Undulating Plateau Research Articles

A Contribution to the Flora of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Alwar District, Rajasthan

Sariska Tiger Reserve, one of the 15 Tiger reserves of India, is located in the undulating plateau lands and wide valleys of the hill ranges of Aravalli system, near the civil district of Alwar in Rajasthan. Established in the year 1978-79, it is about 140 km from Jaipur on Jaipur-Delhi State Highway and spreads over a total area of 800 sq. km with a core area of 498 sq. km. The reserve consisting of 37 forest blocks is a classic example of a rare amalgamation of natural history and archaeology. The 9th and 10th century ruins of the Siva temple of Grah Rajer, the Mediaeval fort of Kankwari and the Tomb of Lord Bhartrihari add to the grandeur of this reserve which abounds in wild life. The paper deals with a short history, Topography, Fauna & Vegetation of the area.

Grain-size and microstructure of the loess from closed depressions in the Nałęczów Plateau (East Poland)

<p>The investigation was conducted in the eastern part of the Nałęczów Plateau, a region of the Lublin Upland, in eastern Poland. The loess cover of this region was formed mainly during the last glaciation, and loess accumulation lasted until 15,000–12,000 BP. The undulating loess plateau with numerous oval-shaped closed depressions (CDs) is the main landform in the study area. Particle size distribution and SEM analyses were conducted for loess profiles under the bottoms and on the slopes of 4 CDs. Grain-size distribution characteristics as well as qualitative and quantitative micromorphological characteristics of the the loess forming the bottoms and slopes of the depressions were compared and discussed. It was documented that the differences between the loess forming the bottoms and slopes of the depressions are insignificant in the case of clay fraction content, but are considerable in the case of microstructure characteristics. The differences documented result from the impact of syn- and post-depositional diagenetic processes related mainly to suffosion and hydroconsolidation occurring under the influence of water. A quantitative assessment of the morphological effects of these processes was carried out in the context of the origin of closed depressions. The morphological effect of Holocene diagenetic processes was manifested in the deepening of the initial closed depressions formed previously under the influence of primary morphogenetic processes.</p>

Fluoride dynamics in hydrogeological diversity and Fluoride Contamination Index mapping: a correlation study of North Singbhum Craton, India

Fluoride is a colourless micro-nutrient which is highly required for the strong teeth and bones. The above and below the prescribed range (0.6–1.5 mg/l) of fluoride in drinking water is harmful or hazardous for human health. Granite gneiss and pegmatite are the natural sources of fluoride minerals in this North Singbhum Craton. Purulia district which is the extended part of Chhota Nagpur Gneissic complex hosts such fluoride bearing rocks and minerals. About 619 water samples were collected from different parts of the district. Different rock samples have been collected from exposed litho-strata with prominent geological structures through Garmin GPS Etrex 30x. Sample sites have been geocoded on SRTM DEM and rocks are tested in the laboratory to examine the concentration of fluoride ions. The study was conducted to identify the natural and anthropogenic sources of fluoride and find out the relationship among the fluoride, geology with structures, hydro-geomorphology, soil and aquifer. Lineament features have been extracted using different bands of two specific images, namely ETM and ASTER. Digital mapping techniques including spatial analysis are used to detect the geomorphological attributes using SRTM and ASTER DEM data with adequate ground verification. Finally, Fluoride Contamination Index (FCI) map has been prepared by Thomas L. Saaty (1984) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using weighted sum method (WSM) in the range between 1 and 10 on the basis of their percentage of contamination. The study shows that high and very high fluoride content (3.52–5.50 mg/l and more than 5.50 mg/l) is found in the undulating plateau with dissected valley while granite gneiss and pegmatite are the dominant fluoride bearing rocks. Fluoride minerals are being released from structural weak zones through various mobile agents and ultimately mixed into the soils and groundwater. The high and very high contaminated zones (37.79%) reveal moderate to good groundwater yield pockets of unconfined and semi-confined aquifers and larger population of these regions are exposed to fluoride vulnerability.

