Uneducated Individuals Research Articles

Teenage pregnancy and its associated factors in Kenya: a multilevel logistic regression analysis based on the recent 2022 Kenyan demographic and health survey

ABSTRACT Teenage pregnancy remains a critical public health issue in developing countries, significantly impacting maternal health. In Kenya, despite an expected decrease in teenage pregnancy rates from 18% in 2014 to 15% in 2022, evidence on its prevalence and associated factors is still limited. This study utilized data from the latest Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, analysing 6,390 participants through multilevel binary logistic regression. The findings revealed a 15.3% prevalence (95%CI: 14.4, 16.2%) and identified key factors linked to teenage pregnancy, including being aged 18–19, higher education, contraceptive use, unemployment, wealth status, media exposure, and a higher proportion of uneducated individuals. The study underscores the urgent need for strategic investment in policy development and evaluation to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Targeted interventions should prioritize economically disadvantaged households, focusing on maternal education and empowerment to reduce teenage pregnancies by 2030.

Expectation of the Communication Mechanism and its Gap in Public Administration: Approaches to Communication between Local Government and Public

Background: The gap in public administration is exacerbated by ineffective communication, limiting accessibility, and hindering underrepresented groups. Conventional methods like press releases and meetings may not always effectively involve the public. Innovative participatory communication techniques can improve governance quality, strengthen constituent ties, and increase openness. This study examines local government communication methods with the public, revealing expectations for transparency, openness, and participation, identifying communication gaps, and exploring effective strategies for public-government communication. Methods: The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, involving 315 citizens, plus 6 staff, elected members, and local intellectuals in Ward No. 10 of Budhanilkantha municipality, using surveys and interviews. Results: While digital technology usage is moderate to high, fulfillment of public expectations for local government communication mechanisms was negative, with over 60% rating them negatively and 77.4% believing they were political. A majority of respondents (76.2%) received information from local governments or ward offices through social media, followed by man-to-man communication (54.6%) and mass media (52.7%). Ineffective communication can hinder citizen participation and challenge older adults and uneducated individuals. Key elements of successful communication include accuracy, efficiency, resourcefulness, immediate news flow, and technology use. Public recommendations include online feedback platforms, local government employees, and community outreach programs. Conclusion: The public expects open communication, digital tools, transparency, and freedom of politics. To foster trust and engage the public, frequent meetings, online discussions, local personnel recruiting, community outreach, trust development, and customized interaction are necessary. Novelty: The study could provide insights into a new approach to public-local government communication, emphasizing transparency, community concerns, and collaboration.

Policies and Strategies to Improve Education in India

Education in India is one of the basic requirements for everyone considering the idea that the country has a high number of uneducated individuals. The research herein focuses on examining and analyzing the strategies and policies that India uses to ensure it enhances the education in the country’s schools. The theory adopted is the accountability theory, to show how the government of India is trying to take measures to improve education. A thorough literature review explains what happens, which in turn justifies the policies and strategies presented there. A brief conclusion and recommendations follow

Backward bifurcation on HIV/AIDS SEI 1 I 2 TAR model with multiple interactions between sub-populations

The HIV/AIDS model was dynamically analyzed in this study. The model has seven compartments: the uneducated, the educated, the HIV-positive who take antiretroviral therapy (ART), the HIV-positive who do not take ART, people receiving ART treatment, people with AIDS who do not receive any treatment (full-blown AIDS), and the recovered. This model takes into account the analysis of the multiple interactions between the uneducated and the educated subpopulations, the HIV-positive who take and who do not take ART. The free-disease and endemic equilibrium points, as well as the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) as a limit condition for infection-free and endemic occurrence, were produced by a mathematical analysis. The center-manifold hypothesis was used to prove that a backward bifurcation exists. The free-disease and endemic equilibrium points coexist when R 0 < 1 . This means that HIV/AIDS is still spreading. A basic reproduction number below one is insufficient to constitute a free-disease condition. In order to determine essential parameters that significantly contribute to HIV/AIDS transmission, we computed sensitivity index values using a sensitivity analysis. The HIV/AIDS model and bifurcation parameter both identified the rate of HIV transmission from uneducated individuals to HIV-positive individuals who do not receive ART as the most crucial parameter. A numerical simulation supports the dynamical analysis.

