Uneven Area Research Articles

Geometric Analysis of the Proposed Al-Baghdadi Dam Reservoir, Anbar Governorate, Iraq

This study included conducting a geometric analysis of the reservoir of the proposed Al-Baghdadi Dam in the downstream area of the Haditha City northwestern part of Anbar Governorate. The digital elevation model with an accuracy of 10 × 10 m per pixel area used to extract the geometric elements by the ArcGIS, Global Mapper, and Surfer software, which are included: negative volume (storage volume), positive volume (size of islands), negative surface area (uneven area of the bottom of the reservoir), and area Positive surface (uneven area of islands), negative flat area (water surface area), positive flat area (area of the projection of islands), average depth of reservoir, and average thickness of islands at each hypothetical level from 77.5 to 106 ms and with a contour interval of 0.5 m above sea level. The relationship between the geometric elements and the water level was used to clarify the extent of variation of the values of these elements with the water level fluctuation, and to delineate the area that will be subjected to immersion in the event of the construction of the dam and to determine the optimal and safest operating level. In contrast, it produces less submerged areas and less contact with the rock exposures of the formation in the study area.

Understanding the interplay of Zn vapours and formation of intermetallic compounds during remote laser welding of Zn-coated steel to aluminium in a zero-gap lap joint configuration

Remote laser welding (RLW) of Zn-coated steel to aluminium is challenged by: (1) Zn vaporisation causing spatters and poor seam surface when welding in a zero-gap lap joint configuration; and (2) brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the weld interface, leading to cracks and poor weld integrity. This paper aims to study the impact of Zn coating during the RLW of Zn-coated steel to aluminium in a nominal zero part-to-part gap lap configuration. The combination of metallurgical and mechanical analysis with an in-process monitoring approach, using a high-speed camera, allowed the study of the interplay between Zn formation/out-gassing, molten pool dynamics and formation of IMCs. Findings revealed that the presence of a Zn coating results in an un-even connection area between steel and aluminium, with localised lack of fusion. A significant 72% joint efficiency compared to parent aluminium was achieved when Zn is removed, opposed to 65% when Zn is present.

Quantitative linear correlation between self-magnetic flux leakage field variation and corrosion unevenness of corroded rebars

The accurate uneven cross-sectional area probability distribution of corroded rebars is critical to the reliability assessment of the corroded reinforced concrete structure. The cross-sectional area and self-magnetic flux leakage variation data of 22 naturally and 6 applied current corroded rebars were obtained via 3D light measurement and micromagnetic scanning technologies. The experimental correlation of the self-magnetic flux leakage field variation ratio dH(x/z) and the corrosion unevenness degree dSn of the corroded rebar was then analyzed and verified by finite element modeling. The experimental and simulated results indicated that dSn had a quantitative linear correlation with dH(x/z) with a ratio of about 1, which was proved to be functionally equivalent to the well-established rebar cross-sectional area spatial heterogeneity factor R in the structural reliability assessment. This quantitative linear correlation is not affected by the corrosion style, the magnetization differences, and the corrosion degrees of different rebars, based on which the structural reliability assessment could have higher accuracy and better adaptability for the mutative external aggressive environment.

Influence of contamination distribution in characterizing the flashover phenomenon on outdoor insulator

The aim of this work is to model the influence of uneven contamination distribution under various humidity on the pollution flashover voltage of 11 kV porcelain insulator disc. Four scenarios of contamination distribution were proposed to test the sample under various severities of contamination simulated by salt deposit density (SDD). Seriesflashover experiments on contaminated insulators were performed under various conditions. The voltage of flashover under clean condition was appointed as a reference value for analyzing the effect of pollution. Based on the percentage value of breakdown voltage of the contaminated insulator to the clean insulator, the conditions of the tested sample are classified into three categories namely normal (55–60%), caution (45–54 %) and severe (35–44%). In the experimental tests, the uneven contamination area dimension was taken into consideration. An artificial neural network (ANN), derived from experiment results was used as a tool to predict the flashover voltage. The ANN method is built with five inputs related to the geometry of the sample and pollution factors while the flashover voltage was set as the model's output. The results showed that the distribution of pollutants according to the presented scenario has a significant impact on the performance of the flashover voltage. In addition, the error value between the experiment outcomes and the prediction system appeared to be less than 6%. This suggests that the proposed ANN model can be an effective tool in forecasting the insulators’ flashover voltage under test.