Analysis of Sediments in the North-East Morainic Upland Edge Zone in the Vicinity of Piaski Pomorskie (West Pomerania, NW Poland)

Abstract the aim of this article is the description of lithofacies characteristics of sediments forming the north-east part of the morainic upland edge zone in the vicinity of Piaski Pomorskie (west Pomerania). the paper undertake also an attempt to reconstruct paleogeographical conditions of the formation of moranic uppland edge. The diversification of glaciofluvial and fluvial processes during the phase of stagnation and recession of uppervistulian ice-sheet in the vicinity of Piaski Pomorskie (western Pomerania) led to the formation of a morainic upland edge distinctly marked in morphology The edge zone separates the undulating moraine plateau from a lower situated Dębnica River Valley. This area is mostly formed by fine-grained sands with occasional layers of a coarser fraction of gravel and coarse- and medium-grained sands. The observed type of low-angle cross-stratification and trough cross-stratification indicates the dominance of diversified energy depositional environment with considerable power of water as transporting medium. the research area was formed at the front of the ice-sheet, which receded from the nearby reach of the Pomeranian Phase of the weichselian glaciation.

Projection of Iron Ore Production

A comprehensive country-by-country projection of world iron ore production is presented along with alternative scenarios and a sensitivity analysis. The supply-driven modelling approach follows Mohr (Projection of world fossil fuel production with supply and demand interactions, PhD Thesis, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/6782, 2010) using an ultimately recoverable resource of 346 Gt of iron ore. Production is estimated to have a choppy plateau starting in 2017 until 2050 after which production rapidly declines. The undulating plateau is due to Chinese iron ore production peaking earlier followed by Australia and Brazil in turn. Alternative scenarios indicate that the model is sensitive to increases in Australian and Brazilian resources, and that African iron ore production can shift the peak date only if the African Ultimately Recoverable Resources (URR) is 5 times larger than the estimate used. Changes to the demand for iron ore driven by substitution or recycling are not modelled. The relatively near-term peak in iron ore supply is likely to create a global challenge to manufacturing and construction and ultimately the world economy.

Exploring the undulating plateau: the future of global oil supply

In this paper, we analyse the factors that will influence long-term oil supply and describe the future form of the global oil supply profile as an 'undulating plateau' rather than an irreversible, short-term peak or an ever upward trend of increasing production. The ultimate transition from a world of relatively plentiful and cheap oil to one of tight supply and high cost will be slow and challenging. An understanding of the signposts for the future path of supply and the drivers of that profile will be critical to managing the transition. The ultimate form of the global supply curve may well be dictated by demand evolution rather than a limited resource endowment in the longer term. Several factors will probably control future global oil supply. We believe that the scale of global oil resource will not constitute a physical supply limit for at least the next two or three decades. However, all categories of oil resources are already more expensive to develop than in the past, requiring high oil prices to stimulate supply growth. Lower rates of oil demand growth relative to economic growth, combined with more challenging supply growth, will probably lead to an undulating plateau sometime after 2040, with demand from non-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development states continuing to dominate. Upstream investment requirements and oil price volatility will increase towards and beyond the undulating production plateau. In this new world, high oil prices will induce demand destruction, fuel substitution and ever increasing energy efficiency. As we discuss below, the fundamental differences between the IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates' (IHS CERA) view of the future of oil supply and many peak oil supply models are the timing of the onset of a dramatic slowdown in the rate of growth of supply and the existence or otherwise of a production plateau. We do not dispute that supply will plateau and eventually fall; the question is when, how and at what price? As the plateau approaches, oil prices are likely to increase strongly, with some very severe spikes along the way.