Emerging Trends of Extended Spectrum BetaLactamase and Metallo-Beta Lactamase Escherichia Coli Strains among Pregnant Women in Mile 4 Hospital, Abakaliki: Implications for Antenatal Care

This investigation assessed the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-beta lactamase (MBL) producing Escherichia coli among seemingly healthy pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Mile 4 Hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria. A total of 100 midstream urine samples were collected and processed using standard microbiology techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted via the disc diffusion method. ESBL and MBL production screening utilized the double disc synergy test and the combined disc test inhibition assay, respectively. The findings demonstrated a 54% prevalence of E. coli among the study participants, with the highest occurrence observed in the third trimester (31.5%) and the lowest in the first trimester (25.9%). Across age groups, prevalence ranged from 9.3% in participants aged ≤20 years to 44.4% in the 21-30 age bracket. Additionally, among participants with varying educational backgrounds, prevalence ranged from 18.5% in uneducated individuals to 33.3% in those with a secondary education. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates varied from 0% to 81.5%. ESBL and MBL screening identified 18 (33.3%) and 11 (20.4%) positive isolates, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility among ESBL-producing E. coli ranged from 0% to 100%, while MBL-positive E. coli showed susceptibility ranging from 0% to 90.5%. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ranged from 0.3 to 1.0, with an average of 0.7 among the isolates. This study highlights a substantial prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL and MBL-producing E. coli strains among apparently healthy pregnant women. This situation raises concerns about the early exposure of fetuses to multidrug resistance, emphasizing the urgency for proactive measures to address this emerging health risk. Keywords: ESBL positive E. coli, metallo-betalactamase positive E. coli, apparently healthy pregnant women, Abakaliki, Nigeria.

Comparison of Prosthetic Status of Dental Patients Attending Government and Private Dental Universities: A Retrospective Study Using Patient Records in Riyadh, KSA

Tooth loss impairs quality of life, requiring prosthetic rehabilitation. We aimed to analyze prosthetic status differences between patients at public versus private dental universities in Riyadh across demographics through a retrospective cross-sectional study of 400 edentulous Saudi patients treated with fixed/removable prostheses. Statistical analyses revealed prosthetic disparities by university, gender, socioeconomics, and education (p&lt;0.001). Private university patients utilized more fixed treatments like implants and bridges, while public university patients relied on basic removable dentures. Males preferred removable partial dentures and females had more complete dentures. Higher socioeconomic status associated with greater fixed prosthesis use compared to lower income removable dentures. Uneducated individuals mostly had removable partial dentures while educated patients utilized more complete dentures and implants. Overall, disadvantaged groups demonstrated reduced access to advanced fixed prosthetic options. Reasons for selection pattern differences warrant further qualitative and quantitative research. Targeted initiatives promoting equitable, comprehensive prosthetic access could mitigate demographic prosthetic inequality. This study provides evidence on Saudi prosthetic disparities to inform clinical practices and policy reforms ensuring optimal outcomes for diverse patients

An Empirical Study on Rural Non-farm Employment in Developing and Urbanised Regions of Maharashtra, India

Maharashtra accounts for a meagre share of employment in the rural non-farm sector compared to the other states. There is a high degree of disparity in the socio-economic development, level of urbanisation and social infrastructure in Maharashtra, due to which there are differences in the factors affecting participation in rural non-farm employment (RNFE) across the different regions in the state. An empirical study of Kadam Wak Wasti village in the Pune district in Maharashtra reveals that rural men dominate RNFE while rural women are engaged in the farm sector. The service sector accounts for the majority of RNFE in the village. The casual nature of non-farm employment dominated the sector. The educated and skilled individuals in the village were engaged in RNFE, while most of the landless and uneducated individuals were confined to the farm sector. Agricultural labour was considered the last resort due to low wages and a lack of required skills. Thus, urbanisation and proximity to an urban area positively impact the growth of RNFE, affirming that the growth of RNFE in the developing and urbanised regions of the state is due to pull or growth-induced factors. JEL: A10, J01, J21, R10, R11

