Understanding Of Terrorism Research Articles

How politics constrain the public’s understanding of terrorism

Abstract Far-right domestic terrorism is a major threat to US national security. Despite this reality, conservative policymakers have downplayed the threat of right-wing violence while arguing that far-left violence (from groups like Antifa) is a more pressing concern. Drawing on attribution theory and research on politically motivated reasoning, we suggest that politics constrain the American public’s understanding of terrorism by shaping casual attributions for it. Using data from an experiment within a national survey (n = 700), we examine how political views moderate attributions made for the actions of far-right, far-left, and Islamist terrorism. We find that causal attributions for terrorism depend on the type of terrorist considered, with external attributions (motivated by injustice or oppression) endorsed most strongly for Islamist terrorists and internal attributions (motivated by hate or evil) endorsed most strongly for far-right terrorists. Furthermore, political views moderate this effect such that people believe terrorism committed by politically aligned groups is motivated less by the internal characteristics of the terrorists and more by external factors. Taken together, these findings may help to explain partisan differences in moral outrage over politically motivated terrorism.

Looking Back, Looking Forward: A Personal Reflection

This article contains a personal reflection of experiences in terrorism research over the past few decades. It begins by discussing early academic struggles to recognize the legitimacy of terrorism research, especially in the field of criminal justice. This is followed by a selective description of events where the author correctly predicted events as well as those where he was blindsided by surprises. It closes with an appeal to both the academy and the American public to move beyond ideology and populist understandings of terrorism to grapple with the multiple forms and complexities of terrorist violence.

Defining Terrorism: how Ambiguous Definitions and Vague Classifications Open Doors for Power Acquisition

In this article, I want to reflect on the difficulty of categorising the threat of terrorism within existing security frameworks and our theorising of threat assessment. As more types of terrorism get academic and political attention, various state and non-state actors use terrorist tactics or borrow some elements of terrorism to achieve their agenda. This article discusses the difficulties surrounding terrorist threat classification and how it perplexes our understanding of terrorism and counterterrorism.
 What have we learned over more than twenty years of researching terrorism? Terrorism is often conceptualised as both a traditional and non-traditional threat, complicating the execution of counterterrorism strategies. This ambiguity creates the need for a "special treatment" of the terrorist threat in politics proportionate to its importance, and it bears the danger of fostering opportunities for power abuse. This article reflects on different ways of categorising the threat of terrorism, showing that terrorism is multifaced, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach to defining and fighting terrorism. However, I also argue that there is a danger of assigning terrorism an extralegal status and exclusive priority, resulting in power abuse and restrictions of people's rights and freedoms.

The Munich massacre and the proliferation of counterterrorism special operation forces

ABSTRACT The attack on members of the Israeli team during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany, was a critical juncture in the understanding of terrorism as theatre and in the fusion between counterterrorism and special operation forces. It created a path dependency in the way the terrorist threat is perceived and handled. For Israel, the attack was one in an ever increasing and constantly changing terrorist threat that helped shape its security apparatus and led to the proliferation of special operation forces units within the military, police and border police. Globally, the attack led to a spur in the establishment of special operation units with specific counterterrorism and hostage rescuing expertise. Overall, the media coverage of the Munich massacre and the failure of the German security forces in handling the crisis contributed to the survivability of special operation forces units. These units specialised in counterterrorism operations and later-on appropriated other types of missions and responsibilities while tightening their political ties and enhancing their public image. Most notably of these was the Israeli Sayeret Matkal.