Geospatial Approach in Assessing Agro-Climatic Suitability of Soybean in Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem

The present study demonstrated the method- ology to assess agro-climatic suitability of the soybean crop through integration of crop suitability based on FAO framework of land evaluation and biophysical (wa- ter limited) yield potential in the rainfed agro-ecosystem. A long term climatic database (1980-2003) was pre- pared to compute decadal rainfall and temperature var- iations of 13 IMD stations in part of Madhya Pradesh state. The climatic database was used in soil water bal- ance software-BUDGET to compute crop specific length of growing period (LGP) and biophysical produc- tion potential such as water limited crop yield potential of each soil types for soybean crop. Water limited crop yieldpotentialofsoilswerefoundtobevariedfrom33to 100 and LGP ranged from 65 to 180 days in the area. FAO based land suitability was analyzed in association with the water limited yield potential for better appraisal of land potential and assess their suitability in rainfed area. FAO basedland suitability indicated2.45% area as highly suitable and 57.49 % area as moderately suitable. However, integration of water limited crop yield poten- tial with FAO based land suitability lead to agro-climatic suitability analysis indicated 17.60 % and 40.03 % area, respectively as highly suitable and moderately suitable. FAO based land evaluation showed 88.13 % of plains as moderately suitable whereas agro-climatic suitability in- dicated only 47.79 %. Agro-climatic suitability analysis revealed undulating plateau and undulating plains as most suitable for soybean crop.

Degrowth, Expensive Oil, and the New Economics of Energy

In order to grow, industrial economies require a cheap and abundant supply of energy, especially oil. When the costs of oil increase significantly, this adds extra costs to transport, mechanised labour, and industrial food production, among many other things, and this pricing dynamic sucks discretionary expenditure and investment away from the rest of the economy, causing debt defaults, economic stagnation, recessions, or even longer-term depressions. That seems to be what we are seeing around the world today, with the risk of worse things to come. Since crude oil production has been on an undulating plateau since 2005 while demand has increased, this has put huge upward pressure on the price of oil, and several commentators have drawn the conclusion that these high oil prices signify the end or at least the twilight of economic growth globally. If the world is to deal effectively with the ecological and economic problems it is facing, we urgently need to infuse a new economics of energy into our economic thinking and economic systems, both at the local and macro-economic levels.

Loss of tribal land and displacement: Impact on women

India has the largest concentration of tribal population, second only to the African continent. Tribals are generally called ‘Adivasis’ implying ‘original Inhabitants’ of the land. They are notified as Scheduled Tribes (STs) by the President of India under Article 342 of the Constitution. However, the first notification was issued in 1950. The STs are indigenous, geographically isolated people, having their own unique culture, and of lower socio-economic conditions. There are as many as 573 tribes constituting about eight per cent of the country's population. Most of the tribal areas are hilly, inaccessible, undulating plateau lands in the forest areas of the country where general developmental programmes are not accessible. Due to this, infrastructure and development such as education, roads, healthcare, communication, drinking water, and sanitation is not readily possible. Thus, they lag behind other areas ¸which has resulted in a wide development gap between the tribals and the general population for a long time. Due to the backwardness and lower socio-economic status of the STs, the government has made affirmative policies and programmes, and also enacted laws. There are many constitutional safeguards for the welfare, development, and protection of STs in the country. Some of these are The Provision of (Panchayats Extension to the Scheduled Areas) PESA Act, 1996 that confers special powers to Gramsabha in 5th Scheduled Areas; the Forest Rights Act, the Land Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, and so on.

Periglacial evolution of slopes — Rock control versus climate factors (Cracow Upland, S. Poland)

This paper concerns the periglacial morphogenesis of slopes occurring on typical relief forms of the Cracow Upland, namely: 1) valleys with asymmetric slopes, 2) undulating plateau with monadnocks, and 3) the edge of the tectonic graben. The research aims to reconstruct denudation processes and slope relief development based on the analysis of slope deposit distribution. The analysis was carried out in the context of climate change during the last glacial cycle (the Upper Vistulian). Evolution of slopes in the investigated area is mainly conditioned by the geological setting, i.e. facies of Jurassic limestones, tectonics, and presence of karstic forms. On the other hand, climate intensified and stimulated the type of denudation processes. Intensive denudation occurred in conditions of cold and wet climate (in the phases of increasing and decaying permafrost). During extremely frosty and dry climate (in the phases of continuous permafrost) denudation processes declined, and loess deposition predominated. In places, the presence of soft deposits protected the substratum against weathering. The following types of slope evolution dominated: lateral recession, development of convex–concave slopes, slope flattening and elongation, and development of convex slope shapes. Steep slopes were laterally retreated. Gentle slopes were: a) lowered and elongated (especially on the substratum made up of inclined bedded limestones) and b) transformed into convex–concave slopes (on substratum made up of different facies of limestones). A convex profile in the lower part of gentle (deluvial) valley slopes originated as a result of cutting-down by river erosion.