Educational level of parents and its relationship to the level of achievement of children – A field study on Al-Sayfah area in Muscat Governorate - sultanate of Oman –: المستوى التعليمي للآباء وعلاقته بالمستوى التحصيلي للأبناء – دراسة ميدانية على منطقة السيفة في محافظة مسقط – سلطنة عمان –

The study aimed to clarify the relationship between the educational level of parents and the achievement level of children Research using the descriptive analytical method and using the questionnaire as a tool for data collection. The study sample consisted of (35) guardians from Al-Sifah area in Muscat Governorate. They were divided into 26 educated and 9 uneducated individuals. The results of the research indicated a relationship between the educational level of parents and the achievement level of children. The researcher reached the importance of providing cultural media that develop the talents of children, creating an appropriate study atmosphere and instilling positive ideas and trends in children, which hinder their achievement.

Website Dimensions And E-Trust, Disposition, Perceived Risk, And Online Self-Efficacy: Technology Acceptance Model in China and Ivory Coast Context

Recent technological advancement and easy access to internet led to great improvements in business performances, especially the banking sector. The internet enables efficient transactions on hand-held gadgets such as smart phones and personal computers. Though there are numerous benefits, fraud and cyber-crimes via online system created scepticism from people and lack of trust in such systems has caused relatively slow growth of technology acceptance. This study model aims to examine the disposition, perceived risks, website dimensions and e-trust, and online self-efficacy influence an individual’s perception of the digitalization of the economy. For the purpose of the study, questionnaires were issued in various social platforms like Facebook and twitter to collect data and a total of 3000 respondents were sampled out of a group of millions. There was a significant difference in the results obtained from educated and uneducated individuals. Also, the male gender had an upper hand in computer skills than females. The results of the data collection method would be used to explain the effects of e-trust and the risks perceived for further research. Keywords : websites dimensions and e-trust, disposition, perceived risks, and online self-efficacy. DOI : 10.7176/IKM/9-3-10 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Socio-economic and cultural factors among patients with alcoholic liver disease at a tertiary care center in Southern India

Background: Alcohol related liver diseases are common in most countries across the world. A variety of factors have been identified at the individual and community level affecting the patterns and amount of alcohol consumption. This study was done to determine such factors among patients with alcohol related liver disease. Aim : To study the socio-economic and cultural factors among patients with alcoholic liver disease at a tertiary care center in Southern India. Materials & methods: This observational questionnaire based study was done among patients with alcoholic liver disease, who were on regular follow up at a tertiary hospital in Mangaluru, Southern India. After a written informed consent, patients fulfilling the selection criteria were selected to the study. They were interviewed based on a preformatted proforma. The collected data were analyzed for mean, standard deviation and chi square test using SPSS-21. Results: The subjects (n=100) studied were Kannada, Malayalam, Konkani and Tulu speaking in the age group between 18 to 60 years. In this study 43% subjects were in the age group 35-44 years and 39% of them were married. Among these 96% consumed mixed diet and only 9% did daily physical activity. The educational background found was; middle school (29%), diploma holders (26%), high school (19%), college graduates (16%), primary school (6%) and illiterates (4%). Based on occupation status, 6% were professionals, 29% farmers/shop owners, 6% skilled worker, 29% unskilled worker and 13% unemployed. We found 22% to be binge drinkers and 78% to consume alcohol daily; 15% requiring an eye-opener. Conclusion: As seen in similar studies, the alcohol is a predominant problem in the uneducated, low earning, and stressed individuals in a society. The alcohol related health issues are global and dependent on multiple social and cultural factors. Improving the public awareness on alcohol related health issues is the key to minimize its burden in the society.

Trends and Patterns of Educational Homogamy in India: A Marriage Cohort Analysis

Research in assortative mating in developing countries focused mainly on the cultural similarities of individuals till the most recent times. Educational homogamy was not considered a significant factor. This study examined the changes in educational homogamy of 39,257 ever-married couples in India for the three marriage cohorts 1964–1984, 1985–1995, and 1996–2006 by place of residence, religion, and economic background. The study also examined the regional pattern of educational homogamy based on female literacy and the probability of educational homogamy after adjusting for socioeconomic background of the respondent. Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) was used for the study. The study observed significant increase in educational homogamy for the successive marriage cohorts. Homogamy is concentrated at the extremes of the educational attainment. In urban areas, homogamy is concentrated among the higher educated individuals whereas, in rural areas, homogamy is high among uneducated individuals. The results also depict regions with higher female literacy having the highest educational homogamy and vice versa. The study also found an increase in the probability of homogamy and a decline in hypogamy for literate women, after accounting for socioeconomic confounders.

