Understanding Of Quantum Mechanics Research Articles

Three-Body Entanglement in Particle Decays.

Quantum entanglement has long served as a foundational pillar in understanding quantum mechanics, with a predominant focus on two-particle systems. We extend the study of entanglement into the realm of three-body decays, offering a more intricate understanding of quantum correlations. We introduce a novel approach for three-particle systems by utilizing the principles of entanglement monotone concurrence and the monogamy property. Our findings highlight the potential of studying deviations from the standard model and emphasize its significance in particle phenomenology. This work paves the way for new insights into particle physics through multiparticle quantum entanglement, particularly in decays of heavy fermions and hadrons.

A New Approach to Understanding Quantum Mechanics: Illustrated Using a Pedagogical Model over ℤ2

The new approach to quantum mechanics (QM) is that the mathematics of QM is the linearization of the mathematics of partitions (or equivalence relations) on a set. This paper develops those ideas using vector spaces over the field Z2={0.1} as a pedagogical or toy model of (finite-dimensional, non-relativistic) QM. The 0,1-vectors are interpreted as sets, so the model is “quantum mechanics over sets” or QM/Sets. The key notions of partitions on a set are the logical-level notions to model distinctions versus indistinctions, definiteness versus indefiniteness, or distinguishability versus indistinguishability. Those pairs of concepts are the key to understanding the non-classical ‘weirdness’ of QM. The key non-classical notion in QM is the notion of superposition, i.e., the notion of a state that is indefinite between two or more definite- or eigen-states. As Richard Feynman emphasized, all the weirdness of QM is illustrated in the double-slit experiment, so the QM/Sets version of that experiment is used to make the key points.

Experimental and Didactical Strategy to Improve Understanding of the Fundamental Concepts in Quantum Physics.

Quantum physics is an essential theory serving to explore nature at its smallest scales. Interaction between elemental particles in matter is leading toward new potential alternatives for producing decarbonized clean energies. Despite its importance, students find difficulties in understanding quantum mechanics due to a wrong categorization of the fundamental concepts. Studying quantum physics needs a new flexible ontology in which the quantum entity can have particle or wave properties depending on the context. We developed a workshop in quantum devices to put concepts into the correct conceptual categorization. With the aim of strengthening interinstitutional exchange, we realized the workshop with a population conformed by environmental engineering students of the Corporación Universitaria Uniagraria. Meeting took place in the Institución Universitaria Politécnico Grancolombiano facilities. Laser, LED (Light Emitting Diode), and photocell were the devices used to introduce the most fundamental concepts of quantum physics. The theoretical component of the workshop was divided into two main elements, the first, radiation-matter interaction, and the second, electrical transport mechanisms in materials. Pedagogical instruments employed were diagnostic proof, evaluative proof, and satisfaction inquiry. Despite the success achieved in the general realization of the workshop, students suggested some aspects for considering in future versions.

An interconnected system of energy

The purpose of this paper is to describe a system of interconnected energy models. These models produce inferences that may enhance our understanding of classical and quantum mechanics. From the formulated models, an empirical test is derived to validate the proposed light projection hypothesis.

The quantum luminiferous aether

A solid, two-component, quantum luminiferous aether is proposed to exist. Simple postulates are hypothesized, along with some physical laws and assignments. Derivations then lead to the equations of electrodynamics (Maxwell’s equations and the Lorentz force equation), Newton’s law of universal gravitation, and to two field-masses. The theory is shown to successfully meet the classic tests of general relativity: calculations for the advance of the perihelia, the Shapiro effect, and the gravitational redshift agree with experiment, and the experimental result concerning the bending of light in gravitational fields is also understood. Additionally, gravitational waves are understood, and the first of the field-masses allows for an understanding of what is presently known as dark matter. A new approach to analyzing dense objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars is discussed, and since the theory has no singularity, a replacement for black holes is suggested. Replacing relativity with an absolute, realist, and physical model returns us to a flat Euclidean space and a separate time. Absolute simultaneity enables understanding of quantum mechanics. The underlying philosophical grounding is discussed.

