Understanding Of Social Norms Research Articles

Preverbal infants’ understanding of social norms

Social norms are foundational to human cooperation and co-existence in social groups. A crucial marker of social norms is that a behavior is not only shared, but that the conformity to the behavior of others is a basis for social evaluation (i.e., reinforcement and sanctioning), taking the is, how individuals usually behave, to an ought, how individuals should behave to be socially approved by others. In this preregistered study, we show that 11-month-old infants grasp this fundamental aspect about social norms already in their first year. They showed a pupillary surprise response for unexpected social responses, namely the disapproval and exclusion of an individual who showed the same behavior like others or the approval and inclusion of an individual who behaved differently. That preverbal infants link the conformity with others’ behavior to social evaluations, before they respond to norm violations themselves, indicates that the foundations of social norm understanding lie in early infancy.

Peran Hukum dalam Mengamati Keluarga terhadap Pembentukan Kepribadian Individu

The family has a central role in shaping an individual's personality and character. The family environment, as the first educational institution, provides the basis for social interaction, behaviour, and understanding of social norms. Good parenting patterns support the formation of a positive personality, while poor parenting patterns can result in deviant behaviour in adolescents. This research aims to identify the role of law in observing the influence of the family on the formation of individual personalities. The research method uses a qualitative and normative juridical approach by referring to previous literature. The results of the discussion show that the family has a significant impact on personality formation, and the law has an important role as an instrument of supervision. However, the implementation of the role of law is not yet fully effective, especially in the context of education and parenting programs. Increasing access to education, strengthening parenting programs, and improving legal regulations are the keys to forming a quality generation. Therefore, this research highlights the important role of the family, as well as the need for improvements in the legal and educational systems to support the vision of Indonesia 2045.

A neuropsychological investigation of social‐semantic knowledge in frontotemporal dementia

AbstractBackgroundThe loss of semantic memory is a key feature of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and is associated with atrophy of the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs). The role of the left and right ATLs in supporting social‐semantic knowledge is unclear. To address this, we developed a social‐semantic battery comprising exemplars of social concepts such as person‐specific knowledge, abstract social concepts, and understanding of social norms. Performance on this battery was directly compared with non‐social semantic knowledge, measured using the Cambridge Semantic Test Battery.Method48 people with FTD (behavioural‐variant FTD = 26, semantic dementia = 22), and 19 age‐matched healthy controls were recruited. Participants completed both semantic batteries, alongside tests of general cognition and executive function. Participants also underwent a 3T T1‐weighted structural MRI scan. All neuropsychological tasks were entered into a principal component analysis (with varimax rotation) to explore graded variations in cognitive performance in FTD. Voxel‐based morphometry was conducted to explore grey matter correlates of social and non‐social semantic knowledge. The relative contributions of the left and right ATL to social‐semantic knowledge were tested by including ATL volume and asymmetry indices as predictors in a multiple regression analysis.ResultPeople with SD and bvFTD were impaired in both social‐and non‐social knowledge tasks. The principal component analysis indicated separate components for semantic memory and executive function. Both social and non‐social semantic tasks loaded onto the semantic memory component (Figure 1). People with SD scored significantly worse than bvFTD on the semantic memory component (t = 5.18, p<0.0001), while people with bvFTD scored worse than SD on the executive function component (t = 3.97, p<0.001) (Figure 2). Semantic memory factor scores were correlated with grey matter in the bilateral ATLs (Figure 3). There were no significant clusters associated with scores on the executive function component. Multiple regression revealed that performance on the semantic memory component was predicted by the magnitude but not the asymmetry of ATL atrophy.ConclusionBoth social and non‐social forms of semantic knowledge are impaired by FTD, and this degradation is associated with bilateral ATL atrophy. These results suggest a shared representation for all types of semantic memory across the ATLs.

