Unexplained Factors Research Articles

What explains differences in average wait time in the emergency department among different racial and ethnic populations: A linear decomposition approach.

Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic/Latino (Hispanic) patients wait longer in the emergency department (ED) to see practitioners when compared with non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients. We investigate factors contributing to longer wait times for NHB and Hispanic patients using a linear decomposition approach. This retrospective observational study included patients presenting to one tertiary hospital ED from 2019 to 2021. Median wait times among NHW, NHB, and Hispanic were calculated with multivariable linear regressions. The extent to which demographic, clinical, and hospital factors explained the differences in average wait time among the three groups were analyzed with Blinder‒Oaxaca post-linear decomposition model. There were 310,253 total patients including 34.7% of NHW, 34.7% of NHB, and 30.6% of Hispanic patients. The median wait time in NHW was 9 min (interquartile range [IQR] 4‒47 min), in NHB was 13 min (IQR 4‒59min), and in Hispanic was 19 min (IQR 5‒78 min, p<0.001). The top two contributors of average wait time difference were mode of arrival and triage acuity level. Post-linear decomposition analysis showed that 72.96% of the NHB‒NHW and 87.77% of the Hispanic‒NHW average wait time difference were explained by variables analyzed. Compared to NHW patients, NHB and Hispanic patients typically experience longer ED wait times, primarily influenced by their mode of arrival and triaged acuity levels. Despite these recognized factors, there remains 12%‒27% unexplained factors at work, such as social determinants of health (including implicit bias and systemic racism) and many other unmeasured confounders, yet to be discovered.

An Examination Of Traditional Craft As A Component Of Tsangaya System Of Education In North Central Zone Nigeria

An examination of traditional craft as component of tsangaya system of education in north central zone Nigeria. A survey research approach and a Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling procedure. Data was gathered from 297 respondents drawn from tsangaya schools from 3 selected states in north-central Nigeria, kwara, Nasarawa and Niger State. The collection of data was using a questionnaire that was structured and well-validated. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the data analysis. The outcome revealed the overall mean score of 3.93 for the ten skills needed as agreed by the respondents. The overall mean score of 3.71 of the five attitudinal items as agreed. The overall mean score of 4.05 of the four awareness statements listed as agreed. The cluster mean score of 3.46 shows serious challenges towards Traditional Craft Skills. The findings show that awareness has the highest Beta value (B=0.729, P&lt;0.05). The findings supported the formulated hypothesis, therefore, we reject H0. Followed by attitude with (B=0.400, P&lt;0.05) the findings also supported the hypothesis, therefore, we reject H0. The challenges had the lowest Beta value of (B=0.022, P&lt;0.05) and also have a significant impact on the traditional craft skills. The findings equally supported the formulated hypothesis, therefore, we reject H0. In conclusion, attitude and awareness had a serious impact on entrepreneurship skills acquisition program. Hence, Adj.R2 of 98.6% as shown on Table 5 is an indication of another 1.4% unexplained factors that are not considered in this study. Therefore, its recommended that Governments at all levels (Federal, State and Local governments) should come up with more effective means of supporting the traditional craft in Tsangaya School’s system in north central Nigeria

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT IN MALE INFERTILITY W.S.R TO OLIGO ASTHENOSPERMIA: A CASE REPORT

Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse[WHO]3 . Infertility may occur due to male, female or unexplained factors[WHO].In the male reproductive system, infertility may be caused by abnormal sperm function and quality [WHO]. Oligoasthenospermia is a condition with a decrease in the concentration of the spermatozoa and the percentage of motile spermatozoa in a sperm sample. A 36-year-old male patient with no issues for six years of marital life diagnosed with oligoasthenospermia visited our OPD in July 2022. Initially advised with Nitya Virechana, followed by Chandraprabha Vati and Burundi kashaya given after that, Tablet chandraprabha vati, Tab Confido, Tab Tentex forte and Tab Rejuspermin have been provided for six months. Followup showed improvement in seminal parameters regarding sperm concentration and motility, resulting in pregnancy. The present case signifies the importance of Ayurvedic treatment in bringing successful outcomes in the field of male infertility.

