Unequal Growth Research Articles

KESENJANGAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ISLAM

This research aims to reveal how inequality exists in developing countries, as well as government actions and Islamic views regarding the problem of inequality in economic development. The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach using primary and secondary data. The research results show that economic inequality is indicated by unequal growth in expenditure between community groups, while non-economic inequality is indicated by inequality in access to basic services, namely health, education, water and sanitation, and other basic services. The government played an active role by developing the economy in an inclusive manner, increasing worker-intensive investment, giving special attention to micro and small businesses, expanding the rural economy and developing the agricultural sector, guaranteeing social protection for all workers, continuing poverty reduction programs. In Islam, regarding the issue of inequality, there must be consistency in terms of economic growth and equality due to creating a fair situation.

Complexidade econômica e razão das elasticidades: uma abordagem teórica e empírica

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the role of economic complexity in the ratio of Thirlwall’s elasticities, fundamental to understanding the reason for the unequal growth of countries. To this end, a theoretical model is used for a group of nations. Differences in growth rates among countries are associated with different ratios of income elasticities of exports and imports. According to econometric estimates, the country that manages to increase the economic complexity of its export basket, the investment/GDP ratio and has a lower GDP per capita improves the elasticities ratio and, therefore, its long-term growth. In other words, the results are categorical in the sense of demonstrating the central role of these policies for the country to advance in the process of structural change and move towards the production of more complex manufactured goods, because these can ensure sustainable economic growth, that is, compatible with the equilibrium of the balance of payments.

Amniotic fluid metabolic fingerprinting contributes to shaping the unfavourable intrauterine environment in monochorionic diamniotic twins

Amniotic fluid (AF) is the primary intrauterine environment for fetal growth throughout gestation. Selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) is an adverse complication characterized by unequal growth in twins with nearly identical genetic makeup. However, the influence of AF-mediated intrauterine environment on the development and progression of sFGR remains unexplored. High-throughput targeted metabolomics analysis (G350) was performed on AF samples collected from sFGR (n=18) and MCDA twins with birth weight concordance (MCDA-C, n=20) cases. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify clinical features that may influence the metabolite composition in AF. Subsequently, partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to compare the different types of sFGR and MCDA-C twins. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and multivariate ROC curves were utilized to explore potential AF markers in twins with sFGR. In our study, 182 metabolites were quantified in 76 AF samples. WGCNA indicated that the metabolite composition in late AF may not be influenced by gestational age. PLSDA demonstrated distinct variations between the metabolite profiles of AF in the sFGR and MCDA-C twins, with a significant emphasis on amino acids as the primary differential metabolite. The dissimilarities observed in sFGR twins were predominantly attributed to lipid metabolism-related metabolites. In particular, the KEGG enrichment metabolic pathway analysis revealed significant associations of both types of sFGR twins with central carbon metabolism in cancer. The multivariate ROC curves indicated that the combination of carnosine, sarcosine, l-alanine, beta-alanine, and alpha-n-phenylacetylglutamine significantly improved the AUC to 0.928. Notably, the ROC curves highlighted creatine (AUC:0.934) may be a potential biomarker for severe sFGR. The data presented in this study offer a comprehensive metabolic map of the AF in cases of sFGR, shedding light on potential biomarkers associated with fetal growth and development in MCDA twins.

Deposition and Characterisation of a Diamond/Ti/Diamond Multilayer Structure

In this work, a diamond/Ti/diamond multilayer structure has been fabricated by successively following thin-film CVD and PVD routes. It has been found that a combined pre-treatment of the silicon base substrate, via argon plasma etching for creating surface roughness and, thereafter, detonation nanodiamond (DND) seeding, helps in the nucleation and growth of well-adherent CVD diamond films with a well-defined Raman signal at 1332 cm−1, showing the crystalline nature of the film. Ti sputtering on such a CVD-grown diamond surface leads to an imprinted bead-like microstructure of the titanium film, generated from the underlying diamond layer. The cross-sectional thickness of the titanium layer can be found to vary by as much as 0.5 µm across the length of the surface, which was caused by a subsequent hydrogen plasma etching process step of the composite film conducted after Ti sputtering. The hydrogen plasma etching of the Ti–diamond composite film was found to be essential for smoothening the uneven as-grown texture of the films, which was developed due to the unequal growth of the microcrystalline diamond columns. Such hydrogen plasma surface treatment helped further the nucleation and growth of a nanocrystalline diamond film as the top layer, which was deposited following a similar CVD route to that used in depositing the bottom diamond layer, albeit with different process parameters. For the latter, a hydrogen gas diluted with PH3 precursor recipe produced smaller nanocrystalline diamond crystals for the top layer. The titanium layer in between the two diamond layers possesses a very-fine-grained microstructure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show evidence of intermixing between the titanium and diamond layers at their respective interfaces. The thin films in the composite multilayer follow the contour of the plasma-etched silicon substrate and are thus useful in producing continuous protective coatings on 3D objects—a requirement for many engineering applications.