Returns to Education and Educational Outcomes: The Case of the Spanish Housing Boom

This paper estimates how returns to education affect school enrollment and grade completion using a novel identification strategy. The strategy exploits construction data for the Spanish housing boom and the fact that the construction sector employs mostly uneducated men. Hence, the Spanish housing boom significantly decreased the returns to education for men while it hardly affected those for women. I show that a 10 percent decrease in the ratio of wages of educated to uneducated individuals leads to a 2 percent decrease in the probability of being enrolled in school and a 0.2 percent decrease in grade completion among 16–18-year-olds.

Understanding and responsiveness level about cervical cancer and its avoidance among young women of Pakistan.

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst the gynecological cancers worldwide, especially in developing countries. There are few to no initial symptoms and signs. This study was conducted to assess the awareness level of young Pakistani women about cervical cancer and to educate them about this deadly disease. A detailed questionnaire regarding demographic data and information about cervical cancer was distributed in different cities of Punjab. A total of 873 women took part in this survey and 70.1 percent were totally unaware of this cancer. Only 8.5% of the whole surveyed population knew accurately about cancer of cervix, 7% of the surveyed respondents correctly specified the human papilloma virus as the causative agent. Only 5.2% respondents were able to identify the Pap smear test as a diagnostic measure. Out of all the surveyed population only 4.3% of individuals were found to be vaccinated against this disease and the majority was found from the medical profession. Medical professionals, students, working women, housewives and uneducated individuals took active part in this survey. This study demonstrates a low level of awareness among Pakistani women and a need for an active campaign by media and government to increase understanding as well as introducing measures for improved prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.

Community perception regarding rabies prevention and stray dog control in urban slums in India

The lack of community awareness about rabies control is a major issue that thwarts efforts to prevent human deaths caused by rabies. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess community knowledge and attitudes about rabies, rabies prevention and stray dog control in an urban slum community and (2) to determine the factors that influence rabies awareness in urban slums. Using a systematic random sampling strategy, 185 participants were selected from 8 urban slums. The data were collected by direct interview using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. In the study population, 74.1% of the participants had heard about rabies, and 54.1% knew that rabies is a fatal disease. Only 33.5% of the interviewees felt that people in the community had a role to play in controlling the stray dog population. Gender, age and educational status were significantly associated with rabies awareness. Our study indicates that there are gaps in the knowledge and attitudes of individuals living in urban slums regarding rabies prevention and control. Efforts to promote awareness should be targeted at men, older people and uneducated individuals.

Poverty, the Underclass, and Immigration: Another Look at the Debate on Poverty

Author(s): Mueller, Elizabeth | Abstract: The current popular debate on poverty focuses on the underclass. Poverty is considered, in this context, a problem of unskilled, uneducated individuals or of groups ofpeople whose lifestyles mire them in poverty. In this article, the author argues that the focus on the underclass, and subsequent use of individually and culturally focused explanations for poverty, skew our understanding of the problem and divert our attention from appropriate policy responses. Using evidence from four different periods of immigration into Ameri­ can cities, an argument is presentecffor the importance ofstructural and institutional factors in understanding the success or failure of each group to find work and move up. The author concludes that these factors are better able to account for poverty and justify increased attention to structural conditions in poverty.

Reconstructing the Farm: Life Stories of Dutch Female Farmers

AbstractMy research asks: what are the lived experiences of female farmers in a Dutch agricultural community like the Netherlands? Although popular culture portrays most female farmers as uneducated individuals of lower socioeconomic status, the six women who I interviewed in the Netherlands over the course of a short ethnographic research study present life stories that complicate this stereotype. In my conversations with female farm owners in the Netherlands, it emerged that a patriarchal paradigm appears to persist in industrial, conventional agriculture, seeming to encourage larger numbers of women to own more small‐scale farms. While there is substantial existing research on rural women's historical roles in farming, I add additional layers to this work, through my analysis of the personal experiences of a small sample of women farmers in the contemporary Netherlands. These women, who consider farming their lifestyle, discuss their inspiration, challenges, successes, and passion for their chosen occupation. In attempting to balance traditional roles of labor versus domesticity, these women actively challenge the gender binary through experiences in motherhood and business ownership.