The labour market differences between the asylum population and other migrants

Abstract This article examines economic disparities between the asylum population and other migrants accounting for selection on unobservables. With administrative datasets of arrivals since the 1940s, descriptive evidence suggests that the asylum population is 7%–11% less likely to be employed and earn 15%–19% less than other migrants from 2010 to 2014 in Switzerland. Comparing bias-adjusted results considering selection on unobservables to conventional approaches such as decomposition and matching, I find that the bias-adjusted gaps bias towards zero. This suggests that conventional approaches may overestimate the outcome gaps. My results highlight that the outcome gaps persist, although discrimination and other unexplained factors are decreasing over time.

Interpretable single-cell factor decomposition using sciRED.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) maps gene expression heterogeneity within a tissue. However, identifying biological signals in this data is challenging due to confounding technical factors, sparsity, and high dimensionality. Data factorization methods address this by separating and identifying signals in the data, such as gene expression programs, but the resulting factors must be manually interpreted. We developed Single-Cell Interpretable Residual Decomposition (sciRED) to improve the interpretation of scRNA-seq factor analysis. sciRED removes known confounding effects, uses rotations to improve factor interpretability, maps factors to known covariates, identifies unexplained factors that may capture hidden biological phenomena and determines the genes and biological processes represented by the resulting factors. We apply sciRED to multiple scRNA-seq datasets and identify sex-specific variation in a kidney map, discern strong and weak immune stimulation signals in a PBMC dataset, reduce ambient RNA contamination in a rat liver atlas to help identify strain variation, and reveal rare cell type signatures and anatomical zonation gene programs in a healthy human liver map. These demonstrate that sciRED is useful in characterizing diverse biological signals within scRNA-seq data.

Interpretable single-cell factor decomposition using sciRED.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) maps gene expression heterogeneity within a tissue. However, identifying biological signals in this data is challenging due to confounding technical factors, sparsity, and high dimensionality. Data factorization methods address this by separating and identifying signals in the data, such as gene expression programs, but the resulting factors must be manually interpreted. We developed Single-Cell Interpretable Residual Decomposition (sciRED) to improve the interpretation of scRNA-seq factor analysis. sciRED removes known confounding effects, uses rotations to improve factor interpretability, maps factors to known covariates, identifies unexplained factors that may capture hidden biological phenomena and determines the genes and biological processes represented by the resulting factors. We apply sciRED to multiple scRNA-seq datasets and identify sex-specific variation in a kidney map, discern strong and weak immune stimulation signals in a PBMC dataset, reduce ambient RNA contamination in a rat liver atlas to help identify strain variation, and reveal rare cell type signatures and anatomical zonation gene programs in a healthy human liver map. These demonstrate that sciRED is useful in characterizing diverse biological signals within scRNA-seq data.

Exploring the association of male-factor related infertility with first-trimester anomalies, aneuploidy, and biochemical markers in infertile patients undergoing ART

Background: A higher risk of birth defects in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) pregnancies compared to natural pregnancies has been previously reported. Objective: This retrospective study aimed to explore the association of male-factor related infertility with first-trimester anomalies, aneuploidy, and biochemical markers in infertile patients undergoing ART. Method: The complete medical records of infertile patients referred to the infertility and prenatal centers in Ahvaz, Iran during the past five years were assessed, which included ART-induced pregnancies due to male factors (n=124) and or other infertility causes (n=176). Results: The most common causes of infertility were respectively the male factor (41.3%), ovulation disorders (26%), and unexplained factors (13.3%). A significant correlation was found between the infertility causes and the history underlying systemic diseases and medication history (p&lt;0.05). The serum levels of MoM β‐hCG and PAPP-A were significantly lower in the male factor-related infertilities than non-male factor-related infertilities (p=0.0001). The rate of fetal and placental anomalies was significantly higher in male factor-related infertilities than non-male factor-related infertilities (p=0.03). However, according to the results of multivariable logistic regression, association between the male factor-related infertility and fetal/placental anomalies was not independent of the effects of low levels of MoM β‐hCG and PAPP-A. Conclusion: Causes of infertility, particularly male factor, together with low levels of MoM β‐hCG and PAPP-A, might be associated with the high risk of fetal and placental anomalies in ART pregnancies. However, further large-scale multi-center and prospective investigations are needed to reach more accurate conclusion.

