Undesired Agglomeration Research Articles

Highly dispersed ultrafine Ru nanoparticles on a honeycomb-like N-doped carbon matrix with modified rectifying contact for enhanced electrochemical hydrogen evolution.

The manipulation of rectifying contact between metal and semiconductor represents a powerful strategy to modify the electronic configuration of active sites for improved electrocatalytic performance. Herein, we present an NaCl template-assisted approach to rationally construct a Schottky electrocatalyst consisting of a honeycomb-like N-doped carbon matrix decorated with uniformly ultrasmall Ru nanoparticles with an average diameter of 2.5 nm (hereafter abbreviated as Ru NPs@HNC). It is found that the Fermi level difference between Ru and HNC can cause self-driven migration of electrons from Ru NPs to the HNC substrate, which leads to the generation of a built-in electric field and directional flow of electrons, thereby enhancing the intrinsic activity. In addition, the immobilization of ultrafine Ru NPs on the honeycomb-like carbon skeleton can effectively inhibit the undesired migration, agglomeration and detachment of the active sites, thus ensuring remarkable structural stability. As a result, the Ru NPs@HNC with optimal rectifying contact delivers superior electrochemical activity with a small overpotential of 28 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and outstanding long-term stability in an alkaline solution. The design philosophy of grain-size modulation and Schottky contact may widen up insight into the preparation of high-performance electrocatalysts in sustainable energy conversion systems.

Au9 nanocluster adsorption and agglomeration control through sulfur modification of mesoporous TiO2.

In the present work phenyl phosphine-protected Au9 nanoclusters were deposited onto (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) modified and unmodified mesoporous screen printed TiO2. The removal of the cluster ligands by annealing was applied to enhance the interaction between Au cluster cores and semiconductor surfaces in the creation of efficient photocatalytic systems. The heat treatment could lead to undesired agglomeration of Au clusters, affecting their unique properties as size specific clusters. To address this challenge, the semiconductor surfaces were modified by MPTMS. Characterization techniques confirm the effectiveness of the modification processes, and XPS demonstrates that S functionalized MTiO2 is more efficient than MTiO2 in increasing Au9 NCs adsorption by a factor of 10 and preventing Au cluster agglomeration even after annealing. Overall, this work contributes valuable insights into photocatalytic systems through controlled modification of semiconductor surfaces and Au nanocluster deposition.

Development of Simvastatin-Loaded Particles Using Spray Drying Method for Ex Tempore Preparation of Cartridges for 2D Printing Technology.

In this work, a spray drying method was developed to produce drug/polymer (simvastatin/polycaprolactone) microparticles that have the potential to be used as a pre-formulation for ex tempore preparation of 2D printing cartridges. An experimental model was designed with the process parameters set to predict the smallest particle size required for successful 2D printing. Three different types of particles (lactose, nanocellulose/lactose, calcium silicate) were produced, and the average size of the dry particles varied depending on the sampling location (cyclone, collection vessel). The encapsulation efficiency of simvastatin was highest with nanocellulose/lactose from the collection vessel. The one-month stability of simvastatin in the particles showed low content, but the addition of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant increased the chemical stability of the drug. Interestingly, the addition of antioxidants decreased the stability of simvastatin in the calcium silicate particles from the collection vessel. Dispersion of the particles in three different propylene glycol and water mixtures (10/90, 50/50, and 90/10% (v/v)), representing a printable ink medium with three different viscosity and surface tension properties, showed that nanocellulose/lactose was the most suitable antiadhesive in terms of dispersed particle size (˂1 µm). After one month of storage, the dispersed particles remained in the same size range without undesirable particle agglomeration.

Surface-exposed silver nanoclusters inside molecular metal oxide cavities.

The surfaces of metal nanoclusters, including their interface with metal oxides, exhibit a high reactivity that is attractive for practical purposes. This high reactivity, however, has also hindered the synthesis of structurally well-defined hybrids of metal nanoclusters and metal oxides with exposed surfaces and/or interfaces. Here we report the sequential synthesis of structurally well-defined {Ag30} nanoclusters in the cavity of ring-shaped molecular metal oxides known as polyoxometalates. The {Ag30} nanoclusters possess exposed silver surfaces yet are stabilized both in solution and the solid state by the surrounding ring-shaped polyoxometalate species. The clusters underwent a redox-induced structural transformation without undesirable agglomeration or decomposition. Furthermore, {Ag30} nanoclusters showed high catalytic activity for the selective reduction of several organic functional groups using H2 under mild reaction conditions. We believe that these findings will serve for the discrete synthesis of surface-exposed metal nanoclusters stabilized by molecular metal oxides, which may in turn find applications in, for example, the fields of catalysis and energy conversion.