Estudio comparativo de dos métodos de entrenamiento en la preparación de fuerza de los lanzadores Atléticos de la provincia Granma, durante el período precompetitivo

Este trabajo es el resultado de la tesis doctoral del autor que fue defendida en la Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canarias en España, para obtener el título de PhD en ciencias de la Cultura Física y el deporte en el mismo se expresan, los resultados obtenidos del estudio de la combinación de dos métodos de progresión de las cargas para la preparación de fuerza de los lanzadores atléticos de categorías escolares durante el periodo pre competitivo, donde la combinación más efectiva es la deondulado meseta, ya que le permite a los atletas de estas categorías una mejor recuperación desdeel punto de vista fisiológico, y se evidencia una mejora en los indicadores del desarrollo físico general y de la preparación física especial, lo que corrobora la hipótesis planteada en la investigación

The Future of Global Oil Production: Plateau or Peak?

Economist's Corner - Peter Jackson of Cambridge Energy Research Associates presents a macroeconomic perspective on the peak oil theory, introducing the concept of an undulating plateau.

Guest Editorial: Peak Oil Theory Could Distort Energy Policy and Debate

The "peak oil" debate continues to rage without any obvious progress. In essence, the peak oil lobby suggests, as it has been doing unsuccessfully for many years, that global production will soon reach a peak and then decline rapidly thereafter with dire global consequences. The "market view" of Cambridge Energy Research Assocs. (CERA), based on 2 decades of research, is also not a view of unlimited resources, but concludes that a plateau rather than a peak will occur—although not tomorrow—and that supply will not "run dry" soon thereafter. We hold that above-ground factors will play the major role in dictating the end of the age of oil. To summarize several primary conclusions:Based on a detailed bottom-up approach, CERA sees no evidence of a peak before 2030. Global production eventually will follow an undulating plateau for one or more decades before declining slowly. Global resources, including both conventional and unconventional oil, are adequate to support strong production growth and a period on an undulating plateau.Despite his valuable contribution, M. King Hubbert's methodology falls down because it does not consider likely resource growth, application of new technology, basic commercial factors, or the impact of geopolitics on production. His approach does not work in all cases—including on the United States itself—and cannot reliably model a global production outlook. For example, production in 2005 in the contiguous 48 states in the United States was 66% higher than Hubbert projected.The debate should now move toward a better understanding of the key drivers of production, including the scale of global resources and the likely production outlook, which form the core of current disagreements and confusion. At the same time, there is a need to identify the signposts that will herald the onset of the inevitable slowdown of production growth and to ensure that policymakers outside the energy community have a clear understanding of possible outcomes and risks. We respect the urgency and seriousness with which some with whom we disagree put their case. However, the peak oil theory causes confusion and can lead to inappropriate actions and turn attention away from the real issues. Oil is too critical to the global economy to allow fear to replace careful analysis about the very real challenges of delivering liquid fuels to meet the needs of growing economies. This is a very important debate, and as such it deserves a rational and measured discourse. Resource Availability Our analysis finds that the remaining global oil resource base is actually 3.7 trillion bbl—three times as large as the 1.2 trillion bbl estimated by peak oil theory proponents. The global resource base of conventional and unconventional oil, including both historical production of 1.1 trillion bbl and yet-to-be-produced resources, is 4.8 trillion bbl and is likely to grow. This analysis of global reserves and resources includes both conventional and unconventional oil, as well as estimates of both field-upgrade potential and yet-to-be-found resources. CERA's global liquids supply outlook is not one of endless abundance. Based on a range of potential scenarios and field-by-field analysis, world oil production will not peak before 2030, but the idea of a peak is itself a dramatic and highly questionable image.