Etiology and Treatment of Infertility in Tertiary Care Center of Anand, Gujarat, India

This study sought to investigate the etiology and risk factors contributing to infertility, assess the efficacy of fertility-inducing drugs, and analyze the treatment modalities' impact on the quality of life for infertile patients. Spanning a 6-month duration, the research incorporated 50 patients, and risk factors were discerned through a tailored case report form reflecting daily routines and habits. A comparative analysis of Letrozole, Clomiphene citrate, and Metformin was conducted based on existing literature. Predominant causes of female infertility encompassed tubal factors, ovulatory disorders, endometriosis, and unexplained factors. Common risk factors included advanced age, smoking, alcohol consumption, abnormal body weight, and excessive caffeine intake. The study highlighted that while no single risk factor exclusively caused infertility, the presence of multiple factors heightened the likelihood of its development. Clomiphene emerged as the most effective fertility-inducing medication among the three drugs examined. Categories: Obstetrics/Gynecology

The Influence Of Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Use Of M-Banking With A Utaut2 Approach On Financial Behavior

This research aims to determine whether there is a connection between M-Banking usage, lifestyle factors, and financial literacy. With a positive data collection strategy and a sample size of 150 participants, this research applies an associative methodology. Participants must be Singkawang City residents, aged 17–50, and M-Banking app users in order to be considered for the study. Statistical methods are employed in the analysis, including the following: multiple linear regression, correlation and determination coefficient, simultaneous testing (F test), and partial testing (t test). The data is linear, has a normal distribution, and does not show signs of multicollinearity; these findings are confirmed by the standard assumption test. The variables are strongly associated with one another, as shown by the correlation value of 0.523. According to the coefficient of determination (R2), the variables that were included in this research accounted for 28% of the variance in financial behavior, while other unexplained factors influenced the remaining 72%. Preliminary research shows that financial literacy and M-Banking use significantly affect financial behavior for the better. In contrast, lifestyle has a positive effect but is not statistically significant in influencing financial behavior.

Coexistence Of Corpus Callosum Splenium Infarct And COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Case Report

In this article, we presented our case who developed CC splenium infarction who had COVID-19 pneumonia at the same time.&#x0D; A 45-year-old male patient with a positive COVID-19 PCR test was admitted to the emergency department with complaints of confusion and loss of direction. He didn’t have a chronic disease, a history of smoking and alcohol abuse. Confusion was found on mental examination. The Splenium of the CC was hyperintense on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hypointense on Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequence. &#x0D; There are a few case reports in the literature about young patients who do not have known or unexplained cardiovascular risk factors and who have had COVID-19-related pneumonia. We thought that COVID-19 pneumonia might be a triggering factor since infarction of the splenium region of the corpus callosum is rare, the patient is in the young age patient group, and there is no other comorbidity.

Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Selected Nigerian Seaports Container Throughput’s Efficiency

This paper measures economic efficiency of container throughputs with the aid of input-output efficiency ratio of selected terminals across Nigerianseaports. Productivity of a terminal does not equal toits efficiency. Different efficiencies like allocative and technical characterized economic efficiency of a port system.Overall economic efficiency means there is no delay at the port in processing container as all ship, labour and machines are optimally utilized. This research determinedthe overall efficiencies of container throughputs Apapa, Warri, Onne, Calabal and Tin Can Island usingsecondary data (2012-2022) from Nigerian Bureau of Statistics oncontainer cargo throughputs in Nigeria. Total container outputsin (Tonnes) from different terminals with their corresponding inputs variables from number of ship per annum, cranes used and the dock workers net gang hour (ngh) were aggregated together in form of input-output ratio and arrived at each port’s level of overall economic efficiency. The analysis was executed with the aid of R using Stochastic Frontier Analysis(SFA)for each termina/seaport collected data. It was found from the results that;terminals at Onne are most efficient followed by Calabar. Tin can Island terminal efficiency was a slightly higher than that of Apapa as both had a little above average mean efficiency value. Warri terminals are the least while Rivers was not considered for unavailabilityof data. There may be other unexplained factors causing inefficiencies of mostly Apapa, Tin Can and Warri seaports not explained but can be investigated in future research.