Aspects of the Integration of Third and Fourth Generations of Serbian Migrant Workers in Vienna

This paper focuses on the integration of the third and fourth generations of descendants of Serbian migrant workers residing in Vienna, Austria. This immigrant community emerged as a result of the influx of Serbian guest workers who have been moving to Austria for temporary employment since the end of World War II. The third and fourth generations consist of their (great) grandchildren. The objective of this study is to examine the current state of their integration, based on the findings of research undertaken in 2020. Somehow paradoxically, we explore the following research question: to what extent are the third and fourth generation descendants of migrants, who were born and raised in Austria, integrated into the socio-cultural and political system of Austria, given that they are still perceived as ‘persons of migrant origin’?
 In this study, we re-evaluate the concept of integration, which tends to essentialise national identity, and emphasise the dynamic nature of the integration process and the transnational connections of our target group. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting state of emergency, the research was conducted online using Google surveys. We employed non-probabilistic and exponentially non-discriminatory sampling, utilising the ‘snowball’ sampling approach. A total of 73 individuals participated in the survey, which comprised 12 sections with 70 open and closed questions. Of the participants, 43.8% were men, 50.68% women, and 5.47% did not declare their gender.
 We adopted four criteria under which to analyse the integration processes based on the collected data and the responses of our respondents: cultural, structural, social, and emotional. The cultural factor refers to the acquisition of knowledge and skills, such as language proficiency and understanding of social norms. Structural integration involves the positioning and participation of migrants in key aspects of the host society, particularly the job market. Social integration encompasses interactions and connections with the local community and other groups, including marriage, friendships, and interactions beyond one’s own ethnic group. Lastly, emotional integration relates to elements of identification, a sense of belonging, and the various ways in which immigrants maintain connections with their own cultural group.
 We view integration as a dynamic and interactive phenomenon influenced by three parties: the country of origin (Serbia), the immigrants themselves, and their descendants. Thus, we investigate all three factors, while frequently highlighting intergenerational disparities in the integration process. In addition to the concept of integration, we incorporate contemporary interpretations of transnationality in this study, demonstrating that even members of the third and fourth generations of Serbian labour migrants maintain strong cultural ties and utilise cultural elements from both their ancestors’ country of origin (Serbia) and the country in which they were born and raised (Austria). Ultimately, we conclude that they are equally integrated into both the Serbian immigrant population in Austria and the society of their origin country, while maintaining significant transnational and emotional connections with Serbia.

Socijalna kognicija kod odraslih osoba s lakom intelektualnom ometenošću, dualnim dijagnozama i osoba tipičnog razvoja

Introduction. Social cognition is a multidimensional construct that encompasses higher-order cognitive processes used to process and interpret social information and successfully communicate with others. These processes include cognitive theory of mind, affective theory of mind, understanding of social norms, moral judgment and empathy. Objective. The aim of our study was to determine the differences in social cognition in adults with mild intellectual disability, dual diagnoses, and typical development paired chronologically, and to determine the relationship between age, gender and socio-cognitive abilities in all three groups. Methods. Our study included 122 participants, of whom 32 were with intellectual disability, 30 had dual diagnoses, and 60 were typically developing adults. The Edinburgh Social Cognition Test - ESCoT was used to assess social cognition, while the Mini Psychiatric Assessment Scale for Adults with Developmental Disorders, MINI PAS - ADD was used to confirm the presence of psychiatric symptoms in adults with developmental disabilities. Results. The obtained results showed that adults with mild intellectual disability had better performance in social cognition than adults with dual diagnoses, but worse than typically developing adults. Also, the research showed that in the subsample of typically developing participants, these abilities decreased with age, the abilities of affective theory of mind decreased with age in persons with intellectual disabilities, while no correlation was found between younger and older respondents in persons with dual diagnoses. Our research has not confirmed the relationship between gender and social cognition. Conclusion. By determining the development of social cognition in adults with intellectual disability and dual diagnoses, we gain insight into their adaptive functioning in everyday social interactions.

PEMAHAMAN NORMA MASYARAKAT MELALUI AKTIVITI ANALISIS FILEM PENDEK DALAM PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN MORAL [UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL NORMS THROUGH SHORT FILM ANALYSIS ACTIVITIES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING MORAL EDUCATION

The understanding of social norms is very important for students today. Therefore, this article discusses the potential of short film analysis activities as one of the teaching methods in improving students' understanding of social norms in Malaysia. A total of 18 female and male students (three focus groups) from the fourth grade Moral Education class were used for the purpose of data collection. Purposive sampling technique was used to select study participants. This qualitative study was carried out by using observation protocol instruments, interview protocols and journal writing guides in order to collect data. The findings of the study show that short film analysis activities in the teaching and learning of Moral Education help students to understand the norms of Malaysian society.