Fabrication of AlZn4SiPb/Steel Clad Sheets by Roll Bonding: Their Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

An AlZn4SiPb/steel clad composite was prepared via roll bonding at room temperature. The influence of solution and aging treatment on the structure and performance of the clad composite was investigated. The results show that the Al/steel clad composites exhibited satisfactory interfacial adhesion. Pb of the aged Al matrix was spheroidized and uniformly dispersed. An uneven interfacial transition area with a thickness of 30–150 nm was observed for the aged sample. Some rod-shaped nanoscale β’ phases occurred in the aged Al matrix. After the solution and aging treatment, the steel layer recovered, and the γ-fibre texture increased. The tensile strength for individual Al alloy layer improved. The yield ratio of the aged clad sheet was lower than that of the initial sample. The tensile strength values of the composites were consistent with the computed values from the rule of mixture. The interfacial bonding strength of the initial sample was 70 MPa; the aged sample greatly improved and reached 130 MPa in strength.

A colour transfer method of interior design based on machine learning

In order to overcome the problems of large colour range, low structure similarity and poor objective evaluation index in the process of interior design colour transfer, this paper proposes a new method of interior design colour transfer based on machine learning. In this method, K-means algorithm is introduced to eliminate the uneven brightness area of the target image. The target image is processed by initial clustering, and the iterative threshold segmentation method is used to obtain the final clustering accurate target image. Combined with machine learning, the corresponding samples are selected on the two images to finish colouring, and the colour transfer of interior design is realised by referring to the coloured sample block. The experimental results show that the colour degree of the proposed method is maintained between 33 and 45, the structural similarity is always above 95%, and the comprehensive objective evaluation index value is close to 100%.

Time-Varying Functional Connectivity of Rat Brain during Bipedal Walking on Unexpected Terrain

The cerebral cortex plays an important role in human and other animal adaptation to unpredictable terrain changes, but little was known about the functional network among the cortical areas during this process. To address the question, we trained 6 rats with blocked vision to walk bipedally on a treadmill with a random uneven area. Whole-brain electroencephalography signals were recorded by 32-channel implanted electrodes. Afterward, we scan the signals from all rats using time windows and quantify the functional connectivity within each window using the phase-lag index. Finally, machine learning algorithms were used to verify the possibility of dynamic network analysis in detecting the locomotion state of rats. We found that the functional connectivity level was higher in the preparation phase compared to the walking phase. In addition, the cortex pays more attention to the control of hind limbs with higher requirements for muscle activity. The level of functional connectivity was lower where the terrain ahead can be predicted. Functional connectivity bursts after the rat accidentally made contact with uneven terrain, while in subsequent movement, it was significantly lower than normal walking. In addition, the classification results show that using the phase-lag index of multiple gait phases as a feature can effectively detect the locomotion states of rat during walking. These results highlight the role of the cortex in the adaptation of animals to unexpected terrain and may help advance motor control studies and the design of neuroprostheses.

Autonomous Dozer Sand Grading Under Localization Uncertainties

Surface grading, the process of leveling an uneven area containing pre-dumped sand piles, is an important task in the construction site pipeline. This labour-intensive process is often carried out by a dozer, a key machinery tool at any construction site. Current attempts to automate surface grading assume perfect localization. However, in real-world scenarios, this assumption fails, as agents are presented with imperfect perception, which leads to degraded performance. In this work, we address the problem of autonomous grading under uncertainties. First, we implement a simulation and a scaled real-world prototype environment to enable rapid policy exploration and evaluation in this setting. Second, we formalize the problem as a partially observable markov decision process and train an agent capable of handling such uncertainties. We show, through rigorous experiments, that an agent trained under perfect localization will suffer degraded performance when presented with localization uncertainties. However, an agent trained using our method will develop a more robust policy for addressing such errors and, consequently, exhibit a better grading performance.

