. bharadwajae sp. nov. and F. oahuensis sp. nov. The second clade was comprised of a single species with isopolar trichomes that are untapering as hormogonia, but which widen midfilament and taper toward both ends following growth. These trichomes develop pairs of heterocyte mid-filament, causing fragmentation into heteropolar trichomes with basal heterocytes and ends that taper, but not to a hair. This clade consists of a single species at present, Sherwoodiella mauiensis. With this action, four clades in the Calotrichaceae have been named: Macrochaete, Dulcicalothrix, Fulbrightiella, and Sherwoodiella. Calothrix sensu stricto is truly marine, morphologically distinct, and unsequenced; finding and sequencing the generitype for Calothrix remains as the most important and unfinished task in the revision of the Calotrichaceae.

Including the gender perspective in communication : an unfinished task on both sides of the Atlantic

[Versió catalana][Versión castellana] Zuliana Lainez Otero Vice-President of the International Federation of Journalists and the Federation of Journalists of Latin America and the Caribbean (FEPALC) President of the National Association of Journalists of Peru zulianalainez@gmail.com

The Unfinished Task in North American Evangelism and its Impact on Spirit-empowered Christianity

This study explores the state of evangelism in North America, particularly the Spirit-empowered church in the US. Charted through the history of evangelism movements, most of which originated in North America, this essay will look at those movements, their impact on the church, and some theological reasons why North America has not been more effective in its own evangelistic efforts.

Exile and Return: Trauma and the Unfinished Theological Task of Christian Preaching of the Hebrew Bible

David Stark argues the problem of Christians preaching the Hebrew Bible remains stuck in a binary between historical-critical approaches and christological allegorization. I view the problem as also a homiletical-theological one: Christians narrating the two-part canon unidirectionally, e.g., promise/fulfillment. In light of a rethinking of the reception of Jeremiah 31:31-34 in practice, I propose an alternative metaphor, “exile and return,” influenced by Cathy Caruth’s work on trauma, narrative, and history. I then concretize the complexity of trauma and history in the two-part canon itself through David Carr’s Holy Resilience. As for the other part of Stark’s binary, I propose revising our homiletical Christologies to emphasize Jesus’ Jewishness in differentiated relation to us, following J. Kameron Carter’s Race: A Theological Account. My revisions loosen Stark’s binary by relating Christology across differences of identity today within a trauma-informed hermeneutic. I conclude by proposing a homiletical model that (1) embraces a trauma-informed “not yet” in Christian proclamation of the Hebrew Bible, (2) re-focuses preaching “in Christ” as an identity-related homiletical point-of-view, and (3) acknowledges how struggles with trauma and point of view can foreground relations with inter-religious others today.

Haunted Memory, Trauma, and Recovery in Louise Erdrich’s The Stone

While the ghost is almost always connected with the source of terror, psychological disorder, traumatic memory, unfinished task, or dormant desire, could it also be a guide to collective memory and recovery, especially for Native American society? This study aimed to read the haunting phenomenon in Louise Erdrich’s The Stone as literary work that could give a deeper understanding of the relation among haunting, collective memory, trauma, and recovery. It answered two questions: 1) How the haunting narrated past collective memory and system of power to the living, and 2) How the relationship between the memory and the present living might establish recovery. To analyze the text, this study used the haunting theory by Avery Gordon. The main data was collected from Louise Erdrich’s The Stone. The result revealed that 1) the haunting in this work was related to the demand of Ojibwe memory in the reservation era, that was the demand to be remembered; 2) the traumatic event was not over and continues to occur in the present, and 3) this text developed new mode of practicing testimony through the act of remembrance of the past collective memory.

The Unfinished Task of National Liberation

Reflecting on the process of national liberation as a struggle against neo-colonialism, Kinuthia Ndung’u draws from Kinyatti’s example and looks at the role of revolutionary petty bourgeoisie intellectuals and students in the struggle against neo-colonial oppression. In today’s Kenya this is a reminder to intellectuals and students that it is their duty to give ideological guidance to the ongoing class debate (hustlers-dynasty) and other struggles everywhere they find themselves.