A drainage morphological approach for water resources development of the sur catchment, Vidarbha region

Drainage channels as represented over the topographical maps of the Survey of India on scale 1:50,000 and depicted over the IRS-IB imageries (May 1993) and limited photographs are characterized in view of its areal, linear and abstract properties associated with the Archean gneissic plate of the Sur catchment spread over 983 km2. Morphological characteristics of the drainage lines as appear in shape, size, number and order, length, Dd, Sf, Rb, Is, II, Re, It and infiltration number are derived to trace its usefulness for surface water development. Chiefly dendritic, sub-dendritic and sub-parallel drainage patterns evolved out of the dissected hills, undulating plateau, pediplain and the gently sloping plain persisting under dry sub-humid climatic conditions at an elevation ranging from 246 to 580 m above MSL have given rise to situations suitable for good bunding sites mostly occurring at 3rd and 4th orders of streams for water resource development. Detailed analysis of dominant V order segments (Total 7) suggests high intensity of flood occurrence at a time at the outlet point of the streams indicated along the increased values of Dd, Sf, Rb and Re thereby cautioning proper bunding structure at sites marked on the map for irrigation of crops beyond rainy season.

Regolith geology of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: Implications for exploration

This paper presents and reviews the processes responsible for the distribution and formation of regolith and associated landscapes of the Yilgarn Craton and highlights their implications for mineral exploration. It provides an analysis of regolith geology investigations that were conducted in many districts of contrasting contemporary geomorphic and climatic conditions.The Yilgarn Craton is composed of Archaean rocks, predominantly granitoids, that are crossed by north‐northwest‐trending belts of greenstones. It has an arid to humid climate at present. The gently undulating landsurface forms a partial etchplain and the topography is largely related to bedrock lithologies and a complex history of valley development and aggradation. Deep weathering has affected most lithologies and geological provinces across the craton. The depth of the weathered mantle may be as much as 150 m, but it varies considerably and rock outcrop may occur in any part of the landscape. The main factors influencing extent of weather...

Chromosome Numbers for Three Mosses from Subantarctic Macquarie Island

Chromosome numbers are recorded for the first time for three moss species from Macquarie Island. They are the first reports worldwide for Notoligotrichum australe (Hook. f & Wils.) G. Smith n = 7, and Muelleriella crassifolia (Hook. f & Wils.) Dus. subsp. crassifolia n = ca 36, while the chromosome number n = 26 for Pottia heimii (Hedw.) Hampe confirms previous reports for this species. Subantarctic Macquarie Island, (54*30'S, 158*57'E) politically part of Tasmania, Australia, is located about 1,000 km southeast of Tasmania. Macquarie Island is oceanic in origin, an emergent portion of the ocean floor and a crest of the Macquarie Ridge. is geographically isolated, with a cool harsh climate that is relatively uniform throughout the year and buffetted by incessantly strong westerly winds. The island is elongate, 34 km long and up to 5.5 km wide and almost rectangular. It consists of an undulating plateau more than 200 metres above sea (Selkirk et al. 1990). Geographical isolation and the prevailing climate have limited the diversity of vegetation. Neither trees nor shrubs occur. Bryophytes, lichens, and lowgrowing vascular plants are important components of the vegetation. Bryophytes are found from sea level to the highest altitude (433 m) and in all habitats. In some vegetation types such as mire or feldmark, bryophytes may be the dominant component. The bryophyte flora includes some 80-85 moss species and about 50 hepatics (Selkirk et al. 1990). Many bryophytes are sterile, reproducing only asexually (Bergstrom & Selkirk 1987). MATERIALS AND METHODS Moss specimens bearing capsules were collected by D. M. Bergstrom from Macquarie Island in October 1984. These were maintained under cold conditions similar to that on the island and examined for meiosis. These were stained in aceto-carmine then slides made permanent after freezing on dry ice and mounting in euparal (Ramsay 1983). Voucher specimens are at NSW. Specimens examined. -Notoligotrichum australe--on track in exposed feldmark east of Prion Lake, 200 m elev., Ramsay 118/84; on peat exposure between overland track and Red River, 150 m Elev., Ramsay 115/84; 150 m contour mark on overland track, NW of overland track and Brothers track junction in gravel/peat Ramsay 116/ 84). Pottia heimii-in runoff area directly N of ANARE Station, 0.5 melev., Ramsay 114/84; 119/84. Muelleriella crassifolia on rock in coastal tussock SW side of Wireless Hill, 5.0 m elev., Ramsay 117/84. RESULTS AND DIScuSSIoN Chromosome numbers were obtained here for three moss species on Macquarie Island, one in each of the families Polytrichaceae, Pottiaceae, and Orthotrichaceae. The only previous chromosome count for a moss on Macquarie Island is n = 10 for Bryum argenteum cited in Seppelt and Selkirk (1984). A number of cytological studies of other subantarctic and antarctic mosses have been reported (Inoue 1976; Newton 1980; Ochyra 1985; Przywara et al. 1984). Polytrichaceae. --Notoligotrichum australe (Hook. f. & Wils.) G. Smith, n = 7, Fig. 1-4. Notoligotrichum australe is one of three members of the Polytrichaceae on Macquarie Island where it is widely distributed occurring often on gravelly substrates. also occurs along the southeastern tablelands of the Australian mainland and in Tasmania (Scott & Stone 1976; Streimann & Curnow 1989). There are no previous reports of a chromosome number for N. australe, but the chromosome number for two subantarctic species (as Psilopilum antarcticum (C. Muell.) Par. and P. trichodon (Hook. f. & Wils.) Mitt.) is n = 7 (Fritsch 1991). The chromosome number n = 7 (Fig. 1-3) was obtained for collections of N. australe from three separate localities. The sporocytes are relatively small, as are all Polytrichaceae when compared to other mosses. At metaphase I of meiosis the seven bivalents included three large and four smaller ones (Fig. 1, 2, 4). Early separation of some bivalents, 0007-2745/95/359-362$0.55/0 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.129 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 05:25:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 360 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 98