Assessing Age-Friendliness: Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Cultures

ABSTRACT A major task ahead for South Korea is to create age-friendly communities and environments that can support older residents’ health, well-being, and quality of life. To that end, international partnerships have emerged to share information, assess need, and develop response strategies. In this study, the transferability of a US-developed age-friendly community resident survey, based on the WHO framework, was tested in two South Korean cities by comparing results to the same survey conducted in a US city. Descriptive, relational, and predictive analyses revealed the survey items were a better fit for the US city than the South Korean cities. Limited response variances collected in the Korean cities challenged the comparison of data between the Korean sites. Thus, a cultural lens was used to explain response patterns that reflect their understanding of social norms including avoiding disagreement and conflict in order to maintain social equilibrium and five cultural dimensions found in Western and Eastern societies (Individualism vs. collectivism, universalism vs. particularism, low vs. high power distance, low vs. high context, and inner vs, outer control). Recommendations for future assessments in South Korea include shifting focus away from the individual to the individual’s social network and community to improve understanding of need.

HABITUASI REMAJA PECANDU NARKOBA PADA YAYASAN REHABILITASI DHIRA SUMAN TRITOHA

Social deviations against adolescents are increasingly prevalent because of their curiosity to find identity so that for those who have the wrong association, it will have an impact on social deviations and become drug addicts. While drugs are increasing, there are not many people around to suggest addicts to rehabilitation. This study aims to identify and describe the habituation process of adolescent drug addicts at the stage of Mental, Narcotics, and Geriatrics rehabilitation at the Dhira Suman Tritoha Foundation. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods, observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The results of the research in this matter were analyzed using Pierre Bordieu’s theory of Cultural Reproduction, showing that the Dhira Suman Tritoha rehabilitation foundation played a role in shaping the character of adolescent drug addicts through four aspects, namely (1) habitus: adaption of adolescent former drug addicts, (2) capital: there are four, namely economic capital (rehabilitation costs borne by parents of drug-addicted adolescent patients, social capital (establishment of the closeness of a relationship with one another in rehabilitation foundation), cultural capital (habituation in behavior is formed well), symbolic capital (providing self-control to adolescent addicted patients). (3) Arena: a form of struggle for drug addicts to recover, (4) Symbolic Violence: formation of the character of former drug addicts through control. Adolescent drug addicts during rehabilitation form good character and understanding of social norms.

Expanding the palette of pediatric playthings: A call to action for pediatric dermatologists.

Children recognize race and skin color from a young age. Given the important role of play in the development of children's understanding of social norms and cultural values, it is essential to incorporate toys and other educational materials with diverse skin tones to teach children about race and skin color. Analyses of children's books and toys have shown a lack of diversity in representation of races and skin types. Pediatric dermatologists are uniquely positioned to foster conversations about skin tone and advocating for more diverse materials in classrooms and clinics. In this manuscript, we discuss best practices and resources for facilitating discussions on skin tone with children in the dermatology clinic.

The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion by Jonathan Haidt: Book Review

In The Righteous Mind, Jonathan Haidt examines the moral grounds that people intuitively believe. He presented his idea by asking why good people are divided by politics and religion. Then, he asked about morality by asking, “Where does morality come from?” (Haidt, 2012, p. 3). He explained that people understand social morality in different ways. People live in unique societies that shape their understanding of social norms, which are based on many factors, such as culture, religion, and education. Haidt based his ideas about the righteous mind on three principles and demonstrated them through three metaphors to help his readers understand his theory. The first principle is “intuitions come first,” and its central metaphor is that the mind is like a rider on an elephant, where the rider’s job is to serve the elephant. The second principle is “there is more to morality than harm and fairness,” and its central metaphor is that the righteous mind is like a tongue with six taste receptors. The third principle is “morality binds and blinds,” and its metaphor is that we are 90 percent chimp and 10 percent bee (Pp. 3, 109, 217).

Normalizing Gender Equality

Essay accompanying the lecture delivered at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel on May 12, 2021, as part of the Emile Verhaeren chair. In this essay, I argue for a better understanding of social norms’ role in upholding existing gender hierarchies.