18세기 후반 역사지리 인식과 유득공의 『사군지』

Examined in this article is how the Joseon people perceived the concept of Historical Geography -and its nature as an academic area- during the reign of King Jeongjo, through Yu Deuk-gong’s Sagun-ji(四郡志) as an example. Sagun-ji(1801, or later), alongside Balhae-go(渤海考, 1784), is an extremely important achievement in the Historical Geography studies of the Joseon dynasty’s latter half. However, the reason for his authoring both Balhae-go and Sagun-ji in the first place has never been explained satisfactorily. The fact that he served as a Geomseo-gwan(檢書官) official at the Gyujanggak(奎章閣) Academy, and once traveled to the Chinese Capital at Beijing(Yeon’gyeong, 燕京), is simply not enough. He was apparently very engaged in studying Joseon’s geography and its history, yet previous studies never paid enough attention to how he distinguished ‘Examination(考, Go)’ from ‘Treatise(志, Ji)’, and those two from ‘History(史, Sa).’<BR> As he was not able to complete Balhae-go as a ‘History book,’ Yu Deukgong had to label it as an “Examination(考).” Then roughly 15 years later, he called his own writing of the Four Commanderies(四郡, Sagun) as a ‘Treatise (志).’ Compared to the level of ‘History(史),’ which intellectuals of the time were all aspiring to achieve in their works, ‘Examination(考)’ and ‘Treatise(志)’ were rather Sub-categories of ‘History,’ lacking certain qualities which would –if present- elevate them(考･志) to the level of a true History book. A publication project, however, which intended to compile a dynasty-wise Geography Manual (Jiri-ji, 地理志) launched during King Jeongjo’s reign (1788) completely changed the atmosphere, as well as certain previous notions. Jeongjo believed that Geography Manuals were also another form of ‘History(史).’ Yu Deuk-gong as well, while writing Sagun-ji, did not consider the result of his studies as some kind of inferior form of writing compared to History, as he did at the time of authoring Balhae-go. To him in this time around, unlike when he was writing Balhae-go, ‘Ji(志, Treatise)’ was just another form of ‘Sa(史, History).’ And that is why he labelled it Sagun-ji.<BR> In that sense, Jeongjo’s efforts to compile a dynasty-wise Geography Manual in the late 18th century was not an unfinished task. The direction it took indeed affected and inspired the Joseon society’s cultural atmosphere in a variety of ways, and one of the results was apparently Yu Deuk-gong’s Sagun-ji.

India needs a uniform civil code to prevent conflicts between personal laws and promote secularism

The paper seeks to discuss those aspects of the Uniform Civil Code that have not been discussed to a greater extent in the past. Uniform Civil Code is an unfinished task in the hand of the legislature, but at present time the political parties and activists have come out in support of it, and the Uniform Civil Code remains a distant dream. The paper seeks to discuss the reasons which have caused delays in the adoption and implementation of the Uniform Civil Code and analysis the internal conditions to determine whether they are conducive to having a Uniform Civil Code or not? Moreover, the discussion regarding India is a secular country in the true sense, which means it does not follow any religion in the country. In this paper author talks about the concept of the Uniform Civil Code and which refers to the common set of secular civil laws which will govern all citizens of India without no consideration of their Religion.

OMPRAKASH VALMIKI'S JOOTHON : A REMARKABLE RECORD OF A RARE INDIAN JOURNEY

Omprakash Valmiki, a famous Indian writer, has shown how the so-called "upper caste" in India dominates and suppresses the populace. This study focuses on how the upper caste controls the scheduled caste by many machinery such as tradition, law, religion, culture, and language of the dominant group of people, who are truly in power. In his work Joothan, the author defines a character from the family of minorities, labourers, and peasants. Omprakash, the protagonist, is forced to seed sugarcane on Fauz Sing's land regardless of the fact that his examination is arriving. There are several evidences to support his muteness, which adds to his subaltern status. Dalit writing has made social equality and political involvement a literary theme, completing the unfinished task of economic equality. Man cannot attain total equality without achieving equality on these three concerns. This impeccable equality is fought for in Dalit literature.