Mortality by road transport injury in Brazilian municipalities between 2000 and 2018

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate patterns of mortality by road transport injury (RTI) in Brazilian municipalities, focused on deaths of motorcyclists, between 2000 and 2018, and their relation with population size and economic status. Study designThis was an ecological epidemiological study with a descriptive and analytical nature. MethodsThe age-standardized RTI mortality rates were calculated for the Brazilian municipalities, referring to the 3-year periods of 2000/2002 (T1), 2009/2011 (T2), and 2016/2018 (T3). The rates were stratified according to macroregion and population size and were compared in terms of percentage variation from one 3-year period to another. The Moran Global and Local indices were used in the spatial point-pattern analysis of the rates. To verify the association with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the Spearman correlation coefficient was applied. ResultsA decline in RTI mortality rates was found between 2000 and 2018, with the most significant declines observed in municipalities from the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. However, increases were observed among motorcyclists. Clusters of municipalities were detected, which presented high mortality rates among the motorcyclists in the Northeast region and in some states of the North and Midwest regions. The mortality rates showed a negative correlation with the GDP per capita of the Brazilian municipalities. ConclusionsAlthough there were decreases in RTI mortality rates between 1990 and 2018, there was a significant increase in deaths among motorcyclists, especially in the Northeast, North, and Midwest regions of the country. Such differences can be explained by unequal growth in the size of the motorcycle fleet in those regions, by less law enforcement capability, and by the implementation of educational actions.

‘My father’s village, my city’: Place-making in the cinema of NCR

This article reads the emerging cinema of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India as a primary archive that documents urban transformation in the rapidly developing area and examines the representation of space within the same. Using three films set in the region – Aurangzeb (Atul ), Titli (Kanu ) and Gurgaon (Shanker ) – the article reads the effects of privatized city-making and the deeply unequal growth reflected within the diagetic place-making of the region and argues that theoretical frameworks like gentrification are not adequate to register the urban transformation in these postcolonial post-liberalization contexts, and that the films themselves serve as primary archives that offer a means to visibilize the unique nature of spatial change that also distort social ties in the region.

First-trimester biomarkers and ultrasound biometries in relation to growth discordance in monochorionic diamniotic twins

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the association and predictive value between intertwin discordance in first trimester biometries crown-rump length (CRL) and nuchal translucency (NT), and the first trimester biochemical markers PAPP-A and free β-hCG in relation to birth weight discordance (BWD) ≥25% in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies. Methods First trimester screening information and pregnancy outcome data on MCDA twin pregnancies with delivery from July 2008 to July 2017 were retrieved from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database. CRL discordance was divided into: <10% (reference group) and ≥10%. NT discordance was divided into: <20% (reference group) and ≥20%. The twin pregnancies were classified according to BWD into the following groups: <10% (reference group), 10–24.9%, and ≥25% including cases undergoing umbilical cord occlusion due to selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR). The twin pregnancies with the most severe BWD (BWD ≥25%) were subdivided into three groups including cases with only one growth-restricted (<10th centile) infant defined as sFGR, and cases where both twins were <10th centile. Median multiples of the median (MoM) values of PAPP-A and free ß-hCG were compared with the group with BWD <10% using the Wilcoxon two-sample test. The ability of CRL discordance and NT discordance to predict BWD ≥25% was examined by the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Results A total of 762 MCDA pregnancies were included. The proportion of pregnancies with CRL discordance ≥10% and NT discordance ≥20% was significantly higher in the group with severe BWD discordance (27.0% vs. 4.7% (p < 0.001) and 40.9% vs. 23.9% (p = 0.001), respectively). When examining the three subgroups of severe BWD, we found a significantly higher percentage of pregnancies with CRL discordance ≥10% in the group where umbilical cord occlusion was performed (52.6% vs. 4.7% in the group with BWD <10% (p < 0.001)) and in the group of BWD ≥25% with sFGR (21.7% vs. 4.7% (p < 0.001)). Additionally, a significantly higher percentage of pregnancies with NT discordance ≥20% was found in the group where umbilical cord occlusion was performed (52.6% vs. 23.9% (p = 0.005)) and in the group with both twins <10th centile (66.7% vs. 23.9% (p = 0.003)). No statistically significant differences were found when comparing levels of PAPP-A and free β-hCG MoMs with the group with BWD <10%. In ROC curves, CRL discordance yielded an AUC for prediction of BWD ≥25% of 0.70 (95% CI 0.63–0.76), and for NT discordance AUC was 0.59 (95% CI 0.52–0.66)). OR for any BWD ≥ 25% was 6.7 (95% CI 3.8–12.0) for pregnancies with a CRL discordance ≥10% compared to pregnancies with a CRL discordance <10%. Conclusions This study shows that a discordance in CRL and NT in MCDA twins are both significantly associated with development of BWD. The most important predictor remains CRL discordance ≥10%, thereby suggesting the unequal growth pattern in many cases with BWD is evident already in the first trimester of the pregnancy. No association was found between first trimester biochemical markers and severe BWD.

