Understanding Of Religion Research Articles

Василий Розанов: богоискательство как трагедия

Religion is the dominant aspect of Rozanov’s creativity. The main topics of Rozanov’s spiritual search include: God, the world and man are focused around this dominant. The peculiarity of this topics is the explication of intuition of a single whole. This intuition was realized by means of symbols that belong to the world of traditional religions. Rozanov’s creativity actualizes the opportunity of vision of religion as a phenomenon despite the prevalence of images of material things in his texts. This vision is based on a metaphysical foundation of suggestions, examined in the work “On Understanding”, where he understands religion as a temporal undetermined phenomenon. Contact with the world of religion allows us to explicate the human spirit as unity. Rozanov’s vision moves from a description of religion as unity to the description of single images of paganism, Judaism and the Christianity. Rozanov emphasizes this particular content, but his search is inspired by the doctrine of religion as having a certain potency. The realization of this certain potency is the historical development of religions, that conditions the occurrence of new religion in a cultural vacuum, and appears after the distraction of Christianity. The presentiment of metaphysical emptiness is the culmination of Rozanov’s search for God and at the same time the tragedy. Rozanov conceptualizes this intention as the absolutisation of particular things. The transparency of the religious search and the concentration on religion itself makes Rozanov’s position in some aspects close to the narrative of the classic phenomenology of religion. We study the creativity of Rozanov by means of historical-philosophical reconstruction, using elements of hermeneutic analysis.

SINERGISITAS GURU PAI DAN ORANG TUA DALAM PENANAMAN MORAL PESERTA DIDIK DI SMP ASY-SYIFA DARUSSALAM ABUNG JAYO LAMPUNG UTARA

ABSTRACTAll humans certainly need education for their survival, because all aspects of life will require insight gained from education. The existence of education can guarantee the development and survival of the Indonesian nation. Therefore, the commitment and responsibility of those responsible for education must be increased. And it is no less important that a person's position can determine the success of the educational institution he leads, especially in relation to the role of the school principal and the teacher council and parents in ensuring the smooth running of the teaching and learning process.This research aims to: 1) Find out the synergy of PAI teachers and parents in cultivating students' morals at Asy-Syifa Darussalam Abung Jayo Middle School, North Lampung; 2) Knowing the supporting and inhibiting factors for the synergy of Islamic Religious Education Teachers and parents in cultivating students' morals at Asy-Syifa Darussalam Abung Jayo Middle School, North Lampung. This type of research is descriptive qualitative where the results of data obtained in the field are explained in the form of sentence descriptions, with the research object being Islamic Religious Education teachers and parents, as well as students at Asy-Syifa Darussalam Abung Jayo Middle School, North Lampung. In collecting data, three methods were used, namely interviews and observation as the main method, then documentation as a supporting method to complete the data that the researcher did not obtain through interviews and observation.The results of this research show that; 1) The synergy of teachers and parents in instilling moral discipline and politeness in students at Asy-Syifa Darussalam Abung Jayo Middle School, namely through Tahfidz activities and discipline sheets. In the discipline sheet there are two discipline values, the first is discipline at home and discipline at school; 2) Factors that influence the synergy of PAI teachers and parents in instilling the morals of students at Asy-Syifa Darussalam Abung Jayo Middle School, North Lampung. There are two influencing factors, namely: a) Supporting factors for the synergy of PAI teachers and parents in instilling the morals of participants. students at Asy-Syifa Darussalam Abung Jayo Middle School, North Lampung, namely Consistency in Education, Attitude of parents in the family, Understanding and practicing the religion they adhere to, Consistent attitude of parents in implementing norms. family factor, if the family factor understands religion and educates their children well and instills good moral values then it will be easy for teachers to instill good morals and as parents the same goes for parents; b) The inhibiting factor is from the parents themselves, by educating them by giving a good example, the child will easily be instilled with good morals, the second is the environment, if the environment is good then the child will more easily be instilled with good values, habits, such as if he makes a mistake in advise but just stay silent and sulk.. Keywords: Synergy, Moral Cultivation