From a hard nuclear state towards a soft nuclear repository state – participation, co-designing, learning and reversibility in the site selection process for a nuclear waste repository

Abstract. Since 2013 the site search for a repository for highly radioactive waste has been taking place in Germany within the framework of a new governance architecture and under new political guidelines. Based on experiences with nuclear politics in the past, Jungk (1977) coined the term hard nuclear state, characterized by decisions made in a top-down manner. The Decide-Announce-Defend (DAD) strategy, which branded the nuclear state at that time, led to conflicts, mistrust of authorities and blockages. In particular, massive resistance developed against the planned final repository site at Gorleben. Nowadays, after more than 60 years deploying nuclear energy, the (energy) political balance of power has fundamentally changed. Parts of the anti-nuclear movement have been integrated into the political party system and have contributed significantly to the nuclear phase-out. In the course of this, the unfinished task of final disposal has been readdressed: with the Repository Site Selection Act (StandAG, 2017), which was passed in 2013 and amended in 2017, an ongoing process of public participation is stated. The site selection process is required to be learning, self-questioning, science-based, reversible, and participatory. The StandAG § 5 not only provides a basis for a fundamental dialogue between the regulator, the operator, and the public, but also for „co-design“ by common citizens. The StandAG considers various elements from different participation-friendly theories of democracy as well as specific governance concepts, which we refer to collectively as the soft nuclear repository state (cf. Brunnengräber, 2021). Its characteristics need to be worked out, as the StandAG only provides some indications, but no criteria, for what good and sufficient participation in the site selection process means and what its conditions for success should be. Based on preliminary considerations on democratic theory and governance aspects (part 1), we present what good participation could mean in the current procedure and what the framework conditions for good participation could be (part 2). Additionally, we present main findings from participatory observations from the ongoing site search process and identify conditions and indications of a successful future participation process based on the ongoing process (part 3). In the résumé, we turn to the question of which of the democracy-theoretical elements of the soft repository state are already recognizable in the present procedure, but also whether the current procedure provides additional indications towards the soft nuclear repository state (part 4).

Universalization of Elementary Education: Challenges, Issues and Efforts

The Indian education system is perhaps the largest system in the world catering the need of millions of students of different socio-economic background. Education is globally acknowledged as the most powerful means of empowerment. Education is utmost important for every child irrespective of its gender. It is disheartening that, even in current modern scenario, some people are still against the education of the girl children. Every child has the right to receive elementary education however, Due to many factors girls are forced to leave school while others never have been provided an opportunity to enroll in schools. Among children not attending schools there are more girls than boys and among illiterate adults, there are more women than women. Many girls continue to dropout that adversely affects the efficiency of the education system and respective progressive expectations. The unfinished task in terms of un-enrolled and out-of-school girl child is the manor challenge. Rigorous and continuous efforts are required to bring and retain girl children under the purview of education system. The community and government schemes in this direction, can jointly play a vital role in bringing and retaining girl children to schools for primary and secondary education. To understand the problems and challenges faced by girls at elementary education level the author conducted a study in education zone Magam. The zone progressed significantly but still it has many areas of concern that are primarily responsible for un-fulfilment of the goals of universal literacy. There are number of problems which become hindrance in the way of education of girls but whatever the reason is if significant efforts were taken this problem can be then tackled easily. So, the authors hope that this study can help us to illuminate some of the complexities around education of the girls at elementary level and bring new insight to policy makers and educational practitioners.

Unequal Loneliness in the Digitalized Classroom: Two Loneliness Effects of School Computers and Lessons for Sustainable Education in the E-Learning Era

Incorporating information and communication technology (ICT) into schooling has been one of the most conspicuous trends in education innovation for decades. Despite the education community’s optimistic consensus on the digitalization of the classroom, however, evidence-based research on the educational effectiveness of ICT is an unfinished task. In this situation, this study gives renewed attention to the socioemotional effects of school computers and draws lessons for sustainable education in the e-learning era. By analyzing the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015, this study identifies the causal link between school computer usage time (the independent variable) and satisfaction with peer relationships (the dependent variable) among elementary and middle school students: the loneliness deepening effect. Then, considering the issue of digital divide, it finds the positive interaction between the independent variable and academic performance (the moderating variable): the loneliness inequality effect. These two findings—summarized by the term “unequal loneliness”—call for critical reflections on the current use of school computers but do not support the Ludditish claim that wholly denies ICT’s educational values and potentials. Rather, the existence of the loneliness inequality effect additionally implies an opportunity to go beyond mere technological determinism and deliberate on human users’ capabilities for effective ICT usage.

Empowering Tenaga Kependidikan di MA Unggulan Mukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Banyuwangi

The applied objectives in this study are: (1) Knowing the recruitment of educational personnel at MA Unggulan Mukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Tegalsari Banyuwangi Schooling Year 2019/2020; (2) Knowing a placement of educational staff at MA UnggulanMukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Tegalsari Banyuwangi Schooling Year 2019/2020; (3) Knowing the empowerment of educational staff at MA UnggulanMukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Tegalsari Banyuwangi Schooling Year 2019/2020; (4) Knowing the supporting and obstacles process of empowering educational staff at MA Unggulan Mukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Tegalsari Banyuwangi Schooling Year 2019/2020. This research method uses the descriptive qualitative. The data collection through out the observation, interview and documentation. The analysis data uses 3 models of interactive analysis while the technical validity data uses triangulation. The result of the research : the recruitment process of the educational staff at MA unggulan Mukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Tegalsari Banyuwangi has been running systematically. The placement of adecation personnel at MA unggulan Mukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Tegalsari Banyuwangi is in accordance with the field of expertise and skills possessed and continued with the guidance which is carried out by the foundation’s management. The process of educational staff empowering has been very good. Supporting and inhibiting factors in the process of empowering educational staff at MA unggulan Mukhtar Syafa’at Blokagung Tegalsari Banyuwangiis: (a) Supporting factors includes the systematic education personnel recruitment (b) Inhibiting factors : (1) there is a limitation of the employees that causes there are currently work educational staff who get unfinished task in accordance with their fields of expertise. (2) There are several types of work that have not been filled.

An unfinished task: Viewing the legitimization of contemporary Chinese art from the Third Shanghai Biennale

The Shanghai Biennale, initiated in 1996, was launched by the Shanghai Art Museum under the background of the proliferation and expansion of the biennial/triennial exhibition system outside Europe and the United States in the last decade of the twentieth century. Based on the investigations of the themes and tasks of the First and Second Shanghai Biennales, this article focuses on the Third Shanghai Biennale opened in 2000, which has made remarkable breakthroughs in its curatorial strategy. By including international curators and artists in the exhibition, the Shanghai municipal government and the Shanghai Art Museum were committed to establishing an international profile of the Shanghai Biennale and further making it an integral part of its namesake city’s cultural branding in the era of globalization. Soon after the opening of the Shanghai Biennale, it was prevalently regarded as a significant landmark of legitimization in many discourses, which was hard fought for by Chinese practitioners after 1989. By analysing the background, curatorial concepts and impacts of the Third Shanghai Biennale and Fuck Off, this research deciphers the connotation of legitimization advocated by contemporary Chinese art circle, as well as the complex relationship with both conflict and cooperation between the official and unofficial arts. Did the task of legitimizing contemporary Chinese art fully accomplished? In this process, what sort of effects did China’s governmental manipulation have on the legitimization of contemporary Chinese art at home and its value output on the international arena? The above lines of inquiry offer a new perspective on contemporary Chinese art, especially with regard to further media experimentations, curatorial practice and value assessment in art practice after 2000.

Einstein’s Cosmos: A Theoretical Framework of the Oscillating Universe

Since the time of the ancient Greeks, the pursuit of a theory of the universe has remained an unfinished task, even as humanity has entered the twenty-first century. Few know that, to lead this development, Einstein defined a scientific task called Einstein’s cosmos and offered a methodical approach called principle theory. Indeed, it is astounding in this scientific golden era that this is not more well known. We have previously promoted some of Einstein’s work in this area. Herein, as an extension of our previous literature, we apply principle theory to develop a theoretical framework of our oscillating universe and use this framework to examine research practices concerning the universe, elementary particle physics, and cosmology critically. This paper has two goals: first, to promote Einstein’s cosmos and principle theory, to restore his scientific thoughts to their deserved place in the precious pursuit of a final theory of the universe; second, to invite elementary particle physicists and cosmologists to pursue Einstein’s cosmos collectively under this theoretical framework of the oscillating universe.