Unequal Gender Relations Research Articles

Agricultural Value Chains and Gender in the Post-reform Era

This article systematically reviewed literature on agricultural market reforms, value chains and gender, selected from Global South developing countries to generate evidence on the changes in smallholder agricultural value chains and gender relations, following liberalization reforms. The study specifically aimed to; identify and critically analyse previous attempts to categorize agricultural value chains; and provide new value chain categorizations and associated gender relations. We found that only 5% of the reviewed 60 publications have attempted to categorize agricultural value chains, however with no consideration of gender relations. A new value chain typology has been provided as: “Traditional”, Digitally-led”, “Group-led” and “Firm-led” value chains, respectively basing on 13%, 35%, 32%, and 24% of the publications. With regard to gender relations, the main finding was that unequal gender relations are inherent in all forms of value chains but tend to be experienced differently by value chain actors –men and women – depending on the type of value chain. The commonly identified underlying factors for gender inequality included; patriarchal structures that bestow upon men decision-making power and control over production resources mostly land. Related were social norms that confine women to the domestic realm, proscribe their mobility and participation in higher value chain nodes and farmer groups. Lastly were gender disparities in education, skills and income leading to differences in access, ownership and use of ICTs. From the results, we note that inasmuch as different forms of value chains present some opportunities for actors, the evolution in smallholder value chains continues to engender equality challenges, mostly affecting women. We contributed to filling the knowledge gap on transformations in post-reform value chains and its effect on gender relations.

Focalization of Afghan Women’s Repression and Resistance in “A Thousand Splendid Suns” and “My Forbidden Face”

Objectives: This study aims to portray the Afghan women’s repression and resistance in two novels written by Khaled Hosseini and Latifa, “A Thousand Splendid Suns” and “My Forbidden Face”. These two diaspora writers’ works show the ways in which Afghan women are trapped by the repression and dominance of local traditions, unequal gender relations, and masculine interpretation of the Qur’an and the Hadist. Methods: This study utilizes the narrative theory which is focalization and narrator to reveal how these women keep struggling to be free from various conflicts in the two novels. Results: The result of this study shows the authors’ works in telling the women who experienced repression and did the resistance both in two novels. The type of fozalizator and narrator in both texts are different. In “A Thousand Splendid Suns” is the external focalizator and the heterodiegetic narrator, meanwhile in “My Forbidden Face” is internal focalizator and homodiegetic narrator. Conclusions: This study concludes the strength of the words, phrases, and sentences used by the two authors are able to show male domination and oppression of female characters in the two texts. The women are internalized by Afghan patriarchal local culture. They could not get their freedom to determine their life.

How do labour market conditions explain the development of mental health over the life-course? A conceptual integration of the ecological model with life-course epidemiology in an integrative review of results from the Northern Swedish Cohort

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to contribute to the theoretical development within the field of labour market effects on mental health during life by integrating Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model with mainly earlier theoretical work on life-course theory.MethodsAn integrative review was performed of all 52 publications about labour market conditions in relation to mental health from the longitudinal Northern Swedish Cohort study. Inductive and deductive qualitative content analysis were performed in relation to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework combined with life-course theories.ResultsThe following nine themes were identified: 1. Macroeconomic recession impairs mental health among young people. 2. The mental health effects on individuals of youth unemployment seem rather insensitive to recession. 3. Small but consistent negative effect of neighbourhood unemployment and other work-related disadvantaged on individuals’ mental health over life. 4. Youth unemployment becomes embodied as scars of mental ill-health over life. 5. Weak labour market attachment impairs mental health over life. 6. Bidirectional relations between health and weak labour market attachment over life. 7. Macrolevel structures are of importance for how labour market position cause poor health. 8. Unequal gender relations at work impacts negatively on mental health. 9. The agency to improve health over life in dyadic relations. Unemployment in society permeates from the macrolevel into the exolevel, defined by Bronfenbrenner as for example the labour market of parents or partners or the neighbourhood into the settings closest to the individual (the micro- and mesolevel) and affects the relations between the work, family, and leisure spheres of the individual. Neighbourhood unemployment leads to poor health among those who live there, independent of their employment status. Individuals’ exposure to unemployment and temporary employment leads to poorer mental health over the life-course. Temporal dimensions were identified and combined with Bronfenbrenner levels into a contextual life-course modelConclusionCombining the ecosocial theory with life-course theories provides a framework for understanding the embodiment of work-related mental health over life. The labour market conditions surrounding the individual are of crucial importance for the embodiment of mental health over life, at the same time as individual agency can be health promoting. Mental health can be improved by societal efforts in regulations of the labour market.