Aliran Ilmu Kalam dan Pokok-Pokok Pikirannya Masing-Masing

The school of Kalam science and its respective main points of thought. Kalam science, or Islamic theology, is a scientific discipline that discusses Islamic beliefs using rational methods and logical argumentation. This article discusses various schools in Kalam Science and their respective main points of thought. Some of the main schools in Kalam Science include:• Mu'tazilah: Mu'tazilah believed that the human mind is capable of understanding Islamic teachings rationally and that human actions are free. • Asy'ariyah: Asy'ariyah believes that human reason needs to be assisted by revelation to understand Islamic teachings and that human actions are not completely free. • Maturidiyah: Maturidiyah believes that human reason has an important role in understanding Islamic teachings, but revelation remains the main source knowledge.• Salafiyah: Salafiyah believes that the main source of Islamic knowledge is the Koran and Hadith, and that the use of reason in understanding religion must be limited. This article explains the differences in views between these schools in various theological aspects, such as the nature of God, free will, and destiny.

(The Importance of Knowledge and Work in Islamic Thought) A Study of the Stages of Spiritual Purification According to Imam Al-Ghazali

Science occupies great importance in Islamic thought. Science and learning are considered an essential part of Islamic teachings, and this importance appears in several aspects,Among them is thatScience as a means of understanding religion :Science is a means of understanding the teachings of the Islamic religion. Islam encourages thinking and rational research to understand the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet, enabling Muslims to direct their lives and actions in accordance with the directives of their religion,And also to encourageResearch :Islam encourages scientific research and the use of reason in understanding the nature of the universe and God’s signs in it. Muslims are encouraged to study the natural and social sciences and all fields that are useful in developing human knowledge. Science and community development :Islam views science as playing a crucial role in the progress and development of society. It encourages the use of science and technology in the service of humanity, in improving living conditions and promoting social and economic progress, science and piety :Islam views science as a means to achieve piety, that is, a close connection with God and living according to His teachings. The search for and acquisition of knowledge is a form of worship, and Islam promotes people’s understanding that achieving knowledge leads to deeper piety, knowledge, and individual and collective excellence. :Islam encourages the pursuit of knowledge and achieving excellence in its field. It glorifies academic achievement and individual and collective skills as means of serving society and making positive contributions, science and justice :Islam promotes the use of science to achieve justice in society. The Islamic religion expects those with knowledge to contribute to serving justice, ensuring the rights of individuals, and achieving balance in society. In Islamic thought, science is linked to religion and lifeAlyumiaIt encourages Muslims to use science as a means to achieve personal well-beingAnd socialAt the same time To serve God and his creation. This is what Imam Al-Ghazali argued in the content of the research, where:Not all knowledge is science. For example, our life experiences do not include direct observation and practical activity, which do not go beyond the pure description of facts and processes, and which do not go beyond monitoring their external aspects only. That Work is all the activities that a person practices, whether physical or mental, with the aim of production in the institution in which he works, whether governmental or private, or the work may be in a personal profession or craft. The concept of work in Islam: Work is everything that brings benefit to the believer, and this benefit may be material, worldly, or moral in the hereafter. Work has great importance and great status in Islam, and through it the Muslim obtains a great reward and reward, as it is considered worship and compliance with the commands of God Almighty, so through it Life flourishes, the country is prospered, and stability is achieved for the individual and society as a whole. Work in Islam is considered a type of jihad for the sake of God, and its goal is not just to collect money, but rather it is an act of worship that brings goodness to the Muslim, and what is required of him is to strive hard in life seeking the doors of sustenance. And to adhere to God’s limits and not disobey His commands, as good deeds are what guarantee a good life and strength for a person.

Menuju Super Smart Era 5.0: Tantangan Baru dan Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam

This research aims to analyze and explore the challenges related to the problems faced in Islamic religious education in the super smart era 5.0, as well as the development that must be done on the Islamic religious education curriculum in order to be relevant to the super smart era 5.0. This research uses qualitativ method by using descriptiv-analysis technique to analyze and describe the data and findings of this research. Then the approach used is Library research in the study of research and the data source of this research is obtained from various sources of scientific studies such as articles, journals, books, documents, and other data relevant to this research. The results in this study are (1) the development of technology in the super smart era 5.0 provides challenges in the sustainability of Islamic religious education, such as preventing moral degradation in students, preparing educators and students to be able to integrate the use of technology in education, the difficulty of filtering digital content, the influence of social media, the emergence of addictive properties, providing an understanding of the importance of balance between understanding religion and technology, the difficulty of maintaining data security, and (2) the Islamic religious education curriculum must be developed to answer the problems and needs of society, namely by using Tyler's goal-oriented curriculum development model.