A Case for Including the “Lived Experience” of African American Men in Batterers’ Treatment

Influenced by the national attention that followed the violent episode between pop superstar Rihanna and hip-hop artist Chris Brown, this article explores the importance of including the psychosocial experiences of disenfranchised African American men in traditional intervention programs for batterers. The article provides an overview of how intimate partner violence affects African American women and discusses how racialized stereotypical images of this group—as promulgated by society, hip-hop and rap music—contribute to men’s sexist attitudes. The construct of race-related stress is discussed, highlighting the multiple ways in which men—particularly those who batter—are affected by racial oppression. Finally, implications for practice are suggested, highlighting how the confluence of gender oppression, race, racism, and patriarchy shapes African American men’s (especially poor and uneducated individuals) social construction of masculinity.

The Evolution of Groupwise Poverty in Madagascar, 1999-2005

This paper explores whether there exist differences in groupwise poverty in Madagascar; that is, whether there is a pattern over time of consistently poorer performance among sub-populations readily identifiable by one or more identity markers. Three key messages come out of this analysis. First, there exists a core type of household that remained persistently poor over the period 1999--2005. These households were largely not members of the dominant ethnic group, land poor, lived in remote areas, and were headed by uneducated individuals, most commonly women. Second, in addition to establishing the existence of persistent differences in poverty across groups, relative differences in returns to education, land and remoteness underscore the existence of differences within groups, as one characteristic affects the returns to another. Third, persistent differences in groupwise poverty are associated with multiple different identities, some of which are offsetting and some of which are reinforcing. For example, women's higher education tends to offset the disadvantages associated with being a head of household, while remoteness compounds the disadvantages associated with living in female-headed households. Copyright 2010 The author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.

Ivan Illich: True Learning and the Leisure Pursuit of Free People

Schole, the Greek word from which school derives, means “leisure” and is precisely what Ivan Illich defined as the condition for true learning. In his work Illich illuminated the hidden agenda of many well-regarded institutions that went unquestioned in the second half of the twentieth century. According to Illich, schooling was structured as an endless process of escalating rituals that had replaced the true sense of education and had imposed on developing countries unattainable standards development. 1 Illich’s critique of schooling addressed the impact of compulsory education on developing countries. He argued that governments in these countries were unable to meet the educational standards that industrialized nations had established, and that the rest of the world had adopted, as prerequisites for development. These goals, Illich claimed, were systematically contradicted by institutional results. Furthermore, people learned to blame themselves for failing to achieve the impossible. His core argument was that the educational system legitimized discrimination against uneducated individuals, maintained privileges through academic ranking, and initiated the individual into the rituals of consumption. Therefore compulsory education rationally and covertly justified inequality. A historian with theological intuition, Illich tested his axioms through the light of history and stressed the importance of freedom as well as scale and proportion in human life. His early work pointed to the reproduction of Catholic rituals in the educational system. In both cases, these rituals became an evil greater than the

The Evolution of Horizontal Inequalities in Madagascar, 1999-2005

This paper explores whether there exist persistent horizontal inequalities in Madagascar; that is, whether there is a pattern over time of consistently poorer performance among subpopulations readily identifiable by one or more identity markers. Three key messages come out of this analysis. First, there exists a core group of households that remained persistently poor over the 1999-2005 period. These households were land poor, lived in remote areas, and were headed by uneducated individuals, most commonly unmarried women. Second, in addition to establishing the existence of horizontal inequalities across groups, relative differences in returns to education and land holdings underscore the existence of vertical inequalities within groups, as one characteristic affects the returns to another. Third, persistent horizontal inequalities are associated with multiple different identities, some of which are offsetting and some of which are reinforcing. For example, women's higher education tends to offset (or even overcome) the disadvantages associated with being a permanent head of household, while being land poor compounds the disadvantages associated with remoteness.