BARGAINING OVER TAXES AND ENTITLEMENTS IN THE ERA OF UNEQUAL GROWTH

AbstractEntitlements have become an increasing component of total government spending in the United States over the last six decades. Using a political‐economy model where parties bargain over taxes and entitlements, we argue that such dynamics can be explained by two factors: “unequal growth,” where top earners became richer while the income of the bottom 50% stagnated, and budget rules that provide bargaining power to low‐income earners through a “status quo effect.” In a model calibrated to the United States, we show that sustained bargaining power by a party representing the poor results in a rising share of entitlements consistent with the data.

A study of growth pattern of school going children of Kolkata, India

Background: In our society only, a few peoples have good physiological status from their childhood. Health status of children and adolescents is important factor for young society. This present study highlights the peoples’ state of health and nutrition. Change in height with respect to age can be seen during puberty and adolescence. Growth can also be dependent upon the geographical regions. Methods: In this study included 230 adolescent students (boys- 146, girls- 84) in the age group of between 12-18 years. So many related growth parameters were measured using by an anthropometric rod, weighing machine, and slide calliper. BMI, p value was obtained by performing t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Statistical software SPSS version 20 was used. Results: Growth parameter was found to be increasing with age and it was more pronounced between 16 and 17 years. Interestingly the increment of all the growth parameter was found to be more in urban and less in rural. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed a progressively increasing of growth-related parameters with ages and the progress vary, indicating a nutritional supplementation are unequal (unequal growth pattern), as it was evident from different growth parameters percentile values of CDC and IAP values. This study will certainly help to create among the children and their parents about the physical growth and health.

The Origin of Lattice Rotation during Dendritic Crystallization of Clinopyroxene

AbstractUnderstanding dendritic crystallization is key to obtaining petrological information about rapid crystallization events. Clinopyroxene dendrites from a basaltic rock fulgurite from Nagpur, India, exhibit curved branches with corresponding lattice rotation that exceeds 180° for some branches. This paper combines crystallographic orientation mapping with microstructural observations and compositional information to determine the dendrites’ 3-D morphology and their bending mechanism. Dendrites exhibit a network of branches in the (010) plane, following either {001}* (normal to {001} planes, strong lattice curvature) or &amp;lt; 10–1 &amp;gt; (weak lattice curvature). Three or more orders of branches are observed in the (010) plane, alternating between {001}* and &amp;lt; 10–1&amp;gt;. Side branches with weak lattice curvature extend sub-perpendicular to the (010) plane, following either {021}* (sprouting from {001}* branches) or &amp;lt; 12–1 &amp;gt; (from &amp;lt;10–1 &amp;gt; branches) and defining curved ‘ribbons’ containing their respective central branch. All branches rotate about [010], with a consistent rotation sense regardless of elongation direction in sample or crystal coordinates. Bending must therefore be caused by local asymmetric thermal and compositional fields in the melt, generated by dendritic growth itself, not by sample-scale compositional, thermal or mechanical gradients. The most likely cause of bending is asymmetric distribution of melt supersaturation around branch tips, related to unequal growth rates perpendicular to different facets. Lattice rotation is inferred to occur via preferential incorporation of high densities of [001] (100) edge dislocations of one sign. High inferred dislocation densities imply that the preservation of bent dendrites requires rapid quenching. Higher inferred degree of undercooling (based on microstructural observations) correlates with greater lattice curvature. Bent dendrites can thus potentially be used to deliver information about spatial variations in degree of undercooling and place limits on the history of a sample after dendritic crystallization. Finally, finding lattice rotation exclusively about [010] is a new criterion to identify cryptic dendritic growth stages in euhedral crystals.

