Undesirable Flavor Changes Research Articles

Role of chemistry in modern world: Boons and banes of chemical coating effects on human health

Water is the principal component of fresh fruits and Vegetable which constitutes between 80 to 90% of a produce's fresh weight. Fruits are covered by a layer of natural wax which acts as a barrier to reduce moisture loss and at the same times give the fruit a shiny surface. Besides orange shellac, other common materials used for these purposes include starch, carrageenan, alginates, wood rosin and various waxes. Panko breadcrumbs are crucial to the vegetables being very crispy. The coatings are typically made from natural materials, such as CHI, cellulose, and pectin that are safe for human consumption. The multilayer coating method has been shown to be effective in extending the shelf life of a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables, including apples, strawberries, tomatoes, and cucumbers. Both natural waxes (carnauba, shellac, beeswax or resin) and petroleum-based waxes (usually proprietary formulae) are used, and often more than one wax is combined to create the desired properties for the fruit or vegetable being treated. However, chemical treatments, such as copper sulfate, rhodamine oxide, malachite green, and deadly carbide, used on green vegetables to enhance coloration and freshness, are often counterproductive to their nutritional value. There is multiple health risks associated with these chemicals. This study reveals that food preservatives have made a big difference in eating food every day. They help keep the food safe because they add these chemicals to prevent spoilage and retard prevent or control undesirable changes in flavor, color, texture, or consistency of food and nutritive value of food which means the Control natural spoilage of food.

Development and characterization of a high quality plum tomato essence

A tomato essence was developed for potential flavor enhancement of juices and other tomato products. The changes in the flavor profile that occur during tomato processing in plum tomatoes were characterized and compared using purge and trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PT-GC–MS). The pilot tomato juices mostly suffered losses in green and fruity note-related compounds. Of the four essence fractions produced, Fractions 1 and 2 were most complementary to the undesirable flavor changes encountered during thermal processing. Fraction 1 was characterized as a “green tomato note”, with substantially higher amounts of 2-isobutylthiazole, α-citral, hexanal, 3-hexen-1-ol, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; Fraction 2 was described as a “fruity tomato note” with relatively percentage change of compounds; and Fractions 3 and 4 were described as “cooked tomato note” and “faint tomato note”, respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of adding tomato essence to impart desirable flavor attributes to processed tomato products.

Fortification of Cheddar cheese with vitamin D does not alter cheese flavor perception

Currently, dietary guidelines for vitamin D consumption are under review, considering new information that >50% of the US population is vitamin D deficient, and may lead to a recommendation of a higher dietary intake of this vitamin. Vitamin D fortification of cheese aims to improve the current availability of fortified dairy foods beyond liquid milk. However, cheese is susceptible to undesirable flavor changes during long-term cheese ripening, and cheese bacteria and enzymes may degrade added vitamins. To test the retention of vitamin D3 in Cheddar cheese curd, cheese milk was fortified initially during manufacture at a level of 150 IU/serving, using commercial sources that contained vitamin D3 in powder, oil, or emulsion form, with and without homogenization of the fortified milk. When fortification was done directly to the cheese milk, we found that more than 80% vitamin D3 was retained in cheese curd, irrespective of homogenization or form of fortification. Further, Cheddar cheese was fortified with the emulsion form of vitamin D3 directly in cheese milk at 200 and 400 IU/serving to test stability and flavor changes. Vitamin D3 fortified in this manner was stable for up to 9 mo in Cheddar cheese. Consumer acceptance and descriptive analysis of flavor profiles of cheese were also conducted and showed that vitamin D3 fortified cheeses were equally liked by consumers, and cheese taste and flavor remained unaltered with vitamin D3 addition even after aging for 9 mo.

감마선 조사된 시판 분말수프의 가속저장 중 미생물학적.관능적 특성

시판 인스턴트 건조 분말수프의 유통 및 저장 중 위생화를 목적으로 감마선 조사한 다음 가속조건(60℃, 2주)에 저장중 미생물 농도와 관능적 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 시료수프의 미생물 농도에서 효모, 곰팡이 및 대장균군은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않으나 총 세균은 3.22～3.77 log CFU/g 수준으로 나타났으며, 감마선 조사선량이 증가할수록 미생물 농도가 유의적으로 감소하여 3 kGy 이상의 감마선 조사군에서는 100 CFU/g 이하로 감균이 가능하였으며, 가속저장동안 모든 군에서 저장초기와 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p＜0.05). 관능평가 결과, 비조사구에 비해 조사구에서 향, 맛 및 전체적인 기호도가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 (p＜0.05), 60℃에서 2주간 저장후에는 색, 향, 풍미, 전반적 기호도에서 관능평점이 낮아졌다. 이상의 결과에서 시판 인스턴트 건조 분말수프의 위생화를 목적으로 관능적 품질변화를 최소화하고 미생물학적 저장안정성을 확보하기 위한 방사선 조사선량은 3 kGy인 것으로 사료되며, 수프 제품의 관능적 기호도를 유지하기 위한 연구가 요망된다.

438 Optimization of a SPME Method for Flavor Characterization in Fresh-cut Cantaloupe

Fresh-cut melons in many consumer-ready packages are notorious for “wetting” and accumulation of standing juices. These conditions likely create undesirable flavor and aroma changes. We initiated a study to investigate flavor changes in stored fresh-cut cantaloupe. One objective was to optimize solid phase microextraction (SPME) to evaluate organoleptic compounds. Static head-space SPME analyses were performed on fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes (≈2.5 mm, 5 mm, or 2.5 cm), expressed juice, and homogenized slurries. SPME fiber (100 μm PDMS vs. 75 μm Carboxen/PDMS) exposure time (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20 min) was evaluated at 40 °C with various head-space: product ratios, plus or minus NaCl to produce typical chromatograms. Fibers were desorbed in an HP5890 GC with a DB-624 or DB-5 column for 45-min runs and an HP6890 GC (DB-5) equipped with a 5973 MS detector for 35-min runs. Albeit qualitative, the best chromatograms were obtained with 7-ml slurries, stirred with NaCl, exposed to a 10 0μm PDMS SPME fiber for 12.5 min. The 100 μm PDMS fiber produced better chromatograms considering the fact that many important flavor volatiles are low-molecular-weight polar esters and alcohols. These conditions were subsequently used to analyze numerous fresh-cut cantaloupe samples stored various times (0 to 9 days). Over 100 peaks were identified, many of which changed through storage and some are suspected as probable agents responsible for undesirable flavor changes. Our analyses are progressing in an attempt to authenticate compounds associated with flavor-related changes in numerous fresh-cut cantaloupe varieties from various growing regions.

Organoleptic Evaluation of Shrink-wrapped Muskmelon

Organoleptic evaluations of shrink film-wrapped and nonwrapped musk-melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulates cv.. TAM Uvalde) fruit were conducted to determine changes in flavor and taste during refrigerated storage. Ripe green and yellow `TAM Uvalde' muskmelons, shrink film-wrapped in 12.7-μm high-density polyethylene film, were compared to nonwrapped melons during 21 days of storage at 4C and 90% to 95% RH. After 21 days of storage, both yellow and green shrink-wrapped melons had better appearance, less surface mold, and less vein tract browning than nonwrapped melons. However, the flavor and taste of shrink-wrapped fruit were significantly inferior to those of nonwrapped melons. Green-wrapped melons were rated poorer in taste and flavor than yellow-wrapped and nonwrapped melons after 14 days of storage. These results indicate that shrink-wrapping may enhance undesirable flavor changes in muskmelon during storage.