UPAYA MENJAGA SANAD KEILMUAN DENGAN ULAMA’ ASWAJA MELALUI KEGIATAN “MBALAH ASWAJA” DI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM MALANG

The phenomenon of lack of care in choosing ustaz or clerics to study religion is a serious concern in Muslim society today. This article highlights the tendency of society to be more careful in world affairs than in choosing religious teachers. In the midst of the rise of fake ustaz who spread liberal ideas without in-depth research, the importance of choosing a ustaz with the right criteria becomes very relevant. With the historical example of Imam Bukhari who had many teachers, this article underlines the importance of guidance and authority in understanding religious teachings. For ordinary people who do not have the ability to research religious teachings, having a teacher who can guide them is the key to avoiding error and confusion in understanding religion.

PENDIDIKAN PLURALISME DALAM PERSPEKTIF GUS DUR DAN SYAFI’I MA’ARIF

Gus Dur (KH Abdurrahman Wahid) and Syafi'i Ma'arif, as Muslim intellectuals who came from Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, had very valuable ideas, including in the context of pluralist education. Gus Dur and Syafi'i Ma'arif's perspective on pluralism education reflects a deep understanding and values such as tolerance, diversity and respect for differences in society. Here are some important aspects in both views. In Gus Dur's perspective, the main focus lies on tolerance and diversity. He emphasized the importance of equality and understanding religion as the foundation for a harmonious life. On the other hand, Syafi'i Ma'arif focuses on multicultural education and humanist education. Although there are differences in approach between the two, there are similarities in their views. These two figures have the common goal of avoiding conflict, as well as building awareness and integration of religious values in society. Thus, Gus Dur and Syafi'i Ma'arif's approach to pluralistic education creates a strong foundation for realizing social harmony and respect for diversity Keywords: Pluralism Education; Gus Dur's Pluralism Education; Syafi'i Ma'arif's Pluralism Education.

Oral tradition, ancient history and religious tourism knowledge

ABSTRACT Religious tourism is one of the most longstanding forms of leisure related travel in the world with a history dating back to antiquity. However, there has been a hesitation amongst many tourism scholars to critically assess the role of ancient religious texts to understand the attitudes and behaviours of religious tourists and tourism destinations. With reference to literature on oral traditions, the aim of this exploratory paper is to critically consider the insights that can be derived from the Christian Bible for the management and scholarly understanding of contemporary religious tourism. This paper suggests that Christianity’s oral traditions and their ensuing written representation in the Bible provide an important means of understanding religion ‘as lived’ in the ancient world. Religious tourists are often driven by a pilgrim’s mentality to tread in the footsteps of the first apostles and other religious leaders. From a historical perspective, the oral formulation of the New Testament and its subsequent influence on the formation of the Bible as a religious text offers religious tourists an insight into such people and the places/ experiences that were important in the faith of the early church.

BAHASA SEBAGAI ALAT PEMBERDAYAAN SISWA AGAR MANDIRI DALAM LINGKUNGAN PESANTREN

This research is an in-depth effort to explore the role of language as a tool for empowering Islamic boarding school students to achieve an optimal level of independence. In the context of Islamic boarding schools, language is not only interpreted as a medium of communication, but also as a crucial instrument in forming character and understanding religious values. By integrating learning methods that focus on understanding religion in the context of everyday life, the aim of this research is to provide new insights in developing student empowerment strategies. The importance of understanding religious values permeated through language is the main focus, and this research seeks to make a significant contribution by detailing effective strategies to achieve this goal. It is hoped that the findings of this research can become a basis for Islamic boarding schools in designing learning that not only prioritizes aspects of student independence, but also integrates religious values as a whole in the daily lives of Islamic boarding school students.