Unequal growth

Over the past 50 years, households in the United States have experienced changes in earnings dynamics that have resulted in a large increase in inequality. This paper assesses the impact of these changes on aggregate growth and welfare. We begin by inspecting a simple statistical decomposition of aggregate earnings growth using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the period 1967–2018. The decomposition expresses aggregate earnings growth as the sum of two terms. The first is the covariance between the level and growth of household earnings, which depends only on micro earnings dynamics. The second is the average growth across households, which depends on both micro and macro factors, such as a common labor productivity growth. In order to identify the impact of the changes in the micro dynamics on aggregate outcomes, we map a simple model of micro-founded growth onto the terms of the decomposition. We find that changes in households’ earnings dynamics that are consistent with the micro data imply unequal growth across the earnings distribution that is, a transition period during which there is a change in the shape of the distribution of incomes that is not mean preserving, so that aggregate growth is affected. This change yields a positive effect on aggregate growth and, with incomplete markets, an ex-ante negative welfare effect.

Comments on unequal growth

What is the relationship between income inequality and aggregate growth? Through an ingenious decomposition, Lippi and Perri cast this relationship as a function of simple moments of the distribution of changes in household income. Their study delivers new evidence linking heterogeneous micro-level income changes to macro-level growth outcomes. Faster income growth among rich households has mitigated the slowdown of aggregate growth in the US, especially after 2000. These findings bring forth questions about the origins of unequal growth and its impact on the welfare of different subsets of the population.

Auxin and cytokinin control fate determination of cotyledons in the one-leaf plant Monophyllaea glabra.

One-leaf plants in the Gesneriaceae family initially have two cotyledons of identical size; one cotyledon stops growing shortly after germination, whereas the other continues indeterminate growth. Factors involved in the unequal growth have been investigated, and a competitive relationship between the two cotyledons was previously proposed. However, questions regarding the fate determination of the two cotyledons remain: Why does only one cotyledon grow indeterminately while the other stops; is the fate of the cotyledons reversible; and what role does light quality play in the fate determination of the cotyledons? In this study, physiological experiments using the one-leaf plant species Monophyllaea glabra suggest that a biased auxin concentration between the two cotyledons and subsequent cytokinin levels may determine the fate of the cotyledons. In addition, observation of relatively mature individuals without hormone treatment and younger individuals with cytokinin treatment under laboratory growth conditions revealed that the fate determination of the microcotyledon is reversible. Although light quality has been suggested to be important for the determination of cotyledon fate in Streptocarpus rexii, an anisocotylous species, we conclude that light quality is not important in M. glabra.

Bargaining Over Taxes and Entitlements in the Era of Unequal Growth

Bargaining Over Taxes and Entitlements in the Era of Unequal Growth

Inclusive Green Growth and Regional Disparities: Evidence from China

It is determined that inclusive green growth comprises processes of economic development and inclusiveness as a system of inclusions, taking into account the anthropogenic burden on the ecosystem, as well as the relational nature of socio-economic transformations. This article is an evaluation of this issue in the context of a contemporary Chinese society beset by regional inequalities that uses the Yangtze River basin as a case study. An index system has been constructed for inclusive green growth measurement, and kernel density and the Dagum Gini coefficient are used to analyze and describe characteristics regarding the distribution and spatial disparities within and between city clusters. The article then concludes that all city clusters are developing towards an inclusive green economy. There are still significant inequalities in inclusive growth among city clusters. Most city clusters are converging so slow that it will take a long time for weaker cites to catch up with stronger cites. City clusters also suffer major inner imbalances and gaps are widening. This paper argues that the profession needs to be more proactive in promoting strategic and targeted policies within such an unequal growth context.

Jacks of All Trades and Masters of One: Declining Search Frictions and Unequal Growth

Declining search frictions generate productivity growth by allowing workers to find jobs for which they are better suited. For “jacks of all trades”—workers whose productivity is similar across different jobs in their labor market—declining search frictions lead to minimal growth. For “masters of one trade”—workers whose productivity varies a great deal across different jobs in their labor market—declining search frictions lead to fast growth. A rudimentary calibration suggests that differential returns to declining search frictions may account for a non-negligible fraction of the wage growth differential between routine and nonroutine workers. (JEL J24, J31, J63, J64, O33)

Phase-field investigation on the peritectic transition in Fe-C system

We adopt a thermodynamically consistent multi-phase, multi-component phase-field model to investigate the morphological evolution of peritectic transition in carbon steel though 2-D and 3-D simulations. By using phase-field method, we rationalize the peritectic solidification in both 2-D and 3-D simulations under different liquid supersaturations as well as on the δ particle with distinct microstructures. Through the comparison between 2-D and 3-D simulation results, we clarify the reason for the different growth rate of γ phase in two and three dimensions. In 3-D simulation, we observe the unequal growth rate of γ phase in radial and axis directions. In addition, a novel measurement method is proposed to determine the dynamic contact angle. We anticipate that the simulation results can be applied to interpret the isothermal peritectic transition with a liquid supersaturation in alloys.

