Undiagnosed Prevalence Research Articles

HIV prevalence among cervical (pre)cancer diagnoses in Suriname: a retrospective population study.

To determine the prevalence of HIV in women with (pre)cancerous cervical lesions in Suriname and their retention in care. A retrospective population study including all women diagnosed with (pre)invasive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I to III or cervical cancer) in the only pathology department, during 2010-2020. The HIV test coverage and the HIV positivity ratio were determined through matching pathology data with the national HIV test database. The relation between retention in HIV care up to 2022 and different covariates was determined through Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank tests. There were 2 901 (1 395 CIN I, 396 CIN II, 444 CIN III, and 666 cervical cancer) diagnoses of (pre)invasive cervical neoplasia. An overall HIV test coverage of 57.5% and a positivity ratio of 5.8% were found, with no difference among the (pre)cancer stages. The undiagnosed prevalence (women not previously known HIV-positive at cervical diagnosis) was 1.6% and 2.9% among precancer and cancer diagnoses, respectively. The median time in care of women with cervical cancer was 8 months for those not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 4 years for those starting ART. Among women with precancer stages this was 5 and 10 years, respectively (p < 0.05). HIV testing, followed by treatment initiation when found HIV-positive, should be prioritized in women diagnosed with cervical neoplasia. This will enhance the individual clinical outcomes and facilitate the control of the HIV epidemic in Suriname.

Prevalence of Axial Spondyloarthritis in Young People With Chronic Low Back Pain at a Hospital-Based Health Management Organization: A 10-Year Database Study.

There is scarce information on the prevalence of axial spondylarthritis (axSpA) using the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria and even less in Latin America. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of axSpA by applying the ASAS 2009 criteria to a medical records review study of young people with chronic low back pain (LBP) at a university hospital-based health management organization. Electronic medical records from the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires health management organization were reviewed to estimate the prevalence of axSpA (radiographic axSpA [r-axSpA] and nonradiographic axSpA [nr-axSpA]) using the ASAS 2009 axSpA criteria in all patients with chronic LBP (≥3 months) aged <45 years at the first LBP appointment, observed between 2009 and 2019. Among 795 young people with CLBP, the estimated prevalence of axSpA was 5.78% (r-axSpA, 2.76%; nr-axSpA, 3.02%). Ten of 46 patients (21.74%) with axSpA (all nr-axSpA) were undiagnosed, with an undiagnosed axSpA prevalence of 1.26%. The median interval between the first LBP appointment and diagnosis was 34.6 months for axSpA (58.7 vs. 23.1 months for r-axSpA vs. nr-axSpA). Previously diagnosed r-axSpA and nr-axSpA patients had comparable use of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) (45% vs. 36%) and delays between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug failure and bDMARD initiation (median, 2.76 vs. 2.66 months). In our cohort of young persons with chronic LBP, the prevalence of axSpA was approximately 6%, with a high prevalence of undiagnosed axSpA, which could explain the low prevalence of axSpA reported in previous studies in Latin America.

Left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality in ethnic minority groups in the UK: e-ECHOES study.

Hypertension is the key modifiable cardiovascular risk factor but is underdiagnosed, and its scale in South Asian and African-Caribbean communities is unknown. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a measure of target organ damage in uncontrolled hypertension. The study assesses LVH prevalence in South Asian and African-Caribbean communities and its impact on mortality. This study is based on the large prospective UK community Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (E-ECHOES, age ≥45 years). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated using echocardiography to establish LVH. The predictive value of LVH all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was assessed using Cox regression. The study included 3200 South Asians (age 59 ± 10 years, 52% women, 45% had a history of hypertension, 5.8 ± 1.0-year follow-up). LVH was found in 1568 (49%), of whom 45% did not have hypertension diagnosis. On Cox regression, LVH was independently associated with all-cause mortality [hazard ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01-1.88], cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio 2.64, 95% CI 1.21-3.73). The projected overall hypertension prevalence was 82%, undiagnosed hypertension prevalence 37%. The study included 1858 African-Caribbeans (age 62 ± 12, 45% women, 45% had history of hypertension, 5.1 ± 0.9-year follow-up). LVH was found in 1186 (64%), of whom 32% did not have hypertension diagnosis. LVH was borderline associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.44), but not cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio 1.82, 95% CI 0.80-4.16). The projected overall hypertension prevalence was 78.5%, and undiagnosed hypertension prevalence was 20.8%. UK South Asians and African-Caribbeans have a high prevalence of hypertension, which is often underdiagnosed and poorly controlled.