The last glaciation and relative sea level history of Northwest Ellesmere Island, Canadian high arctic

AbstractPhilips Inlet and Wootton Peninsula are located at 82°N and 85°W on the northwest coast of Ellesmere Island and are composed of three bedrock controlled zones: (1) 900 m undulating plateau dissected by fiords; (2) a deeply fretted cirque terrain >1200m; (3) a 300m plateau bounded by coastal cliffs. Each zone contains different glacier morphologies and these control glacigenic sediment and landform assemblages. The extent of the last glaciation is mapped using the distribution of moraines, kames, meltwater channels and glacimarine sediments. Glaciers advanced on average <10 km from their present margins and many piedmont lobes coalesced and floated in the sea. Morainal banks were deposited at the grounding lines of floating glaciers, and where debris‐charged basal ice occurred, subaqueous fans were deposited upon deglaciation. Marine shells dating 20.2 ka BP (<2km from present ice margin) and 14.9ka BP (from a morainal bank) document full glacial marine fauna. Thirty‐three radiocarbon dates document glacier retreat patterns and are used to reconstruct the postglacial sea level history (glacioisostatic rebound pattern). An equidistant shoreline diagram is constructed using the 8.5ka BP shoreline as a guide. Tilts from 0.73‐0.85m/km are calculated for this shoreline. Using two firm control points and tilts from elsewhere on northern Ellesmere Island, the 10.1 ka BP (full glacial) marine limit descends from 117m as at the fiord heads to 63 m asl at the north coast. Deglaciation started with a pronounced calving phase throughout the field area between 10.1 and 7.8ka BP. This chronology is similar to that from northeast Ellesmere Island and attests to an early Holocene warming trend recorded in high arctic ice cores. A maximum lag of 2.1 ka exists between the field area and locations to the south of the Grant Land Mountains suggesting differences in glacioclimatic regimes on either side of the mountain range. Persistent reconstructions of all‐pervasive ice sheets for the last glaciation of the area are obsolete and should be abandoned.