Using Drama Pedagogy to Enhance Understanding of HIV Transmission, Infection, and Prevention Among Third-Year Student Teachers

Thirty-eight years into the HIV and AIDS pandemic, the world is still striving to reduce global HIV infections towards zero new infections and AIDS-related deaths by 2030. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to carry the burden of global HIV infections as governmental and nongovernmental agencies try out different prevention strategies (UNAIDS, 2024b). Several scholars have argued that comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) is the best preventive strategy to reach youth and key populations with factual information regarding HIV and AIDS. This paper draws from the project, Mentoring as a Method to Promote Women's Health in the Context of HIV-Prevention and Unequal Gender Relations, which employed memory work, photo-voice, drama, drawings, and focus group discussions with third-year student teachers in a life orientation module. Focussing on the data generated through drama, I present an arts-based activity that was used to teach about HIV transmission to student teachers in a bid to equip them with alternative ways of teaching school-learners about HIV and AIDS. The findings highlight student teachers' lived experiences and how they have shaped their perceptions of HIV infections and living with AIDS. I argue from the findings, that arts-based pedagogies allow for enhanced understanding of complex phenomena due to their participatory and in-built intervention nature. Thus, I posit that pedagogies that employ participatory, arts-based, and visual methodologies should be extensively employed in teacher-education towards reducing new HIV infections among the youth.

A Sustainable Future for all Towards Reduction of Gender-Based-Violence and Femicide in Communities of Learning: A Strategic Perspective

Given the reality of the prevalence of all forms of violence such as but not limited to physical, sexual assault, domestic violence (DV), verbal abuse, harassment, stalking, child marriage, economic deprivation, survival sex in a form of exploitation in exchange for access to subsistence resources and forced prostitution, psychological violence or gender-based violence and femicide (GBVF). Being a victim of violence in communities of learning has lifelong impacts on education, health, and well-being of victims. Exposure to violence can lead to educational under achievement due to cognitive, emotional, and social problems. It is argued that GBV is the most extreme expression of unequal gender relations in society and one of the most widespread violations of human rights. While GBV disproportionally affects women and girls, it also affects men and boys. These abuses take place all over the world in homes, places of worship, schools, workplaces, and communities. This paper provides an overview of factors leading to GBVF, impact and effects on the victim as well as methods to eliminate its occurrence were revealed by the analysis. Becoming aware of factors contributing to GBVF and strategies to address this scourge can minimise the occurrence of GBVF in learning communities. Understanding the concepts and strategies to prevent the occurrence of GBV can assist learning communities to minimise these incidences.

Barriers and enabling structural forces affecting access to antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria

BackgroundAccess to antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps to improve quality of life and reduces the spread of HIV. However, while a lot of studies focus on supply factors, such as resources for the purchase of antiretroviral drugs, demand and structural forces are not given much emphasis. In this paper it is argued that structural forces shape the way people access antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria.MethodsA Grounded Theory methodology was undertaken in the research. Semi structured qualitative interviews were administered to select people living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. This was facilitated by the Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria (NEPWHAN) to understand their perspectives with regard to barriers and enablers to ART access in Nigeria. Thirty persons living with HIV/AIDS were interviewed and recorded. The interview recordings were transcribed and coded using a constructionist epistemological approach. This was triangulated with results of preliminary and secondary literature review analysis.ResultsIn this research, the participants discussed structural forces (barriers and enablers) that influenced how they accessed ART. These included economic factors such as poverty that enabled transactional sex. Unequal gender relations and perceptions influenced how they accessed ART. The participants’ belief in ‘God’ and religious activities such as ‘prayer’ and the use of ‘traditional medicine’ had an impact on how and when they accessed ART. Political activity at the international, national, and local levels influenced access to ART as well as resources. The individual’s familial, social, and organisational connections also influenced their ease of accessing ART.ConclusionsThis study identifies structural forces that affect access to antiretroviral therapy and provides recommendations on how they can be harnessed to enable improved access to ART and consequently improved health.