Islam and Terrorism in Political Framing

Abstract
 
 The bombing in Bali on October 12, 2002, the bombing of the WTC in the US on September 11, 2011, and other bombings were international acts. The bombing incident that took place at the international level has opened the eyes of various parties to the dangers of attack. After that, the US and the West joined forces to fight the enemy. What is a problem that often occurs is the accusation of terrorism put forward by Muslims so that Islamic teachings are marginalized and blasphemed by the west. Islam has become a scourge and brings havoc, as a result of terror attacks that have been carried out by people of other religions against Muslims, especially in countries with Muslim minorities. At the same time, framing of Muslims who are attached to terrorism and radicalism is always echoed, from within Islam and from outside Islam though, both in various elements including in the political field. This article seeks to find an understanding of terrorism, which is often framed based on Islamic teachings, whereas actions do not only focus on religious sentiments but actions that come from many more complex aspects. Because if it is not immediately straightened out, the public perception of Islam and terrorism will become a source of disharmony within the religious community and also the state, plus the bad framing of Islam becomes public consumption that is still common to current political interests.
 
 Keywords: Islam, Terrorism, Framing, Politics

Quantitative Analysis of Global Terrorist Attacks Based on the Global Terrorism Database

Terrorist attacks have become a serious source of risk affecting the security of the international community. Using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), in order to quantitatively study past terrorist attacks and their temporal and spatial evolution the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to classify the degree of damage from terrorist attacks. The various factors influencing terrorist attacks were extracted and represented in three dimensions. Subsequently, using MATLAB for analysis and processing, the grading standards for terrorist attacks were classified into five levels according to the degree of hazard. Based on this grading standard, the top ten terrorist attacks with the highest degree of hazard in the past two decades were listed. Because the characteristics and habits of a terrorist or group exhibit a certain consistency, the K-means cluster analysis method was used to classify terrorists according to region, type of attack, type of target and type of weapon used by the terrorists. Several attacks that might have been committed by the same terrorist organization or individual at different times and in different locations were classified into one category, and the top five categories were selected according to the degree of sabotage inflicted by the organization or individual. Finally, the spatiotemporal evolution of terrorist attacks in the past three years was analyzed, considering the terrorist attack targets and key areas of terrorist attacks. The Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and Africa were predicted to be the regions that will be most seriously affected by future global terrorist events. The terrorist attacks in Southeast Asia are expected to become more severe, and the scope of terrorist attacks in Africa is expected to widen. Civilians are the targets most at risk for terrorist attacks, and the corresponding risk index is considerably higher than it is for other targets. The results of this research can help individuals and the government to enable a better understanding of terrorism, improve awareness to prevent terrorism and enhance emergency management and rescue, and provide a solid and reliable basis and reference for joint counterterrorism in various countries and regions.

Radicalization in the Social Media Era: Understanding the Relationship between Self-Radicalization and the Internet.

September 11th was a turning point in the understanding of terrorism and radicalization. The Internet has provided an instrumental change regarding how terrorists communicate and spread their propaganda, proving a cause of concern for counterterrorism units. The increased use of social networking platforms has provided a significant change in the process of self-radicalization, with younger generations at greater risk. The aim of the project was to study the relationship between social media and self-radicalization among college and university students. A sample of 499 participants was recruited throughout Amazon Mechanical Turk and social media platforms. Measures on emotional intelligence, psychological involvement on social media, attitudes toward terrorism, and political violence, and loneliness were gathered. Results showed that individuals holding a university degree-especially young men-were more at risk of endorzing positive attitudes toward political violence and terrorism, and, therefore, more at risk of being radicalized.

DESIGN OF DATA MINING METHOD IN MAKING INTELLIGENT RESULTS REPORT TO PREVENT CRIMINAL ACTS OF TERRORISM IN THE SEMARANG IMMIGRATION OFFICE


 
 The events of September 11 in the United States changed the world's understanding of terrorism. Terrorism is now understood as a transnational event. Countries in the world are trying to ratify legal instruments on the prevention and suppression of terrorism. Indonesia as a country that requires income from international migration events requires immigration to play an active role in preventing terrorism. With the rapid development of technology, data mining techniques on social media can be utilized to carry out cyber intelligence. This study aims to determine data mining techniques on social media twitter to prevent terrorism. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with the help of the socio-psychological narcissistic theory, intelligence, and data mining. The analysis was performed using data reduction techniques. This study will explain how data mining techniques on social media can be used to create immigration intelligence reports. This research is expected to be applied to the making of daily intelligence reports at the Semarang Immigration Office.
 