C60 Fullerenol to Stabilize and Activate Ru Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media

Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts exhibited great potential for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. However, the strong adsorption of H on the Ru surface and the undesirable agglomeration of Ru are obstacles to further boosting their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Herein, we develop C60 fullerenol C60(OH)24 to stabilize, disperse, and activate Ru nanoparticles through Ru–O–C60 connections. Despite the ultrahigh Ru content (38.6 wt %), Ru nanoparticles are densely and uniformly dispersed on the C60 substrate due to the anchoring and confinement effects of C60 fullerenols. Moreover, the electron-withdrawing properties of C60 induce the electrons to flow from Ru to C60 through the Ru–O–C60 interface, which enhances the electronic metal–support interaction, thereby optimizing the adsorption behavior of different intermediates. The synthesized Ru–OC60-300 has a remarkably small overpotential (4.6 mV at 10 mA cm–2) and Tafel slope (24.7 mV dec–1), showing high activity and stability toward alkaline HER. Density functional theory simulations reveal that the Ru–O–C60 interface engineering weakens the Ru–H affinity, promotes water dissociation, and accelerates the hydrogen evolution kinetics.

Rapidly evaluating the caking tendency of sugar alcohols by developing a crystal bridge growth model: A case study of xylitol

Caking of crystalline sugar alcohols is a deleterious and undesired agglomeration process during storage in the food industry. Compared with the time-consuming and labor-intensive conventional caking assessment methods, this work develops a rapid methodology for evaluation of the critical caking cycle of xylitol with over 85% time-saving and 90% labor-saving while guaranteeing the precision accuracy. By developing a Caking-Hygroscopicity-Particle size crystal bridge growth model, the correlation and quantitative relationships among hygroscopic properties, particle size and the critical caking cycle are firstly established and confirmed, which can greatly simplify the most time-consuming and laborious experiments of water sorption measurements and caking tests. Besides, the knowledge obtained can help guide the rapid selection of storage humidity conditions and appropriate particle size distributions for maintaining the desired properties and competitive marketability of crystalline sugar alcohols.

Total hydrogenation of hydroxymethylfurfural via hydrothermally stable Ni catalysts and the mechanistic study

Total hydrogenation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (including hydrogenation of both furan ring and carbonyl group) produces 2,5-bis-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran (BHTF), which can be used as rigid polymer monomer, green solvent, or precursor of high-value chemicals and has great market potential. Although Ni is regarded as the most selective metal for the total hydrogenation of HMF, Ni catalysts often suffer sintering and leaching under hydrothermal conditions. In this regard, development of hydrothermally stable Ni catalysts is highly desirable. Here, Ni on well mixed oxides (Ni/MgaAl10-aOx) derived from layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors was successfully synthesized via co-precipitation. The Ni/MgaAl10-aOx showed superior hydrothermal stability during the aqueous phase total hydrogenation of HMF, without noticeable activity loss, leaching and sintering after multiple reuse. In contrast, significant activity loss, leaching and sintering was observed for impregnated Ni counterparts. Catalyst characterization revealed the formation of highly dispersed Ni and well mixed porous oxides after the thermal reduction of the NiMgAl-LDH precursors as well as the stronger metal-support interactions of the NiMgAl-LDH as compared to impregnated Ni catalysts with similar Ni particle size. The markedly improved hydrothermal stability was due to enhanced metal support interactions derived from the LDH precursors, which prevents the undesired agglomeration and leaching of Ni in the hydrothermal environment. Moreover, a high BTHF yield of 99.0% was obtained using the Ni/MgaAl10-aOx under optimal reaction conditions. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the total hydrogenation of HMF over the Ni catalysts proceeds through the alkoxy pathway via “flat-lying” adsorption.