A Study on the Acquirement Method of Mechanical Property Parameters in the Different Base Materials Composite Region of Clad Rebar

Clad rebar is one of the key structures of marine and construction services. Therefore, it is of great importance to acknowledge the mechanical property parameters of the composite region in the structural integrity evaluation of clad rebar. The different base materials of clad rebar (20MnSiV/316L steel, 35#/316L steel, 45#/316L steel, and 55#/316L steel) are researched in this study. The composite area is further refined, and simultaneously, a refinement model of the composite region of clad rebar is established. In view of the fact that a surface hardness experiment is quite easy to conduct, a proposed method consists of obtaining the mechanical property parameters of materials using the surface hardness test. The mechanical property parameters are acquired; moreover, the relationship between yield stress and surface hardness of the stainless steel clad rebar is set up. We used this method to acquire the mechanical parameters of a composite surface uneven area of clad rebar, and we established a mechanical parameters mathematics model of clad rebar, it is a significant basis for a structural integrity evaluation of cladding materials.

PSAT372 Percutaneous Polidocanol Injection as an Alternative Treatment Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Oligometastases

Abstract Introduction Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) presents central lymph node metastasis in 20-50% and lateral in 12-81% of patients and ipsilateral recurrence after lateral neck dissection occur in 8-26%. The treatment of choice is surgical reintervention with subsequent administration of radioiodine. Treatment with radioactive iodine together with surgical reintervention aimed at compartments dissection provides variable remission rates in some cases of only 30-50%. Surgical reintervention carries a greater risk of complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, secondary postoperative hypoparathyroidism and morbidity associated with fibrosis formation in the surgical bed. Due to the complications, minimal invasive techniques (MIT) have been described for the treatment of unresectable and/ or proliferative oligomestastases, such as percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation and laser ablation. PEI is described for the ablation for thyroid cysts, thyroid and parathyroid adenomas and cervical lymph node metastases. It´s used in the treatment of lesions smaller than 10 mm2 and represents a berry picking type intervention. It requires multiple sessions and can cause pain due to extravasation, skin necrosis, laryngeal necrosis, and damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. PEI´s greatest limitation is the uneven and unpredictable ablation area. Guidelines don´t contemplate it as the first line of MIT, highlighting thermal ablation`s (TA) usefulness, however it´s mentioned to consider its selection according to resources availability. After stating the inconveniences with PEI and difficulties related to the TA availability, in our center we have used polidocanol as a safer and more effective alternative to ethanol. Percutaneous polidocanol injection (PPI) requires fewer sessions and lower dose, and its administration technique is like PEI. PPI is described only as an alternative treatment for PEI recurrent pure cysts. Objective Determine the efficacy of PPI for DTC oligometastasis treatment. Study Design: An experimental, prospective, comparative, and analytical study. Patients older than 18 years were selected, with oligometastasis due to DTC in whom ablation with polidocanol 3% was performed, considering therapeutic efficacy the disappearance of the treated node and reduction of thyroglobulin. Results 27 patients were studied, a total of 60 lymph nodes. 22 women and 5 men, age 47.0±14.2 years, all with papillary thyroid cancer and structural incomplete response, with a cumulative RAI dose of 50±176 mCi, Thyroglobulin without stimulation was 3.06±2.9 ng/dl. Number of sessions was 1 in 71.4%. Mean polidocanol 3% used was 1.9±1.28ml. Follow-up time was 7.8±4.9 months. Initial tumor volume 5.9±1.3 ml, tumor volume at follow-up 0.88± 0.21, (p=0.00), control thyroglobulin was 0.55±0.8.1 (p=0.10). Remission was modified in 52.4%, reduction in 42.9%, stability in 4.8% No patient documented progression. Conclusion Polidocanol is safe and effective so it should be considered for the treatment of oligometastasis in DTC, in selected cases when thermal ablation techniques are lacking. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.