Sociology And Religion: Interaction, Conflict and Social Change In Society From Hadith Perspective

Religion and sociology are two fields that are inherently linked to human social life. Religion is an integral part of the lives of many individuals and societies around the world, influencing actions, values, norms and social structures. On the other hand, sociology is the study of social interaction, social institutions and social change in society. Both influence each other and form complex social dynamics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between religion and sociology, with a focus on conflict and social change, and how hadith views these matters. The research aims to provide deeper insights into how religion influences the social structure, norms and values of society and how sociology can be used as an approach to understanding religion as a social phenomenon. In addition, the research will also explore the impact of religious conflict in society and the role of religion in the social changes that take place. What is important from the findings of this research is that the sociology of religion will provide knowledge about the patterns of religious social interaction in society and how they build structures and infrastructure in religion. With the sociology of religion, one will find a scientifically standardized pattern or concept of how religious people build a social system that respects each other and upholds tolerance. As a result, by studying the sociology of religion one will be able to personally control social actions in religion as well as control oneself. It is also confirmed by the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad Saw that religious life, especially a Muslim, must uphold science, tolerance, and patterns of social life must rely on religion, especially in Islam everything has been regulated and can be implemented.

STUDENT STRATEGIES IN UNDERSTANDING CONTENT KNOWLEDGE OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION BASED ON ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

This research aims to examine the strategies used by students in understanding content knowledge in the field of religious moderation. To achieve this goal, a case study method involving 150 students from the Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) in the fields of language, vocational, and social studies was used. The data collection technique used was through questionnaires about the strategies used by students in understanding religion or religious moderation, and an attitude scale instrument to determine students' views on understanding strategies or knowledge acquisition. The results of the statistical analysis will be discussed, examined for trends, and compared with previous research findings or opinions. After the discussion, this study concludes that the most commonly used strategy by students is attending religious studies and engaging in discussions with individuals considered to have a better understanding of religion.

Towards a Golden Indonesia 2045: The Role of the Indonesian Diaspora in the Social, Technological, and Religious Moderation Sectors

Abstract. Indonesia as a multi-ethnic and religiously diverse country has its challenges in creating security and peace in Indonesia. The importance of understanding religion correctly is one of the many ways to maintain the stability of the Indonesian nation. Thus, understanding religious moderation is one of the important aspects of achieving the goal of Golden Indonesia in 2045. Apart from that, it is also important to pay attention to actors who have an important role in maintaining national stability. Indonesian Diaspora abroad has a great opportunity to become an important aspect in advancing Indonesia both from within and outside Indonesia. Therefore, this service is carried out to provide understanding to the Indonesian diaspora both abroad and within the country regarding their role in the fields of social, technology, and religious moderation. This service organizes international symposium activities which contain several activities such as presentations, group discussion forums, and discussions to develop students' abilities to express their ideas. This service provides a forum for sharing ideas related to contemporary strategic and global studies. It is hoped that the Indonesian diaspora can understand its role and help advance Indonesia and succeed in the ideals of a Golden Indonesia 2045

Sociologija religije Hansa Mola: dosezi identitetske teorije religije / Hans Mol’s Sociology of Religion: The Scope of the Identity Theory of Religion

The subject of this paper is the Hans Mol’s sociology of religion, which is also known as the “identity theory of religion”. The aim of the paper is to show Hans Mol’s contributions based on the analysis and critical assumptions of the identity theory of religion. In order to shed light on contemporary social constellations that necessarily imply the presence of religion in the “public sphere”, the paper proves the plausibility and scientific usability of the identity theory of religion in the analysis of religion and its connection with identity, politics and culture. In accordance with the saying, the paper shows that the sociology of religion by Hans Mol in toto should be observed and understood in its own interpretative range. In this sense, identity theory of religion does not represent just one innovative platform for understanding religion as “sacralization of identity”; it must be understood in the context of its methodological and paradigmatic significance for the sociology of religion as a whole. For this reason, the paper highlights the theoretical coordinates of Hans Mol’s sociology of religion, which is found at the intersection of sociological, anthropological and secularization theories of religion.

Resisting Protestant Hegemony: Privileging Coverage in Religion Reporting

Abstract The present study explores how religion reporters in the United States (n = 20) define religion and privilege religious identities, at times also working to combat dominant hegemonic narratives about some of these religious groups. We find that some religion reporters covered religion in ways that reflect the institutional power of religious traditions, whereas others aimed to combat the hegemonic power structures of dominant religious identities by covering less prominent groups or usurping stereotypical framings of other groups. This paper (1) provides a window into the evolving landscape of religious news in the United States, tracing how many of these journalists aim or at least recognize the need to overcome White, Protestant hegemonic lenses for understanding religion in the United States through their reporting, and (2) demonstrates how religion reporters’ approaches to covering religion, even while drawing from secular principles and values of journalism, are a byproduct of religion itself.