In-situ synthesis of PPTA nanomaterials in PS matrix and their enhanced performances in PS-based nanocomposite

In this paper, aramid nanomaterials (ANM) were successfully prepared in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solution containing polystyrene (PS) by in-situ condensation of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and para-benzoyl chloride (TPC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the morphologies of ANM varied significantly including nanosphere, nanorod and nanobundle, all of which depended on the reactant concentration. The obtained ANM with different morphologies could uniformly distribute within PS matrix without undesirable agglomeration and poor compatibility with PS. ANM/PS nanocomposites were prepared simply by solution method. The fracture cross sections and surface roughness of ANM/PS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).Furthermore, thermal stability and mechanical properties of ANM/PS were tested. It was shown that ANM significantly improved the mechanical properties and thermal stability of PS, which may open up opportunities for new applications of these ANM/PS nanocomposites.

Photocatalytic β-In2S3 nanoflowers synthesized by thermal assembly of In2S3 nanosheets

Three-dimensional (3D) β-In2S3 offers photocatalytic advantages by virtue of its strong and broadband optical absorption resulting from its large effective surface area and a high density of sulfur vacancies. However, the use of surfactants and reducing agents complicates the synthesis process and causes undesirable agglomeration while forming the 3D structures, degrading the photocatalytic efficiency of 3D In2S3. Here we have prepared the surfactant-free In2S3 nanoflowers by the thermal assembly of two-dimensional (2D) In2S3 nanosheets and achieved a substantial enhancement of the optical absorption and the tunable bandgap narrowing. We show that owing to the intrinsic structure of our In2S3 nanoflowers that preserves the unit geometry of 2D In2S3 nanosheets, the rate of photocatalytic performance was enhanced by 200% just by the post-annealing process. The facile method used to prepare In2S3 nanoflowers expedites the practical application of 3D In2S3 for energy and environmental purposes.

Deformation-Driven Processing of CNTs/PEEK Composites towards Wear and Tribology Applications

Despite wide applications in mechanical transmission components, sparked with extraordinary wear resistance, polymeric composites face the challenges of reinforcement agglomeration. In this work, deformation-driven processing was proposed to prepare carbon nanotube (CNTs)-reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) matrix composites with enhancement in wear resistance. Severe plastic deformation contributed to the homogeneous dispersion of the reinforcements without undesirable agglomeration. Low frictional heat input ensured the structural integrity of CNTs. The coefficient of friction and wear rate of 3.0 wt.% CNTs/PEEK were, respectively, 7.32% and 6.71% lower than those of pure PEEK. This strategy provides a high-efficiency approach to preparing high wear-resistance polymeric composites, attributed to its self-heating, low-cost, and high-performance characteristics.

The role of catalytic iron in enhancing volumetric sugar productivity during autothermal pyrolysis of woody biomass

Passivation of naturally occurring AAEM in biomass enhances sugar yields from the fast pyrolysis of biomass by preventing these metals from catalyzing the fragmentation of pyranose rings in cellulose and hemicellulose. However, because AAEM also catalyzes lignin depolymerization, its passivation can be accompanied by undesirable char agglomeration. Pretreatment of biomass with ferrous sulfate both passivates AAEM and substitutes ferrous ions as lignin depolymerization catalysts. This pretreatment has been particularly successful for high ash biomass like corn stover, but of limited value for low ash biomass like wood. This study explores the reasons for this discrepancy and offers a combined pretreatment of ferrous sulfate and ferrous acetate pretreatment to overcome char agglomeration in wood. This new pretreatment increased sugar yields from 4.4 wt% to 15.5 wt% and 5.4 wt% to 19.0 wt% for hardwood and softwood biomasses, respectively. This pretreatment produces an iron-rich biochar that catalyzes oxidation of the biochar under the oxygen-rich conditions of autothermal pyrolysis, which is preferentially consumed to provide the enthalpy for pyrolysis, preserving bio-oil as a more desirable energy product. Instead of producing carbon monoxide, which dominates oxidation of biochar from untreated biomass, the iron catalyzes oxidation to carbon dioxide, producing more energy per mole of oxygen consumed. In fact, oxygen demand to support autothermal pyrolysis of red oak and southern yellow pine was reduced 15% by the presence of iron in the biochar.