A Seal Hunter's Site on Tasman Island

 Tasman Island was named by Tasman in 1642 and is the site of a light - house constructed before 1906, being first lit in April that year. It is separated from the tip of Cape Pillar on Tasman Peninsula by 400 m of sea running through Tasman Passage. This is the southeastern-most extremity of Tasmania. On the gently undulating plateau surface of the island, rising to 280 m above the sea , a number of stone tools were found associated with skeletal remains of a seal( Arctocephalus sp.). The find is the first record of Aboriginal seal hunting in southeast Tasmania. Of the stone tools collected, four are made of cherty hornfels and  two are of dolerite.  The island was undoubtedly rich in food resources, mainly seals, penguins and muttonbirds.  Some edible plants occurring on the island are listed. The rugged aspect of the island and its isolation represents an extreme type of environment to be used by humans.

Mapping of the Isukasia sheet, southern West Greenland

Field work for the Isukasia map sheet north of Godthåbsfjord, started in 1981 (Allaart et al., 1982), was continued in 1982. A tent base camp was set up at the fjord Kangiussaq both summers. In 1982 seventeen fjeld teams and the glaciological station Qamanârssup sermia were supplied from the base by the GGU cutter J. F. Johnstrup and by a Jet Ranger helicopter based in Kangiussaq. Twelve mapping geologists worked on the two map sheets Ivisartoq and Isukasia, and five teams carried out ore geological, geochemical and geophysical investigations (see Appel, Chadwick et al., Jensen & Secher, and Secher, this volume). The field work was carried out from June 20th to August 28th. The Isukasia map sheet is situated north-east of the head of Fiskefjord, around the lake Taserssuaq. To the east it is bounded by the Inland lee, from which the glacier Sarqap sermia enters Taserssuaq. Most of the area is a lake strewn, undulating plateau at elevations between 500 and 800 m. Outcrops are generally good aIthough there are some Quaternary boulder fields, the largest of whieh extends over some 25 km2 in the north-east corner of the map sheet. The north-north-east trending Ataneq fauIt zone (see below), which oeeurs some 25 km east of Taserssuaq, separates an area of early Archaean rocks (induding the Isua supracrustals) from rocks to its west of probable late Archaean age. The younger rocks make up the bulk of the Isukasia map sheet.

University Influence on Regional Development: Example of a New Creation-The Louvain Catholic University at Louvain-La-Neuve

At 30 km from Brussels, a driver going from Brussels to Luxemburg on the E40 motorway, known as the Ardennes Motorway, will find a new lead-out signposted 'LouvainLa-Neuve-South'. This title, worthy of a big metropolis, may well intrigue anyone who has not closely followed the political history of Belgium. Louvain Catholic University (known as UCL) was created in 1425; its influence at national and international level contributed to the development of the city of Louvain. Intimately involved in recent decades in Belgian political history, the University could not escape the linguistic and community conflicts perturbing Belgium. It would take too long to detail here the political events which led the French section of this university, in 1968, to take the decision to leave the city of Louvain-Leuven in Flemish-situated in the Flemish part of the country, to set itself up on Walloon soil, not in an existing town but on an undulating plateau in 'Brabant Wallon'. One thing certain is that the influence of the University on regional development was but little perceived at the time when the decisions were made. Of course, the borough authorities who welcomed the University realised the importance it would have for their borough, but that was more a matter of local policy speculation than a design for regional development. Only a few minority voices pointed out the interest for the whole of Wallonia of this location of the old Alma Mater in the French-speaking part of the country. The parliamentary debates and legal texts which consecrated this new localisation in no way reflect the 'regional development' dimension of the problem. Furthermore, a divorce quite clearly appeared between the legislator's wish to confine the University to a campus in the open country, where the quality of the persons authorised to reside there could be carefully controlled, and the University's definitely stated wish to create a town, the social-cultured support indispensable to the proper balance of university life. For some of the professors, leaving Louvain was a big wrench, so it was necessary to propose a setting which would try to resemble it. The fact of appointing as principal town-planner the one who had so successfully restored the big 'Beguinage' in Louvain helped to bring together the nostalgics and those who, frightened by the revolutionary situation existing at that time-May 1968-on campuses, such as that of Nanterre, wished to insert the University in an urban framework. There students, considered as being a jarring element, would be blended with the townsfolk, seen as a more stable element.