Gender Gaps in Financial Literacy: Evidence from Argentina, Chile and Paraguay

Understanding why women are less financially literate than men is crucial for developing effective policies that decrease gender inequalities and improve women’s financial literacy, agency, and empowerment. Accordingly, this article adopts a multidimensional approach to measuring financial literacy in developing countries, aggregating three key components of financial literacy, namely financial behavior, financial attitude, and financial knowledge. Using data from Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay, the study finds that there are statistically significant gender differences in these countries, which is confirmed, except in the case of Chile, by an extensive econometric analysis. In turn, a traditional Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition indicates, when considering the three countries as a whole, that 56 percent of the gap can be attributed to unexplained factors, while 44 percent to differences in observable characteristics, implying that men’s rates of return on human capital components, in a broad sense, are significantly different from those experienced by women. HIGHLIGHTS A comprehensive approach to financial literacy in Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay assesses gender differences in financial behavior, financial attitude, and financial knowledge. Financial literacy is relatively low across all three countries. In Argentina and Paraguay, the gender gap in financial literacy is driven by financial knowledge. Education and income are the largest contributors to the variance in financial literacy.

Influence of Utilization of Management Information System on Project Monitoring and Evaluation: A Case Study of Survivors Fund, Rwanda

The study examined how the utilization of Management Information Systems influences monitoring and evaluation in an organization, by taking into account the Survivors Fund in Rwanda as a case study. The study analyzed the effectiveness and efficiency of the MIS, report, services, hardware, software, and process factors that influence the effectiveness and efficiency of Monitoring and Evaluation at SURF, Rwanda. The target population included 293 beneficiaries, 8 Field officers, 1 ICT Manager, and 1 Project Manager. Data was collected through questionnaires, interview guides, and secondary documented literature.The Multiple Regression Analysis showed a strong positive correlation between the independent variables (flexibility of the system, regular employee training on MIS infrastructure, adequate edit, balance, and internal control checks) and the dependent variable (timely results and feedback). The coefficient of determination (r2) was 1, indicating that 100% of the total variation in Y could be explained by the stochastic multiple regression equation model. The study also found a positive correlation between the independent variables (system use of hardware, compatibility with other standards appliances and software, completeness, clarity, organization of documentation, app providers' accessibility, quality product support) and the dependent variable (economic use of M&amp;E resources). The coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.200, suggesting that 20% of the total variation in Y could be explained by the model, while the remaining 80% was due to unexplained factors. The study recommends Survivors Fund, Rwanda to check with the system provider and update the system with a consistent interface and compatibility with various devices. Additionally, the system should provide machine utilization reports.

COVID-19: An evaluation of predictive scoring systems in South Africa

Background| The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in more than 700 million cases worldwide. Sepsis and pneumonia severity scores assist in risk assessment of critical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. This allows healthcare workers to triage patients, by using clinical parameters and limited special investigations, thus offering the most appropriate level of care. Methods| A retrospective cohort study of 605 adult patients hospitalised with moderate to severe COVID-19, at a tertiary state hospital in South Africa. Evaluating the utility of the CURB65, NEWS2 and ISARIC-4C Mortality Score, in predicting critical outcomes, using clinical characteristics on admission. Outcomes included in-hospital mortality, invasive mechanical ventilation, and intensive care unit admission (ICU). Performance of severity scores and risk factors was assessed by area under the receiver operator characteristics (AUROC) analysis and logistic regression. Findings |A total of 605 records were used, 129 (21 %) non-survivors, 101 (17 %) ICU admissions and 77 (13 %) requiring invasive ventilation. Greater odds of mortality was associated with moderate and severe risk groups of the CURB65, ISARIC-4C and NEWS2 score. Mortality AUROC curve analysis for the CURB65 score was 0·76 (95 % CI: 0·71–0·8), 0·77 (95 % CI: 0·73–0·81) for the ISARIC-4C and 0·77 (95 % CI: 0·73–0·82) for the NEWS2 score. The CURB65 score had a sensitivity of 86 % with 12·8 % mortality, ISARIC-4C score a sensitivity of 87·6 % with 8 % mortality and NEWS2 score a sensitivity of 92·2 % with 8·6 % mortality. Interpretation |In 605 hospitalised patients with moderate to severe COVID-19, predominantly infected by the ancestral strain, good performance of the NEWS2 and ISARIC-4C score in predicting in-hospital mortality was noted. The CURB65 score had a high mortality rate in its low-risk group suggesting unexplained risk factors, not accounted for in the score, thus limiting its utility in the South African setting.