Synthesis of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>: Eu Luminescent Phosphor with Increased Dispersion for Use in Medical Purposes

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modern method for treatment of oncological, bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. However, its application is limited to diseases with superficial localization since the body tissues are not transparent for visible light. To address this problem and extend PDT application to abdominal diseases, an enhanced method of X-ray photodynamic therapy (XRPDT) is suggested, involving X-ray radiation easily penetrating the body tissues. The implementation of this approach requires the development of a pharmacological drug including a photosensitizer stimulated by visible light to yield active oxygen and a nanosized phosphor converting X-ray radiation into visible light with the wavelength required for the photosensitizer activation. This study is aimed at obtaining X-ray stimulated phosphors with nanosized particles suitable for XRPDT application. For this purpose, Y2O3:Eu phosphors were synthesized via hydrothermal processing of the corresponding mixed acetate followed by annealing. To prevent from the undesirable agglomeration of the particles in the course of hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent annealing, different techniques were used, including rapid thermal annealing (RTA), microwave annealing and addition of finely dispersed pyrogenic silica (aerosil) to the phosphor. The microwave annealing was carried out using a special installation including a resonance chamber for maintaining a standing wave of microwave radiation. The performed research allowed the determination of hydrothermal processing optimal duration affording the synthesis of phosphors with the highest luminescence brightness. The application of microwave annealing is found to provide phosphors with a more perfect crystal structure compared with RTA. The developed method of Y2O3:Eu phosphor synthesis involving pyrogenic silica addition to the autoclave allowed the preparation of samples with the amorphous structure and significantly reduced the particle size without a considerable decrease in the luminescence brightness. The particle size of the phosphor synthesized with aerosil addition is less than 100 nm that allows its implementation in pharmacological drugs for XRPDT.

Optimization of Wurster fluid bed coating: Mathematical model validated against pharmaceutical production data

Wurster fluid bed coating is an effective way of manufacturing pharmaceutical pellets requiring specific characteristics such as high drug loading or enteric protection. The optimization of coating process can be demanding because it necessitates many time-consuming experiments. To reduce the need for experiments and prevent undesired agglomeration, a multi-scale model has been developed. On the device-scale, the model predicts the temperature, moisture content, and average coating thickness. On the micro-scale, the model estimates the evaporation time of a single sessile droplet. By coupling models at both length-scales, it is possible to evaluate droplet evaporation time as a function of process parameters and use it as a tool for process transfer between different production sites and equipment. The model was validated against existing production data. The predicted outlet air temperature was in good agreement, and most importantly, the predicted values of the evaporation time separated undesired agglomeration and successful coating regime.

Effect of droplet collisions on evaporation in spray-drying

Excess vapor content in the spray-drying system leads to various issues such as undesired agglomeration or caking of products. The majority of the drying in spray-dryers occurs during the initial phase, where the feed is still liquid. Drying kinetics is very sensitive to the droplet size, and the droplet size is heavily influenced by collisions that can coalesce or split droplets. An analytical model is developed to examine the role of droplet collisions on drying kinetics, and the evaporation rate during the first phase of drying. In addition, droplet collision dynamics are implemented into an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework, where droplets are tracked in the Lagrangian frame, and the background gas is modeled as a continuum. The collision dynamics is capable of predicting the outcome of collisions based on a regime map constructed from the experimental data from the literature. The relative velocity and the Weber number between colliding droplets affect whether droplets coalesce or split into satellite droplets. The modeling framework includes fully coupled interphase heat transfer between the droplet and gas phases. The analytical and numerical models are then used to analyze a simplified pseudo-1D spray system. Both models show a linear relationship between the Weber number and the evaporation rate at low droplet number densities. Further, comparing both methods’ results reveals droplet number density as another critical factor influencing the evaporation rate. It is shown that at high droplet number densities, the relationship between the evaporation rate and the Weber number becomes non-linear, and at extremely high droplet number densities, the evaporation rate decreases even at high Weber numbers.