The Puzzling of Stefan–Boltzmann Law: Classical or Quantum Physics

Stefan–Boltzmann law, stating the fourth power temperature dependence of the radiation emission by a black-body, was empirically formulated by Stefan in 1874 by fitting existing experiments and theoretically validated by Boltzmann in 1884 on the basis of a classical physical model involving thermodynamics principles and the radiation pressure predicted by Maxwell equations. At first sight the electromagnetic (EM) gas assumed by Boltzmann and following Rayleigh (1900) identifiable as an ensemble of N classical normal-modes, looks like an extension of the classical model of the massive ideal-gas. Accordingly, for this EM gas the internal total energy, U, was assumed to be function of volume V and temperature T as [Formula: see text], and the equation of state was given by [Formula: see text], with P the radiation pressure. In addition, Boltzmann implicitly assumed that, for given values of V and T, U and the number of modes N would take finite values. However, from one hand these assumptions are not justified by Maxwell equations and classical statistics since, in vacuum (i.e., far from the EM sources), the values of N and U diverge, the so-called ultraviolet catastrophe introduced by Ehrenfest in 1911. From another hand, Boltzmann derivation of Stefan law is found to be macroscopically compatible with its derivation from quantum statistics announced by Planck in 1901. In this paper, we present a justification of this puzzling classical/quantum compatibility by noticing that the implicit assumptions made by Boltzmann is fully justified by Planck quantum statistics. Furthermore, we shed new light on the interpretation of recent classical simulations of a black body carried out by Wang, Casati, and Benenti in 2022 who found an analogous puzzling consistency between Stefan–Boltzmann law and their simulations to induce speculations on classical physics and black body radiation that are claimed to require a critical reconsideration of the role of classical physics for the understanding of quantum mechanics.

A quantum procedure for estimating information gain in Boolean classification task

A substantial portion of global quantum computing research has been conducted using quantum mechanics, which recently has been applied to quantum computers. However, the design of a quantum algorithm requires a comprehensive understanding of quantum mechanics and physical procedures. This work presents a quantum procedure for estimating information gain. It is aimed at making quantum computing accessible to those without preliminary knowledge of quantum mechanics. The procedure can be a basis for building data mining processes according to measures from information theory using quantum computers. The main advantage of this procedure is the use of amplitude encoding and the inner product of two quantum states to calculate the conditional entropy between two vectors. The method was implemented using the IBM simulator and tested over a dataset of six features and a Boolean target variable. The results showed a correlation of 0.942 between the ranks achieved by the classical and quantum computations with a significance of p < 0.005.

Quantum ontology without textbooks. Nor overlapping

In this paper, I critically assess two recent proposals for an interpretation-independent understanding of non-relativistic quantum mechanics: the overlap strategy (Fraser & Vickers, 2022) and the textbook account (Egg, 2021). My argument has three steps. I first argue that they presume a Quinean-Carnapian meta-ontological framework that yields flat, structureless ontologies. Second, such ontologies are unable to solve the problems that quantum ontologists want to solve. Finally, only structured ontologies are capable of solving the problems that quantum ontologists want to solve. But they require some dose of speculation. In the end, I defend the conservative way to do quantum ontology, which is (and must be) speculative and non-neutral.

Research and prospects of encryption mechanism for quantum communication

With the continuous advancement of quantum communication technology, the public's interest in quantum mechanics and quantum communication has been steadily increasing. However, due to the general level of knowledge and misleading popular science videos on the internet, there are significant misconceptions regarding the understanding of quantum mechanics and quantum communication technology. This study aims to enhance readers' understanding of this field by providing an accessible introduction to the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and quantum communication. This paper starts by elaborating on the basic concepts of quantum mechanics, such as wave function, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of observables, and the superposition of eigenstates. Then, taking polarization of light as an example, the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics are explained. Subsequently, through the examples of the BB84 and B92 protocols, the working principles of quantum communication and its advantage of being secure against eavesdropping are explained. Finally, an overview of the current status and technological challenges faced by quantum communication technology is provided. It is our expectation that readers, after reading this paper, will enhance their understanding of the theoretical foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum communication, thereby avoiding being misled by erroneous information from the internet and real-life sources.

Testing Heisenberg-Type Measurement Uncertainty Relations of Three Observables.

Heisenberg-type measurement uncertainty relations (MURs) of two quantum observables are essential for contemporary research in quantum foundations and quantum information science. Going beyond, here we report the first experimental study of MUR of three quantum observables. We establish rigorously MURs for triplets of unbiased qubit observables as combined approximation errors lower bounded by an incompatibility measure, inspired by the proposal of Busch et al. [Phys. Rev. A 89, 012129 (2014)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.89.012129]. We develop a convex programming protocol to numerically find the exact value of the incompatibility measure and the optimal measurements. We propose a novel implementation of the optimal joint measurements and present several experimental demonstrations with a single-photon qubit. We stress that our method is universally applicable to the study of many qubit observables. Besides, we theoretically show that MURs for joint measurement can be attained by sequential measurements in two of our explored cases. We anticipate that this work may stimulate broad interests associated with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in the case of multiple observables, enriching our understanding of quantum mechanics and inspiring innovative applications in quantum information science.