 

Does cultural proximity contain terrorism diffusion?

What are the security consequences of population movements? This article seeks to provide a better understanding of when, how, and under what conditions terrorism diffuses across countries via migration flows as a vehicle. We contribute to this debate by studying the influence of migrants’ cultural proximity to the native population of their host country. It is argued that cultural closeness can contain such terrorism diffusion. Similarities in societal norms, customs, or beliefs seem likely to induce trust in the social interactions between migrants and locals. This, in turn, makes it more difficult for terrorist organizations to exploit transnational population movements for radicalization and as a recruitment pool – one of the core mechanisms linking population flows with terrorism. Conversely, migrants from culturally distant societies may find it more challenging to integrate into their new homes. A fertile ground for terrorist organizations for the recruitment of new followers is thereby more likely. Our analyses present consistent evidence that the effect of terrorism diffusing across countries weakens when accounting for cultural closeness between migrants and host societies. This key finding of our research has crucial implications for policy’s and scholars’ understanding of terrorism, the diffusion of terrorism across countries, and the security consequences of population movements.

A Bandit Worth Hunting: Pancho Villa and America’s War on Terror in Mexico, 1916-1917

ABSTRACT The September 11, 2001, attacks were not the first time that a private, foreign group attacked the United States mainland. Although not referred to as an act of “terrorism” at the time, the March 1916 raid of Francisco “Pancho” Villa and his men on Columbus, New Mexico, was understood by Americans of the early-twentieth century in much the same way. The discourse of the “bandit,” as Villa was widely described at the time, connoted many of the same meanings that we ascribe to terrorists in the twenty-first century ⁠— criminality, incivility, and illegitimacy. This rhetoric served to dehumanize Villa and justified U.S. incursions on Mexican sovereignty in its fruitless pursuit of him and his militia. Moreover, Villa’s political motivations for the attack reflect a modern understanding of terrorism. He sought revenge against the Woodrow Wilson administration for withdrawing its support of him during the Mexican Revolution and tried to goad the United States and Mexico into a wider war. His brief invasion nearly succeeded in bringing about his desired result. American understandings and approaches to Villa mirror many of the same strategies that have been used in the modern war on terror.

Tarik-Ulur Antara Radikalisme dan Multikulturalisme dalam Studi Agama di Abad Ke 21

The rise of Islam mentioned by some observers of Islamic studies (Islamic studies) in the country often brings its own anomalies. The awakening often brings effects and effects that are often not expected. For example, the strengthening of notions that have not been so deeply rooted in the country, such as the understanding of terrorism and radicalism. Elsewhere, intellectuals and reviewers of the relationship of religions offer other forms such as multiculturalism. These are the two most striking faces of the Milineal or 21st century religious model: the face of radical diversity and the face of multicultural diversity. The first requires a single interpretation, the second puts forward a pluralist interpretation. If the radical face looks fierce, hard, then the multicultural face is more polite and open. Both typologies are theoretically and practically very fluid, and not as strict as the binary opposition between black and white. But both of them are quite representative of the latest variants of religion that can be found in a variety of political discourses, scientific discussions, writings in the form of news and articles in the news, Tolkshow, and serasehan. Both models are even included in the study of religious studies are almost as popular as the terms "normativity" and "historicity"