Legitimizing and Transforming Gender Relations Within the Contemporary Equestrian Sport of Charrería in Mexico

The equestrian sport of Charrería is the national sport of Mexico. This ethnographic study illustrates ways in which Charrería helps legitimize unequal gender relations, and in some circumstances, provides opportunity to challenge and rework the wider gender order. Hegemonic masculinities are performed and reified through the gendered performances of male charros and the complementary, opposite, yet unequal, gendered performances of female escaramuzas. Yet hegemony requires constant renewal and consent, and Charrería illustrates the potential for equestrian sports events to also contribute to challenging and reworking the wider gender order and reconfiguring relations between men and women, masculinities and femininities, to be less hierarchical and oppressive.

Transitioning Thailand: Techno‐professionalism and nation‐building in the transgender entertainment industry

AbstractThe workplace is a key site through which sex and gender are organizationally produced and unequal gender relations take place. Technologies, which are embedded with and impacting gendered power relations, are also integral to work and workplaces worldwide. As nation‐states promote technologies and rebrand themselves, how do technologies catalyze new forms of gendered embodiment and work—and how might this contribute to a nation‐state's development plans and rebranding efforts? How do the intersections between states, labor, and technologies also reify inequalities, both in and beyond workplace settings? Based on 14 months of fieldwork and interviews with 62 participants, this article analyzes how Thai transgender women's work in the entertainment industry simultaneously advances technological growth and national rebranding efforts. In 2016, the Thai state launched “Thailand 4.0,” an economic plan centered on technological growth, alongside efforts to restore its reputation from a sex tourism destination. In this context, Thai transgender entertainers promote what I call “techno‐professionalism,” or professionalism that is not only enhanced by technologies, but that also supports state development plans and rebranding efforts. The concept of techno‐professionalism underscores how technologies figure centrally into new iterations of state development and nation‐branding promoted in global workplaces, adding to our understanding of the linkages between gender, labor, and national development. By highlighting how state development plans intersect with technologies and norms of professionalism, this article reveals how the economy and professions are made up of intimate social relations, including gendered technologies and gendered social roles.

Technology for whom? Solar irrigation pumps, women, and smallholders in Nepal

Agricultural technologies are often promoted as a medium for women’s economic empowerment, which can transform unequal gender relations in rural agrarian societies. This paper investigates three solar irrigation pump (SIP) schemes implemented by state and non-state actors and examines their impacts on women and marginal farmers. We utilize a theory of change framework intended to evaluate the effectiveness of livelihood interventions and guide the design of gender transformative interventions. Our analysis relies on 63 qualitative interviews, 9 key informant interviews and 4 telephonic interviews with social mobilisers from the Saptari District in Nepal. The findings shed light on the unequal social and gender relations that have skewed the adoption and benefits of SIP technology. Gender and social inequalities persist, with limited adoption and benefit of SIP among women and smallholders. Women’s involvement in strategic decisions related to SIP adoptions, installations and usages is limited. This study underscores the importance of strategic interventions that foster meaningful women’s empowerment and ensure equitable distribution and benefits from SIP technology. Assessing the effectiveness of SIPs in empowering women, it is crucial to consider whether the resulting access, ownership, or decision-making opportunities challenge, reinforce, or reproduce unequal gender and social relations.

“Yes, I’m Doing It”: Conflict-Induced Internally Displaced Filipino Men’s Enactments of Masculinity

Despite the Philippines’ history of five decades of prolonged violent conflicts and internal displacements, majority of which are in its southern island of Mindanao, studies exploring the enactments of masculinities of noncombatant men are few. Using 31 life stories of Filipino men who experienced conflict-induced internal displacement, complemented by in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and community profiles, the present article demonstrates how these Filipino men constructed an ideal masculinity compounded by imprints of a colonial history, especially the resistance towards integration into colonial Philippines by Muslims in Mindanao. Additionally, their constructions of idealized masculinities are reflective of their negotiation between context and adherence to local hegemonic masculinities in Philippine society that legitimizes unequal gender relations. We argue that Filipino men’s accounts of ideal masculinity and their aspirations to this model reflect ongoing negotiation between immediate circumstances and persistent adherence to local hegemonic masculinities.