Application of Virtual Reality in Learning Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a physical theory that describes the behavior of microscopic matter. According to quantum theory, a microscopic particle may be described as either a particle or a wave, called wave–particle duality. Many students in high school or college (BC level) find it difficult to imagine that microscopic particles have both particle and wave properties. This is mainly caused by the scale of the world they see since quantum mechanics deals with things that are too small, while the wave and particle phenomena at the microscopic scale are difficult to understand, measure, or verify in the real world. In this study, virtual reality technology was used to develop teaching modules on quantum mechanics, allowing learners to see the particles and wave phenomena of electrons and photons in the microscopic world through interactive operation in virtual experiments. A teaching experiment was conducted by recruiting 60 high school students as research subjects. The control group (30 students) used physics textbooks, and the experimental group (30 students) used the virtual teaching modules for learning quantum mechanics. The analysis results show that the experimental group’s learning effectiveness is higher than the control group. The questionnaire results show that students were satisfied with the learning experience using virtual teaching modules with high learning motivation and low cognitive load because virtual reality can visualize the abstract concepts of wave–particle duality and help them understand quantum mechanics.

The Primacy of Doubt: From Quantum Physics to Climate Change, How the Science of Uncertainty Can Help Us Understand Our Chaotic World

The Primacy of Doubt: From Quantum Physics to Climate Change, How the Science of Uncertainty Can Help Us Understand Our Chaotic World

A quantum “black box” for entropy calculation

A significant part of global quantum computing research has been conducted based on quantum mechanics, which can now be used with quantum computers. However, designing a quantum algorithm requires a deep understanding of quantum mechanics and physics procedures. This work presents a generic quantum “black box” for entropy calculation. It does not depend on the data type and can be applied to building and maintaining machine learning models. The method has two main advantages. First, it is accessible to those without preliminary knowledge of quantum computing. Second, it is based on the quantum circuit with a constant depth of three, which is equivalent to three operations the circuit would perform to achieve the same result. We implemented our method using the IBM simulator and tested it over different types of input. The results showed a high correspondence between the classical and quantum computations that raised an error of up to 8.8e−16 for different lengths and types of information.

A DFT study to investigate the physical, electrical, optical properties and thermodynamic functions of boron nanoclusters (MxB2n0; x=1,2, n=3,4,5)

First Principle DFT calculations employing the B3LYP/LanL2DZ/SDD level of theory were used to analyze the various characteristics of boron nanoclusters (B6, B8, and B10). These pure structures were further doped with four transition metals (Ta, Ti, Tc, and V) to examine the enhancement of the pure structures' structural, electrical, and optical features. To study structural stability, we have estimated cohesion energy and imaginary frequencies. Cohesion energies were entirely negative, with a range of −3.37 eV to −8.07 eV, and most constructions had no imaginary frequencies, indicating their structural occurrences. The calculated adsorption energy suggests that the order of stability of the pristine boron nanoclusters is B10>B8>B6, and TcB10 and Tc2B10 are the more stable structures. Mulliken charge, DOS, HOMO-LUMO, and the HOMO-LUMO gap have all been examined in-depth to provide insight into electrical characteristics. UV–Vis and CD measurements show the doped boron nanoclusters have excellent optical properties. Aside from calculating thermodynamic functions, we have also calculated the global DFT parameters, which give us a deep quantum mechanical understanding of the optimized structure for further research and applications in the field of science and technology.

Quantum fluctuations, particles and entanglement: solving the quantum measurement problems

The so-called quantum measurement problems are solved from a new perspective. One of the main observations is that the basic entities of our world are particles, elementary or composite. It follows that each elementary process, hence each measurement process at its core, is a spacetime, pointlike, event. Another key idea is that, when a microsystem ψ gets into contact with the experimental device, factorization of ψ rapidly fails and entangled mixed states appear. The wave functions for the microsystem-apparatus coupled system for different measurement outcomes then lack overlapping spacetime support. It means that the aftermath of each measurement is a single term in the sum: a “wave-function collapse”. Our discussion leading to a diagonal density matrix, ρ = diag(|c 1|2,…,|cn |2,…) shows how the information encoded in the wave function gets transcribed, via entanglement with the experimental device and environment, into the relative frequencies Pn = |cn |2 for various experimental outcomes F = fn . Our discussion represents the first, significant steps towards filling in the logical gaps in the conventional interpretation based on Born’s rule, replacing it with a clearer understanding of quantum mechanics. Accepting objective reality of quantum fluctuations, independent of any experiments, and independently of human presence, one renounces the idea that in a fundamental, complete theory of Nature the result of each single experiment must necessarily be predictable.