Speaking of God in the Realm of Aesthetics: Religion in Hölderlin

This article considers the work and reception of Friedrich Hölderlin with regard to the impact of German Idealism on religion. To this end, two questions must be clarified in advance: can Hölderlin, who is known primarily as a poet, also be placed in the context of German Idealism, and does his work have a significant relationship to religion? I argue that both questions should be answered in the affirmative. Ernst Cassirer’s study Hölderlin und der deutsche Idealismus (1918/19) clearly laid the foundation for appreciating Hölderlin’s place within German Idealism, and the question of God is a leitmotif of Hölderlin’s entire oeuvre. I seek to trace Hölderlin’s influence on understanding religion in three steps: First, I want to show that Hölderlin, in a critical continuation of Kant, does not consider religion solely within the matrix of practical reason, but brings into play the dimension of aesthetics. By situating religion in relation to the two focal points of ethics and aesthetics, a fundamental question of the philosophy of religion is addressed. Second, I employ several examples to show the various conceptions of the divine that the poet elucidates and juxtaposes in his work (Christian motifs, Greek mythology, pantheistic concepts, etc.). This leads to a philosophy of religion that is not determined by dogmatic boundaries. Third, I point out how religion plays a major role in the reception of Hölderlin.

Perkawinan Usia Muda dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Angka Perceraian:

Marriage is a means to create a new household or family between a man and a woman. Through this research, we want to know and find cases where divorce occurs because of early marriage. 1 This research is a qualitative research. 1). Marriage is everyone's right and he has the right to live it. Where at this age there are many challenges in life. 2) Early childhood is called the golden age, where children easily receive stimulation, both directly and indirectly, as well as various educational activities from their environment. The consequences of early divorce are internal and external factors. Internal factors include disputes, cost issues and affairs. External factors are factors of understanding religion, economy and cultural customs. 2 Development of young couples is very necessary, because they still have developmental tasks in the search for identity and social identity which are sometimes still confusing. One focus of their training and counseling is social maturation. Keywords: marriage, early age, divorce.

Youth Participation in Religious Activities and Nation Character Development in Indonesia

Almost every religion involves youth participation in activities; signifying growing awareness of the need for youths in the continuity of religious practices and vice versa, as young people depend on religion as a basis for good character in facing the challenges of their time. This study examines youth participation in understanding religion, especially Islam, and why participating in religious activities establishes itself in the context of migratory or young migrants. In doing so, this study explores the what, why and how forms of youth participation in such religious activities contribute to the development of national character. Further to this, youth participation in the Hijrah Fest is in line with the theory of a relational development system where relationships that occur between individuals such as youths in particular strengthen each other to form an independent hijrah community. Using qualitative methods, this study found that the Hijrah Fest is a social capital for the community, whose activities encourage many young people to be independent, work together and develop good morals. This is in line with the state's goal of developing the character of Indonesian youth. Hijrah Fest is also supports the vision of the Indonesian government in realizing a sovereign, independent youth personalities through such collaboration. Keywords: Youth participation, religion, hijrah fest, religious moderation, nation character.

Muhaddislerin Metin Tenkidi Yapmadıkları İddiasına Yönelik Bir Eleştiri: Ebû Dâvûd’un Sünen’inde Metin Tenkidi