Plotting the Unspeakable in Khadra’s Wolf Dreams

ABSTRACTThis paper offers a critical reading of Yasmina Khadra’s Wolf Dreams (2003) evoking important questions on the nature of terrorism in Algeria during the black decade of the 1990s. The novel describes the rise of fundamentalism and how young men are transformed into religious fanatics. This paper is interested in the literary function of terrorism; i.e. how terrorism is used as a literary tool and why this novelist chooses it as a main structuring element. This study offers a more adequate account of terrorism’s figurative aspects, it clarifies the writer’s stylistic strategies and his use of techniques such as narrative suspense, metaphors, and figurative language to respond to instances of violence in this era. The paper also examines ways in which Khadra’s Wolf Dreams can help broaden understandings of terrorism in Algeria. It emphasizes especially the responses to terrorism and considers the status of literature as a way to get knowledge about the atrocities of war. Our objective is to map how Khadra engages terrorism in his novel and uses his literary historical imagination to provide a coherent narrative.

Comparing Classification Trees to Discern Patterns of Terrorism*

ObjectiveThough applied widely in the fields of medicine, finance, ecology, psychology, and computer science, machine learning algorithmic‐based methods are a relatively novel approach to social scientific analysis that have yet to be extensively applied. Yet as we argue in this article, a specific form of algorithmic analysis known as C4.5 classification trees has much to offer social analysis and, specifically, the study of social and political violence.MethodThis article describes four novel classification model comparison techniques for the C4.5 classification method and applies them to the study of terrorism.ResultsOur state‐level analysis suggests that there is something fundamentally different in the targeting choices of religious and secular terrorists.ConclusionThis analysis highlights the ability of classification trees to heighten our understanding of terrorism and even provide recommendations to policymakers for avoiding future attacks.

Prediction of terrorist attacks based on GA-BP neural network

Terrorism is a common threat to mankind. Combating terrorism is also the responsibility that every country should assume. In the face of the development trend of terrorism, in-depth quantitative analysis of data related to terrorist attacks will help deepen people’s understanding of terrorism and provide valuable information support for counter-terrorism, and effectively improve the pertinence and efficiency of the anti-terrorism struggle. This paper designs a risk assessment and prediction system for terrorist attacks. The mathematical model calculates the relative risk index of each type of target by factor analysis. The evaluation indicators include three factors: “threat”, “vulnerability” and “consequence”. Mathematical model uses neural network to evaluate and predict risk index. However, because the BP neural network is easy to fall into the local best, it is difficult to jump out. Therefore, the genetic algorithm (GA) optimizes the initial weight threshold of the BP neural network to enhance the prediction accuracy. Finally, the simulation experiments of 21 main targets are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the model, so as to carry out accurate strategy analysis.

“There’s only three things he mentions in a sentence – a noun, a verb and 9/11”: terrorism, fear and the after, after 9/11

ABSTRACTIn the years since 11 September 2001, pundits, politicians and scholars of terrorism and international relations routinely have declared that 9/11 “changed everything”. This article explores not only how those decisions transformed the United States and the global response to terrorism, but also how both the decisions and response sustained a sense of fear. Further, they made possible, to paraphrase then candidate Joseph Biden’s critique of former New York Mayor Rudy Guiliani, the framing of so much of the global political debate about terrorism, and national security references as simply 9/11 accompanied by a noun and a verb. Finally, the article examines the consequences of this framing for not only our understanding of terrorism, but also our understanding of terrorism and violence within the current global system.

PENDAYAGUNAAN KELOMPOK DISKUSI MAHASISWA DALAM MENANGKAL PAHAM RADIKALISME DAN PAHAM TERORISME DI LINGKUNGAN PERGURUAN TINGGI

Terrorism groups have obviously put their attention to recruiting new members of educated people like college-age students, a number of terrorists who have been caught showing their status as students or college students. We consider one of the most important ways to be cultivated in a college environment by conducting radical anti-radical and anti-terrorist campaigns and campaigning the right way to deal with situations that focus on radical thinking and action and terrorism. This study will look at students' perceptions within the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of the University of North Sumatra against the danger of radical understanding and understanding of terrorism and prevention solutions for the safety of their surrounding environment. The method used in this study is literature study, documentation and focus group discussion (FGD). The results of this study show a strong appreciation of student discussion groups on the intent and purpose of this activity

Introduction: Is there an after, after 9/11?