DNS analysis of flow and heat transfer of SCO2 in a square subchannel–Effect of gap width

The heat transfer and flow characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) in a tight lattice are problematic in the thermal-hydraulic design of reactor fuel assemblies. Herein, direct numerical simulation (DNS) was performed to investigate the heat transfer and flow behavior of SCO2 in a vertically upward square subchannel. Emphasis was placed on clarifying the effect of the pitch-to-diameter (p/d) ratio, defined as the subchannel pitch over the rod diameter, on the time-averaged heat transfer and instantaneous velocity/temperature fluctuation. It was found that the wall temperature exhibits a “V-shaped” profile along the rod circumference, which is caused by the combined effects of buoyancy and an uneven flow area. The wall temperature is lower for subchannels with smaller p/d ratios; meanwhile, the circumferential non-uniform heat transfer becomes stronger, which also requires to be considered. The time-averaged streamwise velocity and fluid temperature have similar distributions on the subchannel cross-section, that is, high velocity and temperature occur near the rod gap, while regions with low velocity and temperature are identified in the subchannel interior. With an increase in the p/d ratio, both the temperature and velocity gradients are enlarged. Large-scale flow pulsations were identified in the subchannels. The instantaneous velocity fluctuation is weakened with increasing gap width; however, the fluctuation in the wall temperature exhibits an opposite trend. The effects of the p/d ratio on the dominant frequency of velocity/temperature fluctuation are not universal. Among the three selected cases, a subchannel with a small p/d ratio had a higher dominant frequency of instantaneous fluctuations. The turbulence structure was studied using a quadrant and anisotropy analysis. It was found that the outward and inward interactions included the main turbulence structures in the subchannel interior. In addition, with an increase in the p/d ratio, the transformation from disk-like turbulence to rod-like turbulence can be identified.

High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging Findings of Different Mental Injectable Soft Tissue Fillers.

In recent years, the use of mental injectable soft tissue fillers is popular. However, some fillers are difficult to distinguish from pathological tissue, and some non-absorbable fillers need to be removed in time. Therefore, identification of different fillers is important. In this study, we summarized the ultrasonic manifestations of different mental injectable soft tissue fillers to provide references for clinical practice. We screened the mental ultrasound images from November 2014 to November 2021 in the Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, identified different filling injection materials, and summarized and classified the ultrasonic characteristics of each filling material. A total of 244 cases were included, involving 62 cases of hyaluronic acid, 126 cases of polyacrylamide hydrogel, 19 cases of growth factor, 16 cases of calcium hydroxyapatite, 15 cases of silicone oil and 6 cases of fat. The ultrasonic manifestation of hyaluronic acid was anechoic area, which could be divided into six types according to the distribution characteristics. The ultrasonography of polyacrylamide hydrogel showed fine punctate echo, which could be divided into nine types. The ultrasonographic appearance of growth factor was similar to the echo of the surrounding tissue, and the boundary was not clear. Calcium hydroxyapatite was characterized by uneven hyperechoic area, which was spread in the tissue space, with unclear boundary with surrounding tissues. Sonographic patterns of silicone oil were hyperechoic and cloudy on high-frequency ultrasound. The deep tissue and periosteum layer were not clear. Transplanted fat showed isoechoic area or uneven low-echo area, with clear boundary and peripheral adipose tissue acoustic enhancement. High-frequency ultrasound is safe and reliable for identification and typing of chin filling injection materials, which can be applied in clinical practice. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Development and Application of Asynchronous Roll Shifting Strategy of Double Attenuation Work Roll in Hot Rolling