Testing the convergence and the divergence in five Asian countries: from a GMM model to a new Machine Learning algorithm

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically test the economic convergence that operate between five selected Asian countries (namely Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia). In particular, it seeks to investigate how increased economic integration has impacted the inter-country income levels among the five founding members of ASEAN.Design/methodology/approachA new Machine Learning (ML) approach is applied along with a panel data analysis (GMM), and the application of KOF Globalization Index.FindingsThe Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) results highlight that the endogenous growth theory seems to be supported for the selected Asian countries, indicating evidence of diverging forces resulting from unequal growth and polarization dynamics. Overcoming the technical issues raised by the econometric approach, the new ML algorithm brings contrasted but interesting results. Using the KOF Globalization Index, the authors confirm how the last phase of globalization set the conditions for an economic convergence among sample members.Originality/valueUsing the KOF Globalization Index, the authors confirm how the last phase of globalization set the conditions for an economic convergence among sample members. As a matter of fact, the new LSTM algorithm has provided consistent evidence supporting the existence of converging forces. In fact, the results highlighted the effectiveness of the experiments and the algorithm we chose. The high predictability of the authors’ model and the absence of self-alignment in the values showed a convergence be-tween the economies.

РІВЕНЬ ПРОЯВУ ТА ВАРІАЦІЯ БІОМЕТРИЧНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ СОРТОЗРАЗКІВ ЯЧМЕНЮ ЯРОГО КОЛЕКЦІЇ УМАНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ САДІВНИЦТВА

Different weather conditions provide unequal growth and development of plants, in addition, biotypes react differently to changes in external environmental factors. Scientists from Ukraine and other countries analyze varieties and samples of spring barley for the purpose of determine donors of useful traits in different soil and climatic conditions. For the purpose of combine a number of useful traits in one genotype, hybridization between geographically distant biotypes is used. Uman National University of Horticulture has a collection of spring barley samples by different geographic origin. The analyze of breeding material by biometric traits, which will allow us to determine the level of manifestation of each of them in different conditions of 2018–2020 and to determine the donors of useful traits for the further breeding process, was carried out. The weather conditions of the years of research were very different. 2018 was the most unfavorable year for early spring crops. The reason for this was the presence of snow cover until the end of March. After that were strong heat and lack of precipitation. 2019 and 2020 were more favorable for spring barley due to the long cool spring. In addition, in 2020, May and June characterized by increased rainfall. The average plant height of the studied biotypes ranged from 50 to 64 cm. Most samples had the lowest plant height 40–57 cm in 2018, and the highest – in 2020 – from 54 to 88 cm. The average spike length of the analyzed samples was 5.9–8.1 cm. There was not dependence between conditions of the research year and spike length. The number of spikelets per spike was naturally determined by the research conditions. The lowest indicators were observed in 2018 — from 7.0 to 12.0 units, while in 2019 — 16.6–23.9 units, and in 2020 — 20.2–27.7 units. The variation of plant height of the analyzed samples was medium and significant with coefficients from 13.7 to 32.6 %. There was a slight, medium and significant variation of the length of the ear (V = 2.9–23.6 %). The index of number of spikelets per spike most varied — the coefficients of variation were 32.6–55.5 %.

Phase-Field Investigation on the Peritectic Transition in Fe-C System

We adopt a thermodynamically consistent multi-phase, multi-component phase-field model to investigate the morphological evolution of peritectic transition in carbon steel though 2-D and 3-D simulations. By using phase-field method, we rationalize the peritectic solidification in both 2-D and 3-D simulations under different liquid supersaturations as well as on the δ particle with distinct microstructures. Through the comparison between 2-D and 3-D simulation results, we clarify the reason for the different growth rate of γ phase in two and three dimensions. In 3-D simulation, we observe the unequal growth rate of γ phase in radial and axis directions. In addition, a novel measurement method is proposed to determine the dynamic contact angle. We anticipate that the simulation results can be applied to interpret the isothermal peritectic transition with a liquid supersaturation in alloys.