Undiagnosed Brucellosis in Psychiatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Brucellosis, also known as malt fever, poses significant health and economic challenges across various regions worldwide, particularly in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. Objectives: This study aimed to identify cases of undiagnosed brucellosis among psychiatric patients. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Khozestan Province, Iran. The study aimed to investigate cases of undiagnosed brucellosis among psychiatric patients during the first six months of 2021. The diagnosis of brucellosis relied on standard tests, namely the Wright test, the Coombs-Wright test, and the two-mercaptoethanol test, which are widely recognized as reference techniques. In the endemic region of Iran, a positive titer of at least 1: 80 in the Wright test and titers of at least 1: 40 in the two-mercaptoethanol test are considered diagnostic criteria. The Coombs-Wright test is deemed positive when the titer is three dilutions higher than the Wright test titer in symptomatic patients. Results: A total of 225 patients admitted to psychiatric wards with psychiatric disorders underwent examination for brucellosis. The study revealed an undiagnosed brucellosis prevalence of 7.6% (n = 17). None of these patients had a recent or prior history of brucellosis, nor had they received any treatment for the disease. Among the seventeen patients, three reported experiencing typical and commonly observed symptoms of brucellosis, such as myalgia and arthralgia, during the clinical interviews. However, the remaining fourteen patients did not display any clinical symptoms typically associated with brucellosis, including myalgia, arthralgia, fever, and sweating. Instead, they solely exhibited psychiatric symptoms alongside their condition. Conclusions: Out of the 225 patients who were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, 17 individuals were found to have brucellosis. Remarkably, 14 out of these 17 patients did not exhibit typical symptoms associated with brucellosis, but rather only showed psychiatric symptoms as manifestations of the disease.

#3667 REVEAL-CKD: PREVALENCE OF UNDIAGNOSED STAGE 3 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL, CANADA AND SPAIN

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that affects &amp;gt;850 million people globally. Global clinical guidelines from K-DIGO recommend early CKD identification and management to mitigate disease progression. The REVEAL-CKD study aims to assess the prevalence of, and factors associated with, undiagnosed stage 3 CKD across 11 countries. Here we report data from 4 countries in 4 continents. Method REVEAL-CKD is a multi-national, observational study, using secondary data from electronic medical records (EMR) and claims data. For this analysis, data were extracted from Australian General Practices through Pen CS (Australia), University of Sao Paulo (Brazil), the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN) (Canada), and BIGPAC (Spain). The study cohort included patients aged ≥18 years with two consecutive estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values ≥30 and &amp;lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 recorded 91-730 days apart. The date of the second qualifying eGFR was the index date. Patients with no CKD diagnosis code before and up to 6 months after their index date were considered undiagnosed. The prevalence of undiagnosed CKD was calculated as the ratio of undiagnosed patients to all patients meeting the study inclusion criteria. Results The prevalence and baseline characteristics of undiagnosed Stage 3 CKD appear in Table 1. In all 4 countries, the undiagnosed prevalence was &amp;gt;80% and predominantly was more commonly observed in female patients, in patients aged &amp;gt; 65y, and remained high in patients with baseline comorbidities, particularly for those at highest risk of CKD (DM, CVD, HTN). Underreporting of CKD diagnosis in Brazil may be due to the inability to code for &amp;gt;1 condition in a patient. Conclusion These results indicate that a large proportion of patients across four world regions and who have biochemical evidence of early CKD lack a recorded diagnosis. An opportunity exists to identify, diagnose, and implement guideline-directed management for early CKD in order to delay its complications and improve clinical outcomes.