Empowering women for sustainable development through semi-mechanized sheabutter processing in rural North-Western Ghana

This study contributes to the on-going discourse on women's empowerment for achieving the African Union's (AU) Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We draw on Batliwala's three interrelated approaches to women's empowerment to analyze the extent to which the implementation of a semi-mechanized sheabutter processing project in two rural districts in the Upper West Region of Ghana addresses women's practical needs and strategic interests. Although several studies on women's empowerment through similar project interventions have been undertaken the findings are skewed towards women's practical needs, while limited knowledge is provided on the important question of whether these interventions address women's strategic interests and raise their consciousness necessary for achieving their empowerment-related goals and targets of Agenda 2063 and the SDGs respectively. A qualitative approach was used in the data collection and analysis. It was found out that the project intervention has the potential of reducing poverty and vulnerability in the semi-arid region of the country where the raw material for processing sheabutter is available in large quantities. We further found that this intervention can help improve unequal gender relations and empower women. However, the achievement of these objectives is possible if the implementation of is anchored on a framework that promotes strategic gender interests; including issues of status relative to men, improved decision-making capacity of women at the household and community levels, and equitable access to productive resources. We conclude that, any meaningful progress towards genuine women's empowerment advocated in the AU's Agenda 2063 and the SDGs would require that the current structural issues in the study setting, which remain untouched by instrumentalist interventions such as this, be given critical attention.

A Critical Lens to Understand Gender and Caste Politics of Rural Maharashtra, India


 
 'Sairat’, is a highly acclaimed movie and is the highest grossing Marathi film till date. It was one of the biggest hits of the Marathi films industry and screened for many months in theaters after the release. ‘Sairat’, a Marathi romantic drama film portrays the construction of hegemonic masculinity and its relation to the controlling of women’s sexuality. The movie centers around controlling women’s sexuality, portraying dominant masculinity and brutal killing due to transgression of caste (in the form of inter-caste marriage) in rural Maharashtra.
 In July 2016, an upper caste girl was raped and murdered by lower castes at Kopardi village soon after the release of the movie. The rape and murder of the girl led to protests all over Maharashtra. The protesters and leaders of the upper caste community alleged that the rape and murder of a girl was provoked by the movie, ‘Sairat’. This article takes the protests as a provocation to take a closer look at Sairat’s gender and caste politics.
 This article explores the way hegemonic masculine identity has been manifested through control over women’s sexuality and their mobility, and violence against women. The hegemonic masculinity has been constructed based on unequal gender and power relations between men and women, dominant and lower caste men.

Police, Provocation, Politics: Counterinsurgency in Istanbul

Police, Provocation, Politics: Counterinsurgency in Istanbul

Performing gender: Social workers’ roles during the COVID-19 pandemic in China

Women social workers' roles during COVID-19 have been under-researched. We contribute to filling this gap by examining patriarchal inequalities in the pay and status of women social workers in Wuhan, China to determine whether change occurred when they replaced men in first-tier responder or protector roles when the government replaced men in frontline social work with women social workers. We conducted a qualitative investigation into these practitioners' work during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Wuhan from 23 January to April 7, 2020 through 30 in-depth interviews of women social workers (11 working in Residents' Committees, 12 in NGOs from Wuhan and six other cities; and 7 in other local organizations). The findings highlight how women social workers' roles shifted during the pandemic from being second-tier responders to assuming the first-tier responder or ‘protector’ roles previously held by men while they continued their second-tier responders' and traditional caring roles. Despite this shift, the data show that women's demands for higher pay and status and involvement in decision-making structures remained unmet. Although women resisted unequal gender relations, doing men's roles as protectors loaded them with a ‘triple’ burden as protectors, second-tier responders and carers. The lack of gender equality for these women social workers highlights an urgency for policymakers and practitioners to promote gender equality by implementing women social workers' entitlements to pay parity, engagement in decision-making, and assumption of leadership roles, i.e., as men's equals.