In view of the problems of the violent crown fluctuation and unstable shape control in the endless rolling production line, the field measurement results show that the abnormal crown fluctuation is related to the shifting limit position of the work roll after the uneven wear occurs. For this reason, the asynchronous roll shifting strategy is developed, which has double attenuation of roll shifting amplitude and roll shifting step. By coupling the roll wear contour model, the roll thermal contour model and the rolls-strip integrated model, the strip crown calculation model of the whole rolling unit is established, and the causes of abnormal crown fluctuation are revealed theoretically. In addition, the simulation analysis of the important parameters of asynchronous roll shifting strategy of double attenuation working roll is made by using this model. The number of strips in a roll shifting cycle is found to be too large or too small, which is not benefited by the control of the strip crown stability due to the influence of roll wear and roll thermal crown. A rolling unit has many shifting cycles. When the roll shifting amplitude at the end of a rolling unit is smaller, which can make the amplitude difference between adjacent roll shifting cycles greater, it is easier to avoid the uneven edge wear area and to control the strip crown stability. The industrial test shows that the maximum crown fluctuation in a rolling unit decreases by 21.05%, and the maximum crown fluctuation of adjacent strips decreases by 28.57%, which significantly improves the stability of crown control.

Ketimpangan Luas Lahan Dan Ketersediaan Pangan Pokok Di Kabupaten Sumba Timur

This research aims to find out the magnitude of the level of widespread inequality of planting and widespread inequality of basic food harvest of production between sub-districts in East Sumba Regency. The data in this study used secondary data of time series during 2017 - 2020 found in 22 sub-districts in East Sumba Regency.The analysis methods used are the Williamson Index and the Length of Food Availability. The results of the analysis showed high inequality in planting area and area of staple food harvest between sub-districts in East Sumba Regency. Williamson's inequality index for planting area is 0.59 and harvest area is 0.58. This high inequality occurs due to the widespread distribution of planting and uneven harvest area and is also caused by the number of residents between sub-districts. The average availability of rice equivalent staple food at the level of East Sumba Regency reached the adequacy of basic food for 2,830 days. This means that East Sumba Regency has been able to meet food adequacy for 365 days.in East Sumba Regency, there are 3 sub-districts that have not had enough food availability for 365 days, namely Waingapu City only enough for 13 days, Kanatang 273 days and Haharu 347 days.

Supramolecular Hydrogel Based Post-Surgical Implant System for Hydrophobic Drug Delivery Against Glioma Recurrence.

PurposeThe brain, protected by the cranium externally and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) internally, poses challenges in chemotherapy of aggressive brain tumors. Maximal tumor resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy is the standard treatment protocol; however, a substantial number of patients suffer from recurrence. Systemic circulation of drugs causes myelodysplasia and other side effects. To address these caveats, we report facile synthesis of a polyester-based supramolecular hydrogel as a brain biocompatible implant for in situ delivery of hydrophobic drugs.MethodsPolycaprolactone-diol (PCL) was linked to polyethyleneglycol-diacid (PEG) via an ester bond. In silico modeling indicated micelle-based aggregation of PCL-PEG co-polymer to form a supramolecular hydrogel. Brain biocompatibility was checked in Sprague Dawley rat brain cortex with MRI, motor function test, and histology. Model hydrophobic drugs carmustine and curcumin entrapment propelled glioma cells into apoptosis-based death evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity assays and Western blot. In vivo post-surgical xenograft glioma model was developed in NOD-SCID mice and evaluated for efficacy to restrict aggressive regrowth of tumors.Results20% (w/v) PCL-PEG forms a soft hydrogel that can cover the uneven and large surface area of a tumor resection cavity and maintain brain density. The PCL-PEG hydrogel was biocompatible, and well-tolerated upon implantation in rat brain cortex, for a study period of 12 weeks. We report for the first time the combination of carmustine and curcumin entrapped as model hydrophobic drugs, increasing their bioavailability and yielding synergistic apoptotic effect on glioma cells. Further in vivo study indicated PCL-PEG hydrogel with a dual cargo of carmustine and curcumin restricted aggressive regrowth post-resection significantly compared with control and animals with intravenous drug treatment.ConclusionPCL-PEG soft gel-based implant is malleable compared with rigid wafers used as implants, thus providing larger surface area contact. This stable, biocompatible, supramolecular gel without external crosslinking can find wide applications by interchanging formulation of various hydrophobic drugs to ensure and increase site-specific delivery, avoiding systemic circulation.