Quantum and tempus theories of function food science in practice

Functional food science has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, driven by our evolving understanding of quantum mechanics and the concept of time. The interplay between these two theories, namely the Quantum theory and the Tempus theory, has opened new avenues for research and innovation in functional food. Functional food science integrates these theories to better understand the complex relationship between food, chronic disease, and health. Quantum theory explores the molecular-level interplay between energy, matter, and bioactive compounds in functional foods, optimizing their development and utilization for chronic disease and health. The Tempus theory emphasizes timed consumption, aligning functional foods with circadian rhythms and metabolic processes for enhanced nutrient absorption, utilization, and metabolic responses. By synchronizing food intake with the body's natural rhythms, the Tempus theory enhances the efficacy of functional foods in promoting health and preventing disease. Integrating the quantum and tempus theories in functional food science provides a comprehensive approach to understanding and utilizing the potential of functional foods for personalized nutritional interventions and improving overall well-being.Keywords: functional food science, Quantum theory, Tempus theory, bioactive compounds, cellular interactions, timing, health promotion, personalized nutrition.

General framework for genuine multipartite entanglement detection

Design of detection strategies for multipartite entanglement stands as a central importance on our understanding of fundamental quantum mechanics and has had substantial impact on quantum information applications. However, accurate and robust detection approaches are severely hindered, particularly when the number of nodes grows rapidly like in a quantum network. Here we present an exquisite procedure that generates novel entanglement witness for arbitrary targeted state via a generic and operational framework. The framework enjoys a systematic and high-efficient character and allows to substantiate genuine multipartite entanglement for a variety of states that arise naturally in practical situations, and to dramatically outperform currently standard methods. With excellent noise tolerance, our framework should be broadly applicable to witness genuine multipartite entanglement in various practically scenarios, and to facilitate making the best use of entangled resources in the emerging area of quantum network.

Students' alternative conceptions in quantum mechanics: The case of one-dimensional potential quantum tunneling

Quantum mechanics is generally an abstract theory that challenges intuition since it cannot be understood using ordinary experiences. Quantum tunneling is one of the topics which is more counterintuitive and challenges students' conceptual understanding. The study was aimed at investigating if final year undergraduate quantum mechanics students have alternative conceptions regarding quantum tunneling phenomena after a full course of instruction. In this study, students’ alternative conceptions are referred to as any student ideas related to the incorrect belief of scientific principles. Using the deep structured interviews involving 36 students who were registered in a quantum physics course from the University of Malawi, we found that some students hold on to the idea that the energy of a quantum tunneling electron is lost, the wave function graph depicts the physical wave, and the “potential step,” and “barrier” means a physical object/barrier. The study further established that the possible sources of these alternative conceptions emanated from students’ experience with classical tunneling / classical mechanics, quantum mechanics lecturer notes, and previous quantum mechanics lessons. The findings of this study further portray that traditional pedagogy has its limitation in facilitating students' comprehension of quantum tunneling. We recommend that further research into the design of instructional technology for quantum physics should consider these students' alternative conceptions when designing visual, interactive, and mental models, which may help establish students' conceptual understanding of quantum mechanics.

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THE PROBLEM OF ITS JUSTIFICATION

The article considers five stages in the history of the discovery and attempts to substantiate Mendeleev’s periodic system of chemical elements. The first stage consists in the accumulation, systematic analysis of extensive empirical material and in the direct establishment of the periodic law of chemical elements by Mendeleev. At the second stage, attempts were made to atomic-electronic explanation of the periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of elements on the basis of quantum mechanics and the Pauli principle. The third stage is associated with the development of nuclear physics, as well as with the development of such chemical methods as radiochemical analysis, the chromatographic method of color, etc. At the fourth stage, a solution to the problem was proposed on the basis of group theory in the quantum mechanical understanding. The fifth stage is based on the relational substantiation of the periodic system of chemical elements of the Mendeleev’s table, corresponding to the method of describing hadrons.

Conceptual diagrams in Quantum Mechanics

AbstractQuantum Mechanics (QM) stands alone as a (very) successful physical theory, but the meaning of its variables and the status of many quantities in the mathematical formalism is obscure. This unique situation prompted the need for attribution of a physical meaning to the latter, a procedure known as interpretation. On the other hand, the study of QM is usually presented, even to future scientists, within the only framework developed by Bohr and the Copenhagen researchers, known as the Copenhagen interpretation. As a contribution to the understanding and teaching of Quantum Mechanics, aimed to a broader and deeper appreciation of its fundamentals, including contemplating alternatives and updated interpretations for physicists and philosophers interested in the study of exact sciences (through Ontology, Epistemology, Logic or the Theory of Knowledge), we present a set of Conceptual Diagrams elaborated and designed to expose and facilitate the visualization of elements intervening in any interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and apply them to several well‐developed cases of the latter.