Contemporary prevalence estimates of undiagnosed and diagnosed atrial fibrillation in the United States.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) prevalence estimates vary and have been based on cohorts with clinically established or diagnosed disease. Undiagnosed AF prevalence estimates are less certain as they are based on nongeneralizable convenience samples. Because AF is often asymptomatic, it my remain undiagnosed until the development of complications such as stroke or heart failure. Consequently, the observed prevalence of diagnosed AF from the literature may underestimate total disease burden. We therefore sought to estimate the total prevalence of both diagnosed and undiagnosed AF. We performed a retrospective cohort study from 2012 to 2017 using data from five US medical claims data sets. Undiagnosed AF prevalence was estimated based on the observed incidence of ischemic stroke, systemic embolism (SE), and AF incidence after a stroke/SE. The diagnosed AF cohort included AF patients between Q1 2014 and Q3 2015. The undiagnosed AF cohort were patients with assumed undiagnosed AF in the year before a stroke/SE and who were newly diagnosed with AF in the 3-month poststroke/SE. Stroke/SE incidence was calculated among all AF patients and the ratio of number of undiagnosed AF patients to stroke rate was created. Age- and sex-adjusted estimates were stratified by period of assumed undiagnosed AF before poststroke/SE AF diagnosis (1 or 2 years). The estimated US prevalence of AF (diagnosed and undiagnosed) in Q3 2015 was 5 628 000 cases, of which 591 000 cases (11%) were undiagnosed. The assumed 2-year undiagnosed AF prevalence was 23% (1 531 000) of the total prevalent patients with AF (6 568 000). Undiagnosed (vs. diagnosed) AF patients were older and had higher CHA2DS2-VAScscores. Of undiagnosed AF, 93% had CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2 and met OAC criteria. These contemporary estimates demonstrate the high prevalence of undiagnosed AF in the United States. Undiagnosed AF patients are composed of primarily elderly individuals who if diagnosed, would meet criteria for stroke prevention therapy.

Prevalence and effects of sleep-disordered breathing on middle-aged patients with sedative-free generalized anxiety disorder: A prospective case-control study.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) share similar symptoms, such as poor sleep quality, irritability, and poor concentration during daily activities. This study aims to investigate the proportion of undiagnosed SDB and its impacts on anxiety severity and autonomic function in newly diagnosed, sedative-free GAD patients. This prospective case-control study included newly diagnosed GAD patients and control participants with matched age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) in Taiwan. All participants completed questionnaires for sleep and mood symptoms and a resting 5-min heart rate variability (HRV) examination during enrollment. The participants also used a home sleep apnea test to detect SDB. An oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ≥ 5 was considered indicative of SDB. In total, 56 controls and 47 newly diagnosed GAD participants (mean age 55.31 ± 12.36 years, mean BMI 23.41 ± 3.42 kg/m2) were included. There was no significant difference in the proportion of undiagnosed SDB in the control and sedative-free GAD groups (46.43 vs. 51.06%). Sedative-free GAD patients with SDB scored significantly higher on Beck Anxiety Inventory (23.83 ± 11.54) than those without SDB (16.52 ± 10.61) (p < 0.001). Both control and sedative-free GAD groups with SDB had worse global autonomic function than the control group without SDB, as evidenced by the HRV results (p < 0.05 for all). Average age 55 years and mean BMI 23 kg/m2 patients with GAD and matched controls had an undiagnosed SDB prevalence of approximately 50%. SDB correlated with worsening anxiety severity and reduced cardiac autonomic function. Moreover, age and BMI were considered major risk factors for predicting undiagnosed SDB.

Malnutrition among Hospitalized Children in the United States: A 2012-2019 Update of Annual Trends.

Malnutrition is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and increased health care utilization for hospitalized children. Yet pediatric malnutrition often goes undiagnosed and national prevalence research in this population is scarce. The aim was to assess change in the coded diagnosis of malnutrition (CDM) among US hospitalized children given increased awareness of the need for improved recognition and standardized diagnosis. Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis using nationally representative data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Our sample was 13.2 million hospitalizations from 2012 to 2019 among pediatric patients between age 1 month and 17 years. CDM using International Classification of Diseases Ninth and 10th Revision-Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. Descriptive statistics and sampling weights were used to estimate the national frequency and prevalence of CDM. Temporal trends in CDM overall and stratified by age, race/ethnicity, and hospital type were analyzed using joinpoint regression. CDM prevalence increased from 3.9% in 2012 to 6.4% in 2019. During this period, failure to thrive decreased from 40.6% to 23.3% of all cases with concomitant increases in the diagnosis of protein-calorie malnutrition and children identified with more than one malnutrition subtype. Differences in CDM diagnoses are evident by hospital type, race/ethnicity, and age of the patient. Although pediatric malnutrition continues to be underdiagnosed in hospital settings, this study demonstrates improvement over time. There continues to be a need for continued professional education regarding best practices for diagnosis to improve health care provider knowledge and self-efficacy on this topic, especially in nonteaching hospitals.

Prevalence of undiagnosed HIV among children in South Africa, Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe: a model-based analysis to inform paediatric HIV screening programmes.