Physical Properties and Boundary Influence of Singularity in Fluid Pipelines Based on Vibration Wave’s Transmission Characteristics

The pipeline, as the fifth largest transportation tool after railway, highway, waterway, and air transportation, has been widely used in industrial production and life. However, in the process of pipeline operations, rapid opening and closing of valves or pump stopping can lead to water hammer. The periodic pressure wave caused by water hammer can be much greater than the normal operating pressure of the pipeline. Because of water hammer, pipelines are susceptible to aging and damage that may cause local wall thickness reduction or local pipe property change. In this paper, singularity is defined as an abnormal state area during the use of the pipeline. It includes the corrosion thinning area of the pipeline wall, changes in the supporting environment around the pipeline, and the uneven stress area applied to the pipe wall because of water hammer vibrations. Different types of singular points have different characteristics. We focus on two types of singular points’ characteristics in this paper: (1) nonpenetrating damage on the outer surface of pipe; and (2) local material change. Specifically, if the pipe wall thickness decreases locally due to pipeline damage, the ratio of wall thickness reduction to wall thickness corresponds to the depth of singularity, and the decrease of local wall thickness corresponds to the increase of the depth of singularity. The axial expansion of damage corresponds to the increase of the axial length of singularity. Similarly, when the local material of the pipe changes, the singularity corresponds to the part of the pipe where the local material changes. This part of the singularity material can be other material types that are inconsistent with the pipe material, such as the connecting part of a PVC pipe in two sections of steel pipe. Note that most detection methods of the pipeline leakage are post-leakage detection, which brings risks such as the wasting of resources. In this paper, the harmful energy of water hammer is taken as the excitation source of the pipeline, and the vibration characteristics of the pipeline are studied. The singularity characteristics of the pipeline relate to the vibration of the pipeline excited by water hammer, which provides a basis for the detection before the singularity becomes the leakage point. Based on COMSOL software, the fluid-free pipeline model and the water hammer excited flow pipeline model are constructed. Detection points are set to detect different characteristics (depth characteristics, axial length characteristics, and material characteristics) of pipeline singularity, and the influence of the singularity on the pipeline stress, pressure, displacement, and other parameters is studied. When the depth of singularity is 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the wall thickness, the pipeline’s maximum pressure increases with the increase of the depth of singularity; when the water hammer is applied to the pipeline, the depth of singularity increases, the pipeline’s maximum stress increases, and the displacement at the singular point of the pipeline decreases. Compared with the depth of the singularity, the axial length of the singularity is 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, and 0.04 m, respectively. It has a lesser influence on the pipeline characteristics than the depth of singularity. The material change of the singularity will also have an impact on the pipeline vibration, a factor which can be applied to the seismic design of pipelines. Detection before the singularity becomes a leak is the objective. These phenomena show that, based on vibration wave transmission characteristics, it is feasible in mechanism to achieve this objective.

An Unsupervised Classification Method of Multi-Polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery

In this paper, a clustering method that combines a polarization scattering mechanism with the statistical properties of polarization data is proposed aiming to improve the accuracy of SAR image classification. It is based on the decomposition algorithm of Freeman-Durden scattering model and the non-Gaussian K-Wishart distribution classifier. A modified selective and Markov random field-based adaptive ability classification algorithm can be used especially for complex geomorphological environment conditions. The experimental result shows that the correction classifier iterative algorithm based on the Markov random field are highly useful for the uneven distribution area. It is possible that the method will contribute to reduce the computational complexity of PolSAR classification process and provide higher accuracy.