The ambiguous conceptualisation of gender mainstreaming in the Southern African Development Community

ABSTRACT This article examines the conceptualisation of gender mainstreaming by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and its member state Botswana, and the SADC Gender Protocol Alliance. Critical discourse analysis based on Norman Fairclough's work is used to find out how gender mainstreaming has been conceptualised to take into account the informal sector of Botswana. The findings of the study show that gender mainstreaming is limited by structural barriers of transforming unequal gender relations, and limited coordination between government institutions, the Botswana Informal Sector Association and the SADC Gender Protocol Alliance. The paper suggests that for gender mainstreaming to be effective, it requires a clear understanding on how various policies define gender problems and shape gender relations.

Gendered labor legacies of authoritarian neoliberalism: Chile's double crisis

AbstractLegacies of Chile's democratic crisis pose challenges for workplace gender equity. This paper brings together scholarly debates on gender regimes and factory regimes to examine the gendered labor practices in a high‐tech, transnational agricultural sector. Specifically, I ask how gender regimes and regulatory practices entrenched in Chile's authoritarian past shape labor dynamics in this industry today. I argue that we must look to the past to understand how firms benefit from unequal social relations embedded in institutions and for identifying mechanisms of change. I document how the neoliberal and authoritarian policies of the democratic crisis in Chile (1973–90) became the baseline conditions in democracy, leaving stark gender and labor inequalities that persist today. The resulting neoliberal pact continues to privilege elites and marginalize the working poor, especially women, contributing to the slow‐brewing inequality crisis that came to a head in 2019. Based on ethnographic observation and semi‐structured interviews in Arica, Chile, a major hub for corn seed development, I show how these legacies enable firms to benefit from Chile's unequal gender relations to develop high‐value products without paying the price associated with the skill needed to produce them. I find that conservative gender norms together with labor relations inherent in Chile's neoliberal model, rooted in a 17‐year dictatorship, create obstacles to efforts to address gender inequality.

A view from the top: An examination of postfeminist sensibilities in women leaders’ constructions of success and responses to gender inequality in English football

Abstract Using data from biographic interviews with women leaders in English football, this article examines women’s constructions of success in the face of gender inequalities and analyses the conditions under which women leaders challenge or repudiate gender inequalities. Through the lens of postfeminist sensibilities, I find that women face an “ideological dilemma” between acknowledging unequal access to football leadership and narrating their success through a discourse of personal choice and merit. Consequently, women leaders were unlikely to reflect on their privileged access to leadership or support institutional changes to address gender equality. Nonetheless, women leaders invested in personal strategies to support future women leaders in football by reclaiming negative narratives about football’s treatment of women and performing acts of “tempered radicalism” to challenge unequal gender relations. These findings show that a postfeminist sensibility in the football workplace can be simultaneously beneficial and detrimental to gender equality efforts as women leaders work to reconcile a collective feminist consciousness with a neoliberal subjectivity. These findings suggest that it is a mistake to position postfeminist sensibilities in opposition to radical gender equality efforts. Instead, we must focus on ways to support women leaders to navigate their complex, fragile, and contradictory positions and capitalize on the ruptures in neoliberal thinking within postfeminist sensibilities that offer opportunities to challenge gender inequalities.

Male partner involvement in health interventions: A systematic review of best practices in Sub-Saharan Africa

Health promotion programmes aimed at the involvement of men are implemented in a complex cultural and socio-demographic context that reifies persistent unequal gender relations. The explanations and evidence for the mechanisms by which male involvement facilitates health and wellness, are, however, less clear. Drawing on findings from a qualitative systematic review of peer-reviewed studies, this article synthesises the literature on health, social policy, and programme interventions for improving male partner involvement to promote sexual and reproductive health, HIV and AIDS health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Findings suggest that combining approaches such as mass education campaigns and health and social care programmes, targeting both men and women, improves male participation. Finally, enhancing participation of both men and women in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health program programmes, can lead to positive gender role transformations and positive health and social care outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Keywords: HIV; AIDS; Male Involvement; Health Interventions; Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin American female academic perceptions about the COVID pandemic’s impact on gender equity and within-country inequality