Hadīths were subjected to many examinations during the process of compilation and recording in books. The first stage of these examinations is to determine whether the hadīth's script is sahīh or not. After the hadīths with valid conditions were included in the books by the authors, they were sometimes evaluated in terms of textual criticism. However, it has been claimed in some classical works that the text is not given importance and in some recent studies that textual criticism is not practiced by muhaddiths. The basis of their criticism of classical sources is the idea that only the different tarīqs of hadīths were tried to be brought together and that no attention was paid to understanding the hadīths. Names such as Goldziher, Caetani, and Juynboll, on the other hand, argued that only the isnād was taken as a basis for the acceptance of hadīths. However, they were of the opinion that if the hadīths were reliable, they were accepted directly, and the hadīth texts were not examined in terms of intellectual and historical aspects. These allegations bring to mind the idea that the hadīths are not sufficiently analyzed in terms of acceptance and rejection and that the text is not taken into account in judging and evaluating the hadīths. It is necessary to determine whether this is really the case because hadīths are the most fundamental source for understanding religion after the Qur'an. The claim that the hadīths, which constitute the basis of fiqh, have not been sufficiently analyzed is suspicious and undermines the reliability of the main hadīth sources. Based on the data showing that textual criticism was made in Abū Dāwūd's (d. 275/889) Sunan, it was seen that the aforementioned claims were open to criticism, and it was aimed to criticize these claims. The statements that the Muhaddiths did not perform textual criticism were determined by scanning the books to which the criticisms were directed. These criticisms were compared with the data in the Sunan. It has been determined that the data on textual criticism in the Sunan is included in different sections, and it has been seen that the author only performs textual criticism on issues that may cause confusion. It was also found that some of the hadīths were presented and interpreted by Abū Dāwūd according to the actual Sunnah. The practice of the Companions was also taken as evidence in the textual criticism as a criterion that directly affects the ruling of the hadīth. In addition, the author performed a criticism activity by evaluating some of the hadīths rationally. In addition, explanations on issues directly related to the text, such as tashif-tahrif, ziyāda, and idrāj, were found to be effective in understanding the text. This shows that the author cares about the text as much as the isnād and that he endeavors to understand the hadīths and analyze the text. However, the author made explanations on the issue of Ikhtilāf al-ḥadîth by identifying the discrepancy in the text. He contributed to the comprehension of the text by making many references to the issue of gharīb al-hadīth. His explanations and references to the rulings of hadīths show that an activity related to the content of the text took place in the context of fiqh al-hadīth. All of this shows that the claims that there is no textual criticism in classical sources, that only the isnād is dealt with, and that the text is ignored do not reflect the truth in the context of the Sunan. Based on this study, it is thought that the existence of issues related to textual criticism in hadīth sources other than the Sunan can be the subject of more comprehensive research.

Tafsir Tematik Moderasi Islam: Jalan Menuju Moderasi Beragama di Indonesia

Religious moderation as a religious narrative to provide an understanding of religious adherents and religious attitudes in Indonesia so that they are in the middle position. Religious moderation has an important role in understanding religion as a whole. Indonesia as a country with various tribes, nations, religions and cultures is a challenge in itself to create unity in the midst of pluralism. This study discusses religious moderation in Indonesia in the thematic interpretation of Islamic moderation. This research uses a qualitative research type of literature study using descriptive methods. The results of the study show that religious moderation is a moderate religious attitude between the two extreme poles, namely the right and left which is reflected in the seven main characters namely respecting various differences, knowing the main practices, not having excessive fanaticism, practicing religion easily, not understanding religious texts textually of course, making differences a strength, and being consistent in religion. This research recommends the government to make the thematic interpretation of islamic moderation a reference in carrying out religious moderation in Indonesia.

Truth Claims and Multicultural Values in Learning Religious Education

This study analyses truth claims and multicultural values made by school teachers. This research is necessary because schools have teachers and students with different cultural, customs and religious backgrounds. These differences sometimes become obstacles to creating harmony in schools. Misunderstandings, especially in understanding religion due to students' ignorance, have triggered disputes in association at school. This type of research is field research using exploratory qualitative methods. At the same time, the research approach uses sociological-anthropological and structural-functional. This study uses primary data from interview results, while books, journal articles, and relevant literature are used as secondary data. Research data were collected using non-participant observation techniques, structured interviews, and documentation. The research objects were school principals, teachers of Islam, Christianity and Hinduism, and Muslim, Christian and Hindu students. The collected data were analyzed inductively. This study found that teachers in schools are still at the level of understanding of pluralism in religion and tend to be tolerant but have yet to implement multicultural values profoundly and equitably in schools. In addition, learning the doctrine of religious truth is in synergy with multicultural understanding in interfaith in the school environment. However, it is still applying an attitude of tolerance between religious communities. This research contributes to cultivating students' pluralist attitudes by mapping the pluralist attitudes of pro-anticipation students before conflicts occur in multicultural societies in religious education learning.