Unexpected Terrain Induced Changes in Cortical Activity in Bipedal-Walking Rats.

Simple SummaryMost studies on cortical dynamics during walking require subjects to walk stably on specific terrain. In fact, humans or other animals are often disturbed by an abrupt change in terrains during walking. To study the impact of unexpected terrain on cortical activity, we analyzed the kinematics and electroencephalography (EEG) dynamics of bipedal-walking rats after encountering unexpected terrain. We found that the gait of rats after encountering the unexpected terrain were significantly different from normal walking. Furthermore, the activities of the left and right primary motor areas (M1), the left and right primary somatosensory areas (S1), and the retrosplenial area (RSP) are coupled to gait cycle phase and varied with the terrain conditions. These findings suggest that unexpected terrains induced changes in gait and cortical activity, and provide novel insights into cortical dynamics during walking.Humans and other animals can quickly respond to unexpected terrains during walking, but little is known about the cortical dynamics in this process. To study the impact of unexpected terrains on brain activity, we allowed rats with blocked vision to walk on a treadmill in a bipedal posture and then walk on an uneven area at a random position on the treadmill belt. Whole brain EEG signals and hind limb kinematics of bipedal-walking rats were recorded. After encountering unexpected terrain, the θ band power of the bilateral M1, the γ band power of the left S1, and the θ to γ band power of the RSP significantly decreased compared with normal walking. Furthermore, when the rats left uneven terrain, the β band power of the bilateral M1 and the α band power of the right M1 decreased, while the γ band power of the left M1 significantly increased compared with normal walking. Compared with the flat terrain, the θ to low β (3–20 Hz) band power of the bilateral S1 increased after the rats contacted the uneven terrain and then decreased in the single- or double- support phase. These results support the hypothesis that unexpected terrains induced changes in cortical activity.

Study on formation mechanism of ground fissures induced by underground engineering construction in Chongqing area

The geological structure of Chongqing area is complex, many small and mediumsized faults are developed in the axis of anticline fold, and there are many structural fissures in rock strata, and karst landform is developed in some areas. With the development of economy, the construction of underground engineering is increasing, which leads to the rapid decline of groundwater and construction vibration, resulting in a large number of uneven ground settlement, and the formation of ground fissures. This paper introduces the various forms of ground fissures, analyzes the formation process of uneven ground settlement area in the process of underground engineering construction, establishes the stress model of soil surface cracks based on the fracture mechanics theory of cohesive soil cracks, uses the fracture judgment of I-II composite cracks to determine whether the cracks expand or not, and uses the formula of soil cracking angle to calculate its propagation direction, and preliminarily explains the fracture mechanism of soil in the ground fissure area. It provides reference for the further study of corresponding disaster mechanism.

Modelling tank truck routing for city park watering problems in Surabaya

Surabaya City Government tries to have 20% public and 10% private green open space to obey regulation of Indonesian Law No. 26/2007, so that the City Government is actively increasing the number of public green space by creating city parks. With the ever-increasing amount of green open space, maintenance activities are needed, one of which is to do routine watering every day. The problem often faced by the City Government is determining the truck routes to optimize traveling time. Many variables can affect this traveling time, among others, demand, number of vehicles, vehicle capacity, time windows, operating hours and vehicle routes. In practice, a large number of watering locations, irregular routes, and uneven service area assignments often result in overtime which impacts the next shift working hours. The water truck routing problem can be categorized as NP Hard so that the process of scheduling and determining routes use Ant Colony. The objective of this study is to develop a model that can minimize the total routing time and the number of vehicles in the process of filling and watering from the depot to the park. The scenarios developed provides savings in terms of time minimization and distribution of assignments.