Flower-like spherical FeCoS2 coated by reduced graphene oxide as anode for high performance potassium ion storage

Bimetallic sulfides are regarded as promising electrode materials for potassium ion batteries owing to their attractive theoretical specific capacity, high redox activity, and environmental friendliness. However, undesirable agglomeration and inferior structural reversibility might result in their poor electrochemical performance and block their practical application. In this work, flower-like spherical FeCoS2 coated with reduced graphene oxide was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method. As an anode material of potassium ion batteries, this flower-like spherical structure with extensive mesopores is conducive to the rapid penetration of electrolyte, thereby accelerating the transmission of potassium ions. Meanwhile, the encapsulation of reduced graphene oxide not only effectively reduces the structural deformation during the reaction, but also limits the aggregation of FeCoS2, which provides favorable conditions for improving the reversibility of the electrode material. As a result, it exhibits promising cycling stability (maintions 371 mAh g–1 at 100 mA g–1 after 150 cycles) and attractive rate performance (428 mAh g–1 at 50 mA g–1 and 248 mAh g–1 at 1000 mA g–1).

Effects of microstructure evolution on the deformation mechanisms and tensile properties of a new Ni-base superalloy during aging at 800 °C

Tensile properties at room temperature of a new casting Ni-base superalloy during aging at 800 °C for 0-1000 h were investigated. During aging, granular M23C6 carbides presented at grain boundaries and kept growing from dispersed particles to continuous networks. The γ′ phase significantly coarsened, with the morphology of some γ′ phase changed from spherical to rounded cubic shape after 1000 h. Three deformation mechanisms in relation to the γ′ diameter (dγ′) were identified: (i) weakly coupled dislocations (WCD) connected by anti-phase boundary (APB) traveled in pair across the γ/γ′ structure when dγ′ was small in the under-aged alloys; (ii) strongly coupled dislocations (SCD) with reduced spacing compared to (i) sheared γ′ phase when dγ′ increased in the over-aged alloys; (iii) dislocations occasionally by-passed γ′ phase when dγ′ was larger than 97 nm after aging for more than 300 h. The alloy obtained the peak strength when 20 h-aged with dγ′ = 44 nm which was in the transition between (i) and (ii). The aging-induced variation in yield strength was correlated to the coarsening of γʹ phase using a theoretical model of precipitation strengthening in terms of the formation of APB. The calculated results suggested that the γ′ phase with a volume fraction of 23% contributed more than 61% of the peak-aged yield strength. Observation after fracture revealed that the alloys usually fractured at grain boundaries. High stress concentration around carbides resulted in cracks by carbides self-cracking and the initiation of cavities. The undesirable agglomeration of M23C6 at grain boundaries was harmful to the properties of the over-aged alloys.

Highly stable Ni-based catalysts derived from LDHs supported on zeolite for CO2 methanation

CO2 methanation can effectively reduce the concentration of CO2 in the air and decrease environmental pollution. Therefore, it is essential to synthesize catalysts with high carbon deposition resistance and stability. Herein, the highly stabilized Ni-based catalysts derived from hydrotalcites are prepared by the self-sacrificial template method and used for CO2 methanation. The prepared Ni-based catalysts maintain the morphology of the hydrotalcites precursors and the Ni particles are embedded in the AlOx substrate. The catalyst show high performance at 350 °C, 0.1 MPa and a high space velocity of 30,000 mL g−1 h−1, with the conversion rate of CO2 and selectivity of CH4 reaching 87.5% and 100%, respectively. More importantly, the activity of catalyst does not decrease after continuous reaction for 200 h at 350 °C with different space velocities (30,000 and 60,000 mL g−1 h−1) owing to the confinement of the AlOx substrate, which suppress the undesirable agglomeration and sintering of the Ni particles. This unique mosaic structure has certain reference significance for studying materials with excellent stability at high temperatures.

Direct diazotization of graphite nanoplatelets with melamine and their favorable application in epoxy resins

The ease of undesirable agglomeration and a low efficiency are two problems that restrict the application of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) in epoxy resins (EP). Herein, a new strategy with melamine (MEL) as the precursor to functionalize GNPs chemically, which form a bonding layer that is compatible with epoxy matrix, is reported. The MEL fragments with secondary amine groups were grafted uniformly on the GNPs surface by covalent junctions to exploit the diazonium chemistry. This behavior led to a better dispersion and a stronger interaction with the epoxy matrix and resulted in an enhanced glass transition temperature and bending strength, compared with the pure EP. When only 1 wt% functionalized GNPs (f‐GNPs) was used, the Tg of the modified EP raised of about 15°C compared with pure EP, and the bending strength increased by approximately 39%. The dielectric constant of the EP with f‐GNPs was impacted slightly, and the dielectric loss decreased. At 105 Hz, the dielectric loss of the EP with 1 wt% f‐GNPs decreased by approximately 11% compared with pure EP. Therefore, diazotization modification of the GNPs is a useful approach to improve the compatibility in nanoparticle networks.