To improve the diagnosis and survival of children living with HIV (CLWH), the World Health Organization recommends testing approaches beyond traditional infant HIV testing programmes. Information about undiagnosed HIV prevalence among children of varying ages in the general population is needed to guide innovative national/subnational case-finding and testing approaches. We used the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC)-Pediatric model to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV in 2-, 5- and 10-year-old children in South Africa, Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe in 2018. We simulated cohorts of children born in 2008 (10-year-olds), 2013 (5-year-olds) and 2016 (2-year-olds). Country-/year-specific inputs for pregnant/breastfeeding women included: HIV prevalence (4.2-32.3%), HIV incidence (0.03-0.24%/month), knowledge of HIV status (27-89%) and antiretroviral drug coverage (36-95%). Paediatric inputs included early infant testing coverage (6-95%) and breastfeeding duration (0-20 months). We projected the proportion of surviving CLWH in whom HIV remained undiagnosed and the undiagnosed HIV prevalence among surviving children of each age in the general population. For children born in 2016, we projected survival and diagnosis of all CLWH through 2026. We conducted sensitivity analyses on model parameters. In 2018, the projected proportion of surviving CLWH whose HIV remained undiagnosed in South Africa/Côte d'Ivoire/Zimbabwe was 44.2%/55.8%/52.9% among 2-year-old CLWH; 29.0%/37.8%/33.2% among 5-year-old CLWH; and 18.3%/25.4%/23.1% among 10-year-old CLWH. Projected general population undiagnosed HIV prevalence in South Africa/Côte d'Ivoire/Zimbabwe was 0.44%/0.32%/0.68% among 2-year-olds; 0.25%/0.17%/0.41% among 5-year-olds; and 0.24%/0.14%/0.38% among 10-year-olds. Among all CLWH born in 2016, 50-54% were projected to die without HIV diagnosis (and subsequently without treatment) within 10 years after birth; 80-85% of these deaths occurred in the first 2 years. Projected population-level undiagnosed HIV prevalence is low and sharply decreases after age 2, with more CLWH dying than being diagnosed. Despite low undiagnosed prevalence in the general population of older children, we project that a large proportion of CLWH remain undiagnosed, suggesting that innovative strategies targeting untested children of all ages outside of health facility settings should be prioritized. Programmes could consider routine testing of the general population of children below 2 in all settings and children of all ages in high-prevalence settings.

EE261 Economic Burden of Hemophilia B Patients in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review

Hemophilia B (HB) is a rare X-linked congenital bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency of coagulation factor IX (FIX). Diagnosed and undiagnosed prevalence rates per 100,000 males are 2.57 and 1.14 for HB in 2020, USA, respectively. Though HB affects only a small portion of population, it imposes high overall cost and financial burden on individuals, payers, and society in general. Current systematic literature review (SLR) aimed to summarize the economic burden reported in patients with HB.

Undetected prevalence of urinary incontinence among middle-aged women and its association with quality of life

INTRODUCTION: The study was conducted to determine the undiagnosed prevalence of urinary incontinence and its association with the quality of life in middle-aged and older women. METHODS: The sample of the study consisted of women aged 40 years or above who were admitted to a tertiary care center between March and July 2019. The data were collected by face-to-face interview method. “International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF)” and “Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire (I-QOL)” were used to collect data on urinary incontinence and quality of life. RESULTS: The screened sample included 140 women (mean age: 60.6 ± 11.3 years). Urinary incontinence was detected in 90 subjects (64.3%). Urinary incontinence complaints were present for an average of four years. Self-rated effect on daily life was moderate (ICIQ-SF: 5.0 ± 2.5), and more than half of them (64.4%) did not consider urinary incontinence as a health issue, More than half (62.9%) did not admit for prefossional care for many reasons. The average score was 85.0 ± 14.7 from the

Investigating the global prevalence and consequences of undiagnosed stage 3 chronic kidney disease: methods and rationale for the REVEAL-CKD study.

