Understanding Of Redundancy Research Articles

1956: Deleuze and Foucault in the Archives, or, What Happened to theA Priori?

When Gilles Deleuze, in his book on Michel Foucault, asks, ‘who would think of looking for life among the archives?’, he uncovers something particular to Foucault's philosophy, but also to his own: a commitment to the question of what it means to think, and think politically. Although Foucault and Deleuze, who first met in 1952, immediately felt fondness for each other, a growing animosity had settled into the friendship by the end of the 1970s – a rift deepened by theoretical differences. Notwithstanding these difficulties, Foucault and Deleuze shared a love for Nietzsche, as well as a curious fascination with Kant. Kant's influence, which was met with more opposition, is precisely the tension I tease out in this article, showing how Foucault critiques Kant's a priori through his own concept of the historical a priori, along with regularity and resistance, while Deleuze and Guattari, if more obliquely, critique Kant's a priori by further developing Foucault's notion of the historical a priori through their own method of pragmatics, particularly in three chapters of A Thousand Plateaus, namely ‘The Geology of Morals’, ‘Postulates of Linguistics’ and ‘On Several Regimes of Signs’. What I am interested in, then, is Deleuze and Guattari's treatment of redundancy, a concept mentioned seventy times in A Thousand Plateaus. Although not one of their main or most developed concepts, redundancy is a thread that can be traced back to Deleuze's first book, Empiricism and Subjectivity. Moreover, their more developed concepts, for example the diagram, the abstract machine, becoming, micro-politics and the ritornello, as well as their political philosophy, are grounded in their understanding of redundancy, which moves their philosophy beyond mapping out the conditions of possibility (Kant) and demonstrating that the historical a priori emerges as a contingent function of its own expression (Foucault) to the genesis of thought.

Non-redundancy in seed dispersal and germination by native and introduced frugivorous birds: implications of invasive bird impact on native plant communities

Seed dispersal by vertebrate animals is important for the establishment of many fleshy-fruited plant species. Different frugivorous species can provide different seed dispersal services according to their specific dietary preferences as well as behaviour and body traits (e.g. body size and beak size of birds). Our aim was to study redundancies and complementarities in seed dispersal and germination between the two main native seed disperser birds and the introduced silver pheasant Lophura nycthemera in the temperate Patagonian forests. For this, we collected fresh droppings from the studied species and analyzed seed content. We conducted germination trials for four plant species common in bird droppings; two native species (Aristotelia chilensis and Rhaphithamnus spinosus) and two invasive non-native species (Rubus ulmifolius and Rosa rubiginosa). Both native frugivorous birds and the silver pheasant dispersed fruits of non- native fleshy-fruited plants, but their roles were non-redundant in terms of species dispersed and effect on seed germination. The silver pheasant dispersed a proportionally high number of non-native seeds, while native birds dispersed a high number of native seeds. In addition, the effect of gut treatment in seed germination differed between seed dispersers. Native birds promoted the germination for the two native plant species studied, while the silver pheasant promoted the germination of one non-native plant. This suggests that seed dispersal by the silver pheasant may contribute to the spread of some invasive fleshy-fruited plants in the ecosystems that otherwise would not be dispersed by any other bird. The understanding of redundancies and complementarities on seed dispersal and germination between native and introduced birds will allow improving the management of fleshy-fruited non-native plants.

Advancing System Performance with Redundancy: From Biological to Artificial Designs.

Redundancy is a fundamental characteristic of many biological processes such as those in the genetic, visual, muscular, and nervous systems, yet its driven mechanism has not been fully comprehended. Until recently, the only understanding of redundancy is as a mean to attain fault tolerance, which is reflected in the design of many man-made systems. On the contrary, our previous work on redundant sensing (RS) has demonstrated an example where redundancy can be engineered solely for enhancing accuracy and precision. The design was inspired by the binocular structure of human vision, which we believe may share a similar operation. In this letter, we present a unified theory describing how such utilization of redundancy is feasible through two complementary mechanisms: representational redundancy (RPR) and entangled redundancy (ETR). We also point out two additional examples where our new understanding of redundancy can be applied to justify a system's superior performance. One is the human musculoskeletal system (HMS), a biological instance, and the other is the deep residual neural network (ResNet), an artificial counterpart. We envision that our theory would provide a framework for the future development of bio-inspired redundant artificial systems, as well as assist studies of the fundamental mechanisms governing various biological processes.

Isomorph-redundancy in sequential circuits

Design of irredundant and fully testable nonscan sequential circuits is a major concern of logic synthesis, as the presence of undetectable faults may render an ATPG intractable. This paper outlines some intriguing properties of isomorph faults, which are sequentially undetectable as well as redundant. An isomorph fault in a sequential circuit makes the state diagram of the faulty machine identical to that of the fault-free machine under certain renaming of states. Examples of reduced sequential machines whose circuit realization is combinationally irredundant, but isomorph-redundant, are hard to construct and very little is known about them. In this paper, many curious examples of such sequential circuits are presented wherein a single stuck-at fault causes isomorphic faulty machines. An infinite family of such circuits may, in fact, be constructed. It is shown that even two-level irredundant circuits obtained by synthesis tools may admit isomorph-redundancy under multiple stuck-at faults. Various classifications and related properties of isomorph faults are also reported. These results reveal new insight and understanding of redundancy in sequential circuits.

Cornelius over and over and over again

Commentators usually note that the repetition seen in the story of Cornelius and Peter (Acts 10.1-11.18) indicates either the importance which the story plays in Acts, the sources behind the narrative, or stylistic variation. This article contends that the seemingly minor variations in these repetitions are not for emphasis alone. Rather, they constitute a narrative strategy called 'functional redundancy' in which repetitions with variation function to teach the reader how to interpret properly the events narrated in the story. Employing an understanding of redundancy developed by Meir Sternberg ( The Poetics of Biblical Narrative ), the article applies four tools of literary redundancy (truncation, addition, change of order, and substitution) to the story of Cornelius's conversion to analyze how these repetitions function. The structure, literary style, and content of the narrative together reinforce that the movement to the Gentiles, symbolized by the contact between Peter and Cornelius, is part of God's plan of salvation.