Percepciones de mujeres académicas latinoamericanas sobre el impacto de la pandemia del COVID en la equidad y desigualdad de género al interior del paísPercepções acadêmicas femininas latino-americanas sobre o impacto da pandemia de COVID na equidade de gênero e na desigualdade dentro do paísObjetivoLa pandemia provocada por el COVID-19 nos ha traído una grave crisis económica, sanitaria y social a nivel mundial. En este contexto, se ha producido un aumento de la desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres en todo el mundo. En esta situación de confinamiento domiciliario, incertidumbre, estrés y miedo, las mujeres han sido las más afectadas, independientemente de su nivel educativo. Los mayores impactos en la percepción fueron la falta de equidad de género (ODS 5) y, por tanto, el aumento de la brecha de desigualdad de género (ODS 10) durante la pandemia en América Latina (AL).Diseño/metodología/Este estudio cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo, tiene un diseño no experimental de campo y transversal que utilizó la técnica de grupos focales.Resultados/HallazgosEste estudio reveló los sentimientos más profundos de las mujeres investigadoras sobre este tema, lo que llevó a una profunda reflexión sobre la necesidad de construir las bases para transformar las relaciones desiguales de género e introducir la perspectiva de género de manera transversal en un contexto universitario.Originalidad/valorEste estudio, analizado desde una perspectiva de género, tuvo como objetivo desentrañar la complejidad en la que vive la mayoría de las académicas latinoamericanas, y explicar las brechas y diferencias en sus vidas provocadas por las desigualdades que se han incrementado a causa de la pandemia en las sociedades latinoamericanas.ObjetivoA pandemia causada pelo COVID-19 nos trouxe uma grave crise econômica, sanitária e social em todo o mundo. Nesse contexto, houve um aumento da desigualdade entre homens e mulheres em todo o mundo. Nesta situação de confinamento domiciliário, incerteza, stress e medo, as mulheres têm sido as mais afetadas, independentemente do seu nível de escolaridade. Os maiores impactos na percepção foram a falta de igualdade de gênero (ODS 5) e, portanto, o aumento da lacuna de desigualdade de gênero (ODS 10) durante a pandemia na América Latina (AL).MetodologiaTrata-se de um estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo, de campo não experimental e delineamento transversal que utilizou a técnica de grupo focal.ResultadosEste estudo revelou os sentimentos mais profundos de mulheres pesquisadoras sobre o tema, o que levou a uma profunda reflexão sobre a necessidade de construir as bases para transformar as relações desiguais de gênero e introduzir a perspectiva de gênero de forma transversal no contexto universitário.OriginalidadeEste estudo, analisado a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero, teve como objetivo desvendar a complexidade em que vive a maioria das acadêmicas latino-americanas e explicar as lacunas e diferenças em suas vidas causadas pelas desigualdades que aumentaram devido à pandemia nas sociedades latino-americanas.Tipo de artículoInvestigación

Window dressing inequalities and constructing women farmers as problematic—gender in Rwanda’s agriculture policy

Rwanda is often depicted as a success story by policy makers when it comes to issues of gender. In this paper, we show how the problem of gendered inequality in agriculture nevertheless is both marginalized and instrumentalized in Rwanda’s agriculture policy. Our in-depth analysis of 12 national policies is informed by Bacchi’s What’s the problem represented to be? approach. It attests that gendered inequality is largely left unproblematized as well as reduced to a problem of women’s low agricultural productivity. The policy focuses on framing the symptoms and effects of gendered inequality and turns gender mainstreaming into an instrument for national economic growth. We argue that by insufficiently addressing the socio-political underlying causes of gendered inequality, Rwanda’s agriculture policy risks reproducing and exacerbating inequalities by reinforcing dominant gender relations and constructing women farmers as problematic and men as normative farmers. We call for the policy to approach gendered inequality in alternative ways. Drawing on perspectives in feminist political ecology, we discuss how such alternatives could allow policy to more profoundly challenge underlying structural constraints such as unequal gender relations of power, gender norms, and gender divisions of work. This would shift policy’s problematizing lens from economic growth to social justice, and from women’s shortcomings and disadvantages in agriculture to the practices and relations that perpetuate inequality. In the long term, this could lead to transformed gender norms and power relations, and a more just and equal future beyond what the dominant agricultural development discourse currently permits.