ABSTRACTBackgroundTimely diagnosis and treatment of stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) can prevent further loss of kidney function and progression to kidney failure. However, contemporary data on the global prevalence of undiagnosed stage 3 CKD are scarce. REVEAL-CKD is a multinational, multifocal and observational study aiming to provide insights into undiagnosed stage 3 CKD in a large population.MethodsPatients (aged ≥18 years) with data in selected secondary databases from 11 countries will be included if they have at least two estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurements from 2015 onwards that are ≥30 and <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, recorded >90 and ≤730 days apart. Undiagnosed cases are those without an International Classification of Diseases 9/10 diagnosis code for CKD (any stage) any time before and up to 6 months after the second qualifying eGFR measurement. Time to diagnosis will be assessed using a Kaplan–Meier approach; patient characteristics associated with undiagnosed CKD will be assessed using adjusted logistical regression analyses.ResultsREVEAL-CKD will assess the point prevalence of undiagnosed stage 3 CKD and time to CKD diagnosis in initially undiagnosed cases overall and in individual countries. Trends in undiagnosed CKD prevalence by calendar year will be assessed. Patient characteristics, healthcare resource utilization, adverse clinical outcomes, and CKD management and monitoring practices in patients with versus without a CKD diagnosis will be compared.ConclusionsREVEAL-CKD will increase awareness of the global clinical and economic burden of undiagnosed stage 3 CKD and provide valuable insights to inform clinical practice and policy changes.

Haemoglobin A1c-based screening for prediabetes and diabetes mellitus: a multi-center study in Croatian adult population.

IntroductionBased on the hypothesis that there is a substantial rate of adults with prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM), our aim was to perform haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)-based screening in a cohort of Croatian adults and estimate the prevalence of prediabetes and undiagnosed DM according to American Diabetes Association criteria.Materials and methodsThis multi-center, cross-sectional study performed in six Croatian hospitals included 5527 patients aged 40 to 70 years admitted to the Emergency Department or undergoing a primary care check-up. Haemoglobin A1c was measured from leftover whole blood samples using the enzymatic method on either Alinity c or Architect c-series analyser (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, USA). Haemoglobin A1c between 39-47 mmol/mol was classified as prediabetes, while ≥ 48 mmol/mol as undiagnosed DM.ResultsAfter exclusion of 435 patients with known DM, the final cohort included 5092 patients (median age 57; 56% males). A total of 882 (17.3%) patients had HbA1c values between 39 and 47 mmol/mol. There were 214 (4.2%) patients with HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol. Prediabetes prevalence ranged from 14.2% to 20.5%, while undiagnosed DM from 3.3% to 7.3%, with statistically significant differences among settings (P < 0.001). Age-stratified analysis showed that prediabetes and undiagnosed DM prevalence increase with age (P < 0.001), being 25.4% and 5.8%, respectively, in patients aged 60 to 70 years.ConclusionUnderlying impairment of glucose metabolism was identified in about one in five adults, with significant number of patients with already overt DM. These results should serve as a starting point for further steps directed towards promotion of preventive measures for DM in Croatia.

Trends in undiagnosed HIV prevalence in England and implications for eliminating HIV transmission by 2030: an evidence synthesis model

SummaryBackgroundA target to eliminate HIV transmission in England by 2030 was set in early 2019. This study aimed to estimate trends from 2013 to 2019 in HIV prevalence, particularly the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV, by exposure group, ethnicity, gender, age group, and region. These estimates are essential to monitor progress towards elimination.MethodsA Bayesian synthesis of evidence from multiple surveillance, demographic, and survey datasets relevant to HIV in England was used to estimate trends in the number of people living with HIV, the proportion of people unaware of their HIV infection, and the corresponding prevalence of undiagnosed HIV. All estimates were stratified by exposure group, ethnicity, gender, age group (15–34, 35–44, 45–59, or 60–74 years), region (London, or outside of London) and year (2013–19).FindingsThe total number of people living with HIV aged 15–74 years in England increased from 83 500 (95% credible interval 80 200–89 600) in 2013 to 92 800 (91 000–95 600) in 2019. The proportion diagnosed steadily increased from 86% (80–90%) to 94% (91–95%) during the same time period, corresponding to a halving in the number of undiagnosed infections from 11 600 (8300–17 700) to 5900 (4400–8700) and in undiagnosed prevalence from 0·29 (0·21–0·44) to 0·14 (0·11–0·21) per 1000 population. Similar steep declines were estimated in all subgroups of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and in most subgroups of Black African heterosexuals. The pace of reduction was less pronounced for heterosexuals in other ethnic groups and people who inject drugs, particularly outside London; however, undiagnosed prevalence in these groups has remained very low.InterpretationThe UNAIDS target of diagnosing 90% of people living with HIV by 2020 was reached by 2016 in England, with the country on track to achieve the new target of 95% diagnosed by 2025. Reductions in transmission and undiagnosed prevalence have corresponded to large scale-up of testing in key populations and early diagnosis and treatment. Additional and intensified prevention measures are required to eliminate transmission of HIV among the communities that have experienced slower declines than other subgroups, despite having very low prevalences of HIV.FundingUK Medical Research Council and Public Health England.