Since the attacks of 9/11 and the subsequent responses to them scholars have charted and debated how those attacks altered our understanding of terrorism and counterterrorism and the world in which...

PERAN DAKWAH DALAM MENANGGULANGI TERORISME

The desire of mankind to live full of serenity and peace will never be realized if acts of terror, greed, injustice, and whatever form that represents a sanity still remain grounded. History has noted that acts of terrorism and violence, not a problem solving, but make complicated and increasing a problem. Terrorism is a form of extraordinary crime (extra ordinary crime).In an effort to prevent the understanding of terrorism that becomes the enemy of the state and also the religious community, the government or the security side must also coordinate with the scholars, da'i and community figures in order that the society and the country are getting away from munkar. The government and society should not allow rampant injustice and socio-economic imbalance.Therefore, according to NurSyam really needed is the integration between hard power and soft power to overcome this religious radicalism. The hard power represented by government is essentially to cope instantaneously or to cope quickly with the radical movement. But far more important is the role of soft power or community - including APDI (Association of Indonesian Dakwah Profession) - to carry out guidance and community development that puts Islamrahmatanlilalamin forward.

Islam Nusantara Sebagai Manifestasi Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) dalam Mewujudkan Perdamaian

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The phenomenon is seen in today's society is the impression that; "Islam is a terrorist, bomb, loud, kill, covered and other labels that is contrary to the teachings of Islam itself be rahmatan li al-'alamaeen." Even in the Western world was antipathy to Islam so as to "hear" the word Islam alone horror and antipathy even hate.</p><p>In such a condition that the term "Islam Nusantara" among leaders Nahdtlatul Ulama Ulama (NU). But the reality in society the term Islam Nusantara still very strange, even among radical Islam mengangggap "Islam Nusantara" is Islam perverted access all religions in Indonesia, or Islam "mix" of various religions in Indonesia, instead of pure Islam as taught by Prophet Muhammad SAW.</p><p>From some of the conditions that exist in society on the understanding of "terrorists and Islam Nusantara" raises anxiety on academic researchers to seek answers on "Terrorism, Islam Nusantara and rahmatan lil'alamin."</p><p>Nahdtlatul Ulama (NU) is the largest organization in Indonesia as a representation of Muslims. An understanding of terrorism, Islam and Islam Nusantara rahmatan lil 'Alamin will be extracted from the Branch Executive Nahdtlatul Ulama (PCNU) Cilacap.</p><p>Researchers assume that; Nahdtlatul Ulama (NU) is a representation of Islam Nusantara that Branch Executive Nahdtlatul Ulama (PCNU) Cilacap also have an important role in preaching / called on Muslims to implement the teachings of Islam Nusantara for the realization rahmatan lil'alamin.</p><p>This study is a qualitative research field, thus Researchers will use qualitative research methods with random sampling theory Milles accordance with the triangulation of data. While the idea is inductive qualitative groove.</p><p>This Researchers can to know about Islam Nusantara is very nice, humbly, savety and so good to implemantion and aplication in the religious life and social relation in this country, many others and world. Islam Nusantara is true religion, that Islam from propet Muhammad SAW, not new Islam. So we must be recieved its.</p><p>Keyword: <em>Islam Nusantara, Nahdlatul Ulama, Peace</em></p>

Psychology of terrorism: Introduction to the special issue.

Despite the extraordinary social and political consequences often associated with terrorist violence, as well as our responses to it, psychological research on terrorist behavior is conspicuously underdeveloped. This special issue of American Psychologist presents a series of articles that showcase new conceptual, theoretical, and empirical advances in our understanding of terrorism. In doing so, it seeks to not merely summarize recent accomplishments, but to highlight the immense value of explicitly psychological research on these issues, far more of which is called for to realize the potential for informing solutions. (PsycINFO Database Record