The parallel mediation effect of resilience in the relationship between understanding of social norms and decision-making ability of preschool children

The parallel mediation effect of resilience in the relationship between understanding of social norms and decision-making ability of preschool children

Evaluating teacher and learner readiness to use Facebook in an Australian vocational setting

ABSTRACTThere has been a progressive move towards the adoption of social media in formal post compulsory learning. This qualitative study evaluated the readiness of teachers and students to use Facebook to enhance learning in a tertiary vocational setting in Australia despite a lack of support from the institute. Readiness was understood to be the balance sought between potential energy available (power) and the energy required for change (load). The findings, from surveys and focus group interviews, show that students were much more likely than teachers to have a Facebook account and to be interested in using Facebook as part of their learning. Agreed benefits, evident through a student-initiated closed Facebook group, included collaboration through sharing resources, knowledge and ideas, increased communication with peers and teachers, and a platform that was familiar to students. The difference lay in perceptions of purpose, places and spaces for learning, and an understanding of social norms.

Sherlocka Holmesa droga do „normalności”

Sherock Holmes’s road to „normality” As is the case with most asocial and asexuals geniuses, in most of his incarnations Sherlock Holmes has been presented as a character with qualities associated with autism in popular culture, such as high analytical intelligence, unwillingness to establish close relations with people, lack of understanding of social norms and lack of empathy. The article analyzes the character of Sherlock Holmes in the BBC TV show “Sherlock” and the narrative of cure employed in the show, which leads to him losing his autistic traits. Next I present a critique of this type of a narrative from the perspective of disability studies, focusing Keywords: autism, asociality, cure, asexuality, Sherlock Holmes

The In:tuition life skills and alcohol education programme: results from two cluster-randomised trials

Two cluster-randomised trials were carried out in 2013–2014, investigating the impact of In:tuition (a school-based life skills and alcohol education intervention). One involved 10–11 year olds in primary schools and the other 12–13 year olds in secondary schools. In primary schools, the outcomes measured were: resistance skills; knowledge of alcohol; decision-making skills; and understanding of social norms relating to alcohol. The secondary school trial also measured age of first alcoholic drink and frequency of drinking (among drinkers). Schools were randomly allocated to receive In:tuition or to a ‘business-as-usual’ control. A self-report student survey was administered before and after the intervention. In total, 79 primary schools and 55 secondary schools were included. ‘Intention-to-treat’ analysis was undertaken, including all students regardless of the extent of In:tuition delivery. ‘On-treatment’ analysis was also carried out, to account for differences in programme delivery. A process evaluation, involving interviews with staff and pupils in nine schools and a teacher survey, was carried out to investigate programme implementation. The primary intervention group had slightly better knowledge of alcohol than those in the control, although the results were not significant at p = 0.07. There was no evidence of impact on resistance skills, decision-making or understanding of social norms. There was no evidence of any significant impact in secondary schools. Although teachers saw some value in the individual elements of the programme, they did not always deliver it in its entirety. It was recommended that for the programme to have a positive impact in its entirety it needed fundamental revision.

“She is the beauty of this place”: Elizabeth Velora Elwell and the Role of Prisoner Participation and Deviance at Eastern State Penitentiary

Elizabeth Elwell represented nineteenth-century reformers’ worst fears: a woman fallen from grace who maintained an exceptional understanding of social norms and an ability to manipulate those norms to meet her needs. While imprisoned at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, Elwell documented the extensive web of relationships she managed within the prison. Incarcerated during a transformative period in United States history—the Civil War—Elwell maintained a romantic relationship with a black inmate, in direct opposition to the racial prejudices of the era. Elwell’s experience demonstrates that, though often abused and neglected, women used their lower position in nineteenth-century prisons to undermine the system that sought to control them.