Evaluating Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Tests in Adult Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnostic Strategies: A Côte d'Ivoire Modeling Analysis.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnostic strategy requires 6 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Point-of-care nucleic acid tests (POC NATs) are costlier, less sensitive, but more specific than RDTs.MethodsWe simulated a 1-time screening process in Côte d’Ivoire (CI; undiagnosed prevalence: 1.8%), comparing WHO- and CI-recommended RDT-based strategies (RDT-WHO, RDT-CI) and an alternative: POC NAT to resolve RDT discordancy (NAT-Resolve). Costs included assays (RDT: $1.47; POC NAT: $27.92), antiretroviral therapy ($6–$22/month), and HIV care ($27–$38/month). We modeled 2 sensitivity/specificity scenarios: high-performing (RDT: 99.9%/99.1%; POC NAT: 95.0%/100.0%) and low-performing (RDT: 91.1%/82.9%; POC NAT: 93.3%/99.5%). Outcomes included true-positive (TP), false-positive (FP), true-negative (TN), or false-negative (FN) results; life expectancy; costs; and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs: $/year of life saved [YLS]; threshold ≤$1720/YLS [per-capita gross domestic product]).ResultsModel-projected impacts of misdiagnoses were 4.4 years lost (FN vs TP; range, 3.0–13.0 years) and a $5800 lifetime cost increase (FP vs TN; range, $590–$14 680). In the high-performing scenario, misdiagnoses/10 000 000 tested were lowest for NAT-Resolve vs RDT-based strategies (FN: 409 vs 413–429; FP: 14 vs 21–28). Strategies had similar life expectancy (228 months) and lifetime costs ($220/person) among all tested; ICERs were $3450/YLS (RDT-CI vs RDT-WHO) and $120 910/YLS (NAT-Resolve vs RDT-CI). In the low-performing scenario, misdiagnoses were higher (FN: 22 845–30 357; FP: 83 724–112 702) and NAT-Resolve was cost-saving.ConclusionsWe projected substantial clinical and economic impacts of misdiagnoses. Using POC NAT to resolve RDT discordancy generated the fewest misdiagnoses and was not cost-effective in high-performing scenarios, but may be an important adjunct to existing RDT-based strategies in low-performing scenarios.

Prevalence of Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes Among Kuwaiti Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

PurposeThis study aimed to estimate the prevalence of prediabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) according to fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (PG) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among a sample of Kuwaiti adults. In addition, associations of prediabetes and undiagnosed T2DM with sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed.MethodsA cross-sectional study enrolled 1238 subjects aged 18–65 years who reported no prior history of DM. After overnight fasting, FPG and HbA1c were measured in the total study sample, and 2-h PG during a 75-g OGTT was measured in a subsample of 155 subjects. Prediabetes and undiagnosed T2DM were defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Associations were assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation, and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated.ResultsWe enrolled a total of 618 males and 620 females, with an average age of 43.0 years. The prevalence of prediabetes was estimated to be 47.9% (588/1228) by FPG, 36.8% (57/155) by 2-h PG OGTT, and 31.0% (355/1144) by HbA1c. The prevalence of undiagnosed T2DM was 6.9% (85/1228) by FPG, 11.0% (17/155) by 2-h PG OGTT, and 4.9% (56/1144) by HbA1c. Sex-related differences in the prevalence of prediabetes and undiagnosed T2DM were observed. Prediabetes and undiagnosed T2DM prevalence estimates showed increasing trends as age and BMI increased. For instance, obese subjects compared to under/normal weight subjects had an increased HbA1c-defined prediabetes prevalence (aPR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.21–2.16).ConclusionPrediabetes and undiagnosed T2DM affect a considerable proportion of Kuwaiti adults, and variations across sex, age, and BMI exist. Hence, early identification and management of affected individuals may help reduce the public health burden.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the community using data from OxRen: a UK population-based cohort study.

