Understanding Of Definition Research Articles

Collaborative and interdisciplinary teaching in sport and exercise: Lessons from the development and delivery of an equity, diversity, and inclusion workshop

Training in sport and exercise that is collaborative and interdisciplinary allows for the delivery of key knowledge and skills that help shape trainees’ practice. Such training also demonstrates how collaborations can take shape and how individuals can work together in the future. We present an example of collaborative and interdisciplinary training used within an equity, diversity, and inclusion workshop that was provided to trainees enrolled on the Sport and Exercise Psychology Accreditation Route (SEPAR) training program offered through the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. The SEPAR program was designed to allow trainees to gain knowledge, skills, and experience to apply and register as Practitioner Psychologists with the Health and Care Professions Council in the United Kingdom. The workshop was a collaboration between individuals trained in sport and exercise psychology and clinical social work. Overall, the workshop helped trainees gain an understanding of key terms and definitions concerning equity, equality, diversity, inclusion, and social justice as well as legal responsibilities. The workshop also demonstrated a variety of perspectives from sport and exercise psychology and clinical social work as to how inclusive and socially just approaches can be used to create safe environments that can foster strong therapeutic relationships with clients.

Understanding and Tuning the Effects of H2O on Catalytic CO and CO2 Hydrogenation.

Catalytic COx (CO and CO2) hydrogenation to valued chemicals is one of the promising approaches to address challenges in energy, environment, and climate change. H2O is an inevitable side product in these reactions, where its existence and effect are often ignored. In fact, H2O significantly influences the catalytic active centers, reaction mechanism, and catalytic performance, preventing us from a definitive and deep understanding on the structure-performance relationship of the authentic catalysts. It is necessary, although challenging, to clarify its effect and provide practical strategies to tune the concentration and distribution of H2O to optimize its influence. In this review, we focus on how H2O in COx hydrogenation induces the structural evolution of catalysts and assists in the catalytic processes, as well as efforts to understand the underlying mechanism. We summarize and discuss some representative tuning strategies for realizing the rapid removal or local enrichment of H2O around the catalysts, along with brief techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. These fundamental understandings and strategies are further extended to the reactions of CO and CO2 reduction under an external field (light, electricity, and plasma). We also present suggestions and prospects for deciphering and controlling the effect of H2O in practical applications.

Charge-transfer dipole low-frequency vibronic excitation at single-molecular scale.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) vibronic spectroscopy, which has provided submolecular insights into electron-vibration (vibronic) coupling, faces challenges when probing the pivotal low-frequency vibronic excitations. Because of eigenstate broadening on solid substrates, resolving low-frequency vibronic states demands strong decoupling. This work designs a type II band alignment in STM junction to achieve effective charge-transfer state decoupling. This strategy enables the successful identification of the lowest-frequency Hg(ω1) (Raman-active Hg mode) vibronic excitation within single C60