Architecturing CoTiO3 overlayer on nanosheets-assembled hierarchical TiO2 nanospheres as a highly active and robust catalyst for peroxymonosulfate activation and metronidazole degradation

• CoTiO 3 overlayer was formed on nanosheets-assembled hierarchical TiO 2 nanospheres. • Cobalt sites of CoTiO 3 /TiO 2 showed a better activation ability than those of Co 3 O 4 . • CoTiO 3 /TiO 2 was highly efficient in catalytic degradation of metronidazole. • Plausible degradation pathways and catalytic mechanism were elucidated. • Low cobalt leaching and excellent reusability were also achieved. Catalytic performance of a heterogeneous cobalt-based catalyst for advanced oxidative process (AOP) correlates tightly with its structure and composition. The main objective of this study is to maximize the utilization and accessibility of cobalt sites while enhancing their activity and stability through rational structural and composition designs, and thus to achieve an excellent performance for heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. To this end, a novel CoTiO 3 /TiO 2 composite (CTT), composed of CoTiO 3 overlayer on nanosheets-assembled hierarchical TiO 2 nanospheres, was elaborately designed and synthesized. The resulting CTT possessed certain features including CoTiO 3 -rich surface, large surface area (114.8 m 2 g −1 ), and highly open porous channels, which afforded sufficient accessible active sites against undesirable particle agglomeration and shedding. Moreover, cobalt sites of CTT exhibited a higher activity toward PMS than those of Co 3 O 4 due to the composition-induced distinct adsorption nature, easy electron transfer, and strong bond-weakening ability. Benefitting from the unique combination of structural and compositional advantages, CTT manifested remarkable catalytic efficiency, low cobalt leaching (0.078 mg L −1 ), and excellent reusability in activation of PMS for degradation of the emerging antibiotic pollutant metronidazole (MNZ). The potential degradation pathway for MNZ and the catalytic mechanism were further elucidated. The design strategy proposed in this study may provide a new opportunity for future development of high-performance heterogeneous cobalt-based catalysts in remediation of aquatic environment.

Encapsulation of cytarabine into casein coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CCIONPs) and study of in vitro drug release and anticancer activities

The problems of undesired surface oxidation and agglomeration of iron oxide nanoparticles have been addressed by coating of iron oxide with casein by emulsion crosslinking of casein and in situ precipitation of iron oxide nanoparticles. The study further undertook loading of cytarabine drug into casein coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CCIONPs) and evaluation of their anticancer activity under in vitro conditions. The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM for their morphology and the results revealed that the prepared nanoparticles are almost regular in geometry and have the core-shell type structure in the size range of 95 ± 0.035 nm to 150 ± 0.064 nm. Interestingly, Cyt. Loaded CCIONPs were found to inhibit the cell colony formation of liver HepG2 cells. It was found that Cyt. loaded CCIONPs significantly suppressed the relocation and invasion abilities of liver (HepG2) cancer cells. CCIONPs displayed excellent cytotoxicity against four types of cancerous cell lines like lung, breast, and liver. The obtained percentage of cells in cell cycle at G2/M stage was 8.13% and 22.29% at 50 μg/mL concentration of CCIONPs in HepG2 and SNU398, respectively. They also exhibited good apoptosis stimulation and remarkably prohibited the cell growth by arresting G2/M cell division at checkpoint. The immunoblot study affirmed significant dynamization of caspase-3 in apoptosis process, while the suppression of CDK6, PARP-1 and NF-κB were confirmed by the Western blot. The apoptosis results exhibited that Cyt loaded CCIONPs (25 and 50 μg/mL showed 0.3% and 6.33% apoptotic subpopulation in both HepG2 cells within 24 h (contact time). Immunocytochemistry also showed significant reduction in CDK6 localize protein and effectively exerted cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells. In essence, Cyt. loaded CCIONPs prominently displayed tumoricidal effects in liver cancer cells in vitro by down regulatin of CDK6, PARP-1 and NF-κB. The study concluded that the cytarabine loaded CCIONPs could be excellent nanocarriers for the magnetically triggered release of the anticancer drug.