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a largely asymptomatic condition of diminished renal function, which may not be detected until advanced stages without screening.AimTo establish undiagnosed and overall CKD prevalence using a cross-sectional analysis.Design and settingLongitudinal cohort study in UK primary care.MethodParticipants aged ≥60 years were invited to attend CKD screening visits to determine whether they had reduced renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or albumin:creatinine ratio ≥3 mg/mmol). Those with existing CKD, low eGFR, evidence of albuminuria, or two positive screening tests attended a baseline assessment (CKD cohort).ResultsA total of 3207 participants were recruited and 861 attended the baseline assessment. The CKD cohort consisted of 327 people with existing CKD, 257 people with CKD diagnosed through screening (CKD prevalence of 18.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 16.9 to 19.6), and 277 with borderline/transient decreased renal function. In the CKD cohort, 54.4% were female, mean standard deviation (SD) age was 74.0 (SD 6.9) years, and mean eGFR was 58.0 (SD 18.4) ml/min/1.73 m2. Of the 584 with confirmed CKD, 44.0% were diagnosed through screening. Over half of the CKD cohort (51.9%, 447/861) fell into CKD stages 3–5 at their baseline assessment, giving an overall prevalence of CKD stages 3–5 of 13.9% (95% CI = 12.8 to 15.1). More people had reduced eGFR using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation than with CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation in the 60–75-year age group and more had reduced eGFR using CKD-EPI in the ≥80-year age group.ConclusionThis study found that around 44.0% of people living with CKD are undiagnosed without screening, and prevalence of CKD stages 1–5 was 18.2% in participants aged >60 years. Follow-up will provide data on annual incidence, rate of CKD progression, determinants of rapid progression, and predictors of cardiovascular events.

Prevalence of Red Cell Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency: A Systematic Literature Review

Introduction: Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a rare congenital disorder caused by compound heterozygosity or homozygosity for &amp;gt;300 mutations in the PKLR gene. The resulting glycolytic defect can lead to lifelong chronic hemolysis and associated symptoms, including anemia, jaundice, and iron overload. Reports of PKD prevalence vary, likely due to several factors, including PKD rarity, differences in measurement approaches, diagnostic challenges, and variable clinical expression. To understand the prevalence of PKD, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify and evaluate analyses of PKD epidemiology or PKLR mutant allele frequency (MAF). Methods: We queried Embase and Medline, screened conference abstracts, and considered relevant articles encountered incidentally to identify peer-reviewed references published before January 23, 2019 reporting PKD prevalence or incidence, PKLR MAF among the general population, or crude results from which prevalence, incidence or MAF could be derived. Two independent reviewers screened for eligibility and extracted data from eligible studies using a custom tool. Results: Of 1390 references screened, 1296 were excluded after title/abstract review (Figure). Of the remaining 94 references, 34 met eligibility criteria on full text review. In 30/34 eligible studies, potential sources of bias in PKD prevalence were identified, such as a non-generalizable study population (e.g., malaria-endemic areas; n=17), use of diagnostic assays of questionable accuracy (n=9), consideration of mutations with incomplete penetrance (n=3), and consideration of mutations with unclear clinical significance (n=1). The remaining 4 studies were considered high-quality for the estimation of PKD prevalence and were further assessed. Among these 4 studies, an important distinction was made between studies reporting diagnosed prevalence (n=3) and overall disease prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed PKD; n=1). Two studies estimated diagnosed PKD prevalence as 3.2 per million[i] and 8.5 per million[ii] by identifying diagnosed PKD cases from source populations of known size. We estimated the prevalence of diagnosed PKD in a general population to be 6.5 per million using data from another high-quality study[iii] that screened newborns for bilirubin and tested jaundiced newborns for PKD. These 3 studies are likely underestimates because they only consider diagnosed cases, and in one study only diagnosed, jaundice cases. In the final study,[iv] the authors sought to limit biases related to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) assumption, as HWE incorrectly assumes the penetrance of each mutation is 100%. To address this, the authors identified a mutation known to have high penetrance (c.1529G&amp;gt;A), referred to as the 'index mutation'. They then assumed that the frequency of the index mutation relative to other PKD-causing mutations is the same between the general population and PKD cases, which led to a prevalence estimate (diagnosed and undiagnosed) of 51 per million (standard error: 32.5 per million). Conclusions: We consider the likely range of diagnosed PKD prevalence in general Western populations to be 3.2 to 8.5 per million. However, diagnosed and undiagnosed PKD prevalence may be as high as 51 per million. Future studies are needed to understand the clinical significance of various mutant alleles, which may inform more accurate, clinically-relevant PKD prevalence estimates, identify the degree of and reasons for underdiagnosis, and elucidate PKD heterogeneity between populations.