Discursos religiosos e sociedade democrática

O artigo investiga a pertinência dos discursos religiosos para a construção da sociedade democrática. A contemporaneidade filosófica tem observado que as religiões podem contribuir para a realização do objetivo de fraternidade e solidariedade entre os cidadãos com distintas orientações axiológicas. A teoria do discurso de Jürgen Habermas analisa que as sociedades contemporâneas estão vivenciando o processo de pós-secularização e o ressurgimento das religiões na esfera pública. O filósofo alemão considera que as instituições religiosas têm o conteúdo normativo e a legitimidade que está ausente nas instituições políticas e nos atores políticos. As religiões mundiais se caracterizam pelas ações sociais e o incentivo à solidariedade aos seus fiéis. No nível pós-metafísico de fundamentação da forma política, os discursos religiosos podem motivar os cidadãos para a atitude comunicativa e o entendimento sobre as normas sociais que deverão reger a sociedade justa e inclusiva. Nesse sentido, a experiência de auto-esclarecimento das religiões sobre as suas doutrinas e princípios de fé poderá colaborar para o entendimento entre os cidadãos religiosos e não-religiosos. Por fim, a análise da experiência católica de autorreflexão sobre suas doutrinas e o relacionamento com as diversas religiões se tornou o exemplo de diálogo para as entidades religiosas no mundo secular.

You can’t burn the house down because of one bedbug: a qualitative study of changing gender norms in the prevention of violence against women and girls in an urban informal settlement in India

Background: The contribution of structural inequalities and societal legitimisation to violence against women, which 30% of women in India survived in the last year, is widely accepted. There is a consensus that interventions should aim to change gender norms, particularly through community mobilisation. How this should be done is less clear. Methods: We did a qualitative study in a large informal settlement in Mumbai, an environment in which 41% of the population live. After reviewing the anonymised records of consultations with 1653 survivors of violence, we conducted 5 focus group discussions and 13 individual interviews with 71 women and men representing a range of age groups and communities. We based the interviews on fictitious biographical vignettes to elicit responses and develop an understanding of social norms. We hypothesised that, in trying to change norms, we might exploit the disjunction between descriptive norms (beliefs about what others actually do) and injunctive norms (beliefs about what others think one ought to do), focusing program activities on evidence that descriptive norms are changing. Results: We found that descriptive and injunctive norms were relatively similar with regard to femininity, masculinity, the need for marriage and childbearing, resistance to separation and divorce, and disapproval of friendships between women and men. Some constraints on women’s dress and mobility were relaxing, but there were more substantial differences between descriptive and injunctive norms around women’s education, control of income and finances, and premarital sexual relationships. Conclusions: Programmatically, we hope to exploit these areas of mismatch in the context of injunctive norms generally inimical to violence against women. We propose that an under-appreciated strategy is expansion of the reference group: induction of relatively isolated women and men into broader social groups whose descriptive and injunctive norms do not tolerate violence.

The Use of Descriptives and Expressives by ESL Learners: Investigating the Relevance of Interpretation and Context.

Expressives and descriptives are units of language which serve to reinforce meaning and intent within an utterance. These linguistic devices include taboo words, exclamations and honorifics. Much of the work undertaken in the area has been focused on identifying the different functions that these units of language perform within speech and written work. There are also indications that context may be a factor in how they are received by listeners. Less attention has however been given to how English as a Second Language (ESL) learners may interpret expressives and descriptives and what influence and impact context has on whether the literal or implied meaning is taken from the sentence. Seventy-five ESL learners, living and working in the United Kingdom evaluated ten sentences, with and without context for their meaning and expressive use. The results suggest that context is highly significant, as is social and cultural understanding. This has implications for applied linguistics research, ESL teaching and learning, suggesting that achievement of native-like speech, which includes effective and appropriate use of expressives and descriptives needs to not only include context but also cross-cultural training and understanding of social norms in the target language. It is however recognised that additional research into expressives and descriptives in an ESL context is necessary.

Studying Law in Society: Static and Dynamic Conceptions of Social Norms

This issue of Erasmus Law Review explores the relation between law and society by investigating different conceptions of social norms. Different conceptions of social norms may inform how one views or understands the relation between law and society and hence influences the conclusions you make as a scholar. The conceptual continuum between static and dynamic conceptions of social norms can be utilised to reflect on one’s own understanding of social norms. The contributions to this issue can be read as illustrations of particular conceptions of social norms. We would consider Yuan and Pei’s contributions to belong to the static side of our continuum. Yuan’s contribution uses economic theories to explore how transnational norms develop in business law, while Pei investigates how generally held beliefs on litigation have taken form in the Chinese criminal justice system. Muller’s contribution, on the other hand, relies on a dynamic conception of social norms to examine the differences in policing of indigenous and immigrant youth.