The impact of field of study on the gender wage gap: evidence from the first job offer out of college

ABSTRACT Using a sample of recently graduated college students from South Korea, we estimate the effects of the between-majors and within-major gender wage gap. We use a recentered influence function to decompose the wage differential between majors and find that women face a higher rate of return to the field of study. In addition, women tend to select their program of study with the intention of optimizing their earnings potential relative to men. In calculating the within-major gender wage gap, we control for selectivity into a field of study extending the current methodology to a multinomial logit setting. We test our model using a sample of new graduates from South Korea. We consider six college majors. The within-major wage differential ranged from 8.2% for natural science graduates to 17% for social science graduates. After selection is accounted for, the gender wage gap becomes smaller in humanities graduates but increases in natural science and medicine graduates. Decomposing the selection correction term into explained and unexplained factors eliminates discrimination in medicine and points to reverse discrimination in natural science.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SCHOOL-BASED MANAGEMENT (MBS) AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON TEACHER PERFORMANCE AT DAAR EL QOLAM HIGH SCHOOL

This research discusses the low performance of teachers at SMA Daar el-Qolam, Gintung, Jayanti, Tangerang. The low performance is attributed to cultural organizational factors and the suboptimal implementation of school-based management. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between school-based management, organizational culture, and teacher performance at SMA Daar el-Qolam. The research design is quantitative and employs a correlational method. All data for this study were obtained through observation, documentation, and interviews, with a questionnaire as the research instrument. The population for this study consists of 95 teachers. The sample used in this study is a saturated sample, so the sample size is equal to the population size. Based on the research findings (1) There is a positive and significant relationship between the implementation of School-Based Management (SBM) and teacher performance at SMA Daar el-Qolam. This is evidenced by the percentage of the relationship between SBM and teacher performance variables, which is 41.60%, while the remaining 58.40% represents other unexplained factors in this study. (2) There is a positive and significant relationship between organizational culture and teacher performance at SMA Daar el-Qolam. The percentage of the relationship between organizational culture and teacher performance variables is 34.40%, while the remaining 65.60% is not explained in this study. (3) There is a significant combined relationship between the implementation of School-Based Management (SBM) and organizational culture with teacher performance at SMA Daar el-Qolam. The percentage of the variables SBM and Organizational Culture in explaining teacher performance variables is 52.60%, while the remaining 47.4% is unexplained. The R-value has been adjusted without any other factors included.

Impact of a previous late miscarriage on subsequent pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective cohort study over 10 years.

To explore the prognostic impact of a previous late miscarriage (LM) on the subsequent pregnancy outcomes of women with infertility. This retrospective cohort study included couples who had experienced LM following their first embryo transfer during an in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle from January 2008 to December 2020. Subgroup analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to evaluate the associations between LM due to different causes and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. A total of 1072 women who had experienced LM were included in this study, comprising 458, 146, 412, and 56 women with LM due to unexplained factors (unLM), fetal factors (feLM), cervical factors (ceLM; i.e. cervical incompetence), and trauma factors (trLM), respectively. Compared with the general IVF (gIVF) population, the early miscarriage rate was significantly higher in the unLM group (8.28% vs. 13.47%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.12-2.28; P = 0.01). Furthermore, women in the unLM and ceLM groups had a dramatically increased risk of recurrent LM (unLM: 4.24% vs. 9.43%, aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.24-2.94; P = 0.003; ceLM: 4.24% vs.15.53%, aOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.82-3.95; P < 0.001) and consequently a reduced frequency of live birth (unLM: 49.96% vs. 43.01%, aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61-0.91; P = 0.004; ceLM: 49.96% vs. 38.59%, aOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.49-0.77; P < 0.001) compared with the gIVF population. A previous LM due to an unexplained factor or cervical incompetence was significantly associated with a higher risk of miscarriage and a lower live birth rate after subsequent embryo transfer.

&lt;p&gt;The Multifaceted Dimensions of the Wage Gap in Ecuador&lt;/p&gt;

This study examines the determinants of wage gap differences based on gender, ethnicity, and area of residence (urban vs. rural) in Ecuador for the years 2007 and 2017. By combining the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition with unconditional quantile regression, we identify the extent to which the wage gap between two groups is due to characteristics (endowment) or unexplained factors at various points of the distribution, i.e. for low-, medium- and high-income workers. Results show that, on average, the gender and ethnic wage gap in 2017 increased slightly with respect to 2007, while the area wage gaps remained stable. However, progresses have mainly benefited those at the top of the income distribution, while disparities have widened for those at the bottom. As regards endowment effects, education mainly explains area and ethnicity wage gaps, while there is an important unexplained part that contributes more to gender wage differentials.