Estimates of the HIV undiagnosed population in Belgium reveals higher prevalence for MSM with foreign nationality and for geographic areas hosting big cities

IntroductionIncreasing our knowledge on geographic areas and key populations most affected by HIV is essential to improve prevention and care and to ensure a more focused HIV response. Here, we estimated the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infections in Belgium and its distribution across geographic areas and exposure groups.MethodsWe used surveillance data on newly diagnosed HIV cases and a previously developed back‐calculation model to estimate number and prevalence rates (per 10000) of undiagnosed HIV infections by exposure group at national and subnational levels. Belgium consists of three regions: Flanders, Brussels‐Capital Region and Wallonia. We produced estimates for Brussels‐Capital Region and Wallonia. For Flanders, we produced estimates for two sub‐regional areas: the province of Antwerp and the other provinces, because Antwerp is the second largest city after Brussels. Population sizes were determined using data from the Belgian Statistical Office and surveys on sexual behaviour and drug use.ResultsIn Belgium, in 2015, an estimated 2818 (95% confidence interval: 2494 to 3208) individuals were living with undiagnosed HIV, that is, 15% of individuals living with HIV. The Brussels‐Capital Region and the province of Antwerp, which host the two biggest cities, accounted for ~60% of the undiagnosed infections, and had the highest undiagnosed prevalence rates per 10000: 12.0 (9.4 to 15.3) and 7.4 (5.6 to 9.8) respectively. Individuals with foreign nationality accounted for 56% of the total number of undiagnosed infections, and were the most affected populations in all areas in terms of undiagnosed prevalence rates. Specifically, men who have sex with men (MSM) with non‐European nationality were the most affected population in the province of Antwerp (853.4 (408.2 to 1641.9) undiagnosed infections per 10000), the Brussels‐Capital Region (543.9 (289.1 to 1019.1)), and the other provinces of Flanders (691.7 (235.5 to 1442.2)), while in Wallonia, it was heterosexual women with Sub‐Saharan African nationality (132.2 (90.6 to 178.5)).ConclusionsGeographic areas hosting the biggest cities in Belgium accounted for the vast majority of undiagnosed HIV infections and individuals with foreign nationality were the most affected, especially MSM with non‐European nationality. This should be accounted for when tailoring prevention and testing programs. Furthermore, MSM with foreign nationality require more attention in Belgium, and certainly more generally in Europe.

A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Prevalence of Adult Thyroid Dysfunction Disorders in Jordan.

Background: Insufficient production of thyroid hormones results in hypothyroidism, while overproduction results in hyperthyroidism. These are common adult disorders, with hypothyroidism more common in the elderly. Jordan has had past problems with dietary iodine deficiency but there are no published studies assessing the population prevalence of these disorders in the Arab Middle East. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three representative areas of Jordan. There were 7085 participants with a mean age of 40.8 years. Participants completed a questionnaire and had blood taken for thyroid analysis. Results:Hypothyroidism: The prevalence of any hypothyroidism (already diagnosed and/or identified by blood testing) was 17.2% in females and 9.1% in males. Undiagnosed prevalence was 8% and 6.2% for females and males, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as high serum thyrotropin (TSH) and normal serum-free thyroxine (fT4), was 5.98% among females and 4.40% among males. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, defined as high TSH and low fT4, was 2.00% among females and 1.80% among males. Only 53.5% (55.3% for females, 42.1% males) of those previously diagnosed with hypothyroidism had TSH levels within the appropriate range. Hyperthyroidism: The prevalence of any hyperthyroidism (already diagnosed and/or identified by blood testing) was 1.8% in females and 2.27% in males. The undiagnosed prevalence was 1.4% and 2.1% for females and males, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism (low TSH and normal fT4) was 1.20% and 1.80% among males and females accordingly. The prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism (low TSH and high fT4) was 0.2% among females and 0.3% among males. About 85.7% (83.3% for females, 100% males) of those previously diagnosed with hyperthyroidism had TSH levels within the appropriate range. Conclusions: The results of this study reveal that the total prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among adult females and males in Jordan is very high compared with international statistics, particularly in the rates of undiagnosed cases. This indicates the need for further assessment of the value of screening for adult hypothyroidism in Jordan.