Adsorption characteristics of shale gas in organic–inorganic slit pores

With the gradual advancement of shale gas exploration and development technology, shale gas has replaced conventional oil and gas as the primary energy source. As the main occurrence form of natural gas in shale reservoirs, the adsorption state is always an important research topic for evaluating the gas-bearing property of shale reservoirs and improving shale gas recovery. However, at present, there are few studies on control factors and control mechanisms of adsorbed gas in organic–inorganic slit pores, with several unexplained control factors and mechanisms. Taking Songliao Basin shale as an example, molecular simulations are employed to investigate shale gas adsorption in organic–inorganic slit pores, the graphene and kaolinite rock matrix model is employed, and molecular dynamics simulations, particularly the grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation is studied for pore sizes of 2, 4, and 6 nm, The adsorption behavior of methane on heterogeneous shale surfaces at temperatures of 298, 323, 348, 373, and 398 K and pressures of 0.1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MPa reveals the microscopic mechanism of shale gas adsorption in organic–inorganic slit pores at a molecular scale. The results show that as temperature and pressure increase simultaneously, methane is more strongly adsorbed on the surface of graphene than kaolinite, the number of methane molecules also gradually decreases, the root mean square of the displacement of methane and different surface forces between atoms exhibit certain regularity, and the adsorption capacity of the system is proportional to the changes in diameter within the system. Van der Waals energy and electrostatic energy in the system also increase gradually with changes in temperature and pressure, and electrostatic energy has a greater influence on the adsorption of the system than van der Waal energy. These findings provide ideas for the adsorption capacity of shale gas in organic–inorganic slit pores and are critical for the accurate evaluation of shale reservoir gas content and improvement of shale gas recovery.

Trends in the Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy during the Past Two Decades in Northern Thailand.

Background: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PDM) has increased dramatically in the past decade in all ethnic groups. The prevalence also varies markedly among different ethnic groups. Each ethnic group must have its own data about GDM/PDM for improvement in women's health care. We conducted this study with the main objective of assessing recent trends in the prevalence of PDM/GDM among pregnant women in the northern part of Thailand during the past two decades. The secondary objective is to identify the risk factors influencing the prevalence of DM in pregnancies. Patients and Methods: The maternal-fetal medicine database was accessed to retrieve consecutive obstetric records of women who gave birth in Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand, from January 2003 to December 2022. This is a 20-year study period of the same protocol of GDM screening policy, using the 50 g glucose challenge test as a screening test for the average risk group and the 100 g OGTT as a diagnostic test. The women were categorized into GDM, PDM and non-DM groups. Trends or percentage changes in the prevalence of GDM/PDM during the study period were evaluated. Risk factors related to GDM/PDM were identified. Results: Among 37,027 women who gave birth during the study period, the prevalence of DM in pregnancy was 11.4% (4223 cases), including 214 cases of PDM (0.6%) and 4009 cases of GDM (10.8%). The prevalence of PDM significantly increased from 0.3% in 2003 to 1.5% in 2022; also, the prevalence of GDM significantly increased, dramatically, from 3.4% in 2003 to 22.0% in 2022. The prevalence of GDM increased in recent years in all age groups (adolescent, reproductive and elderly groups), while that of PDM did not significantly change in the adolescent group during the study period. Maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI significantly increased in the more recent years. Independent factors significantly associated with the prevalence of PDM/GDM include maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, higher socio-economic status, and urban areas of residence. Recent time is still an independent risk factor after adjustment for other known factors. Conclusions: Relatively, GDM and PDM are highly prevalent in the northern part of Thailand, and their prevalence continuously increased during the past two decades. The trend of increased prevalence was evident in all age groups. Increasing maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI mainly contributed to the increase in the prevalence of GDM and PDM in recent years. Recent time is still an independent risk factor after adjustment for other known factors, indicating that some other unexplained risk factors are associated with the increase in prevalence of DM in recent years, possibly the increase in sedentary lifestyle. Modification of lifestyle, especially reducing pre-pregnancy BMI among reproductive women, may reduce the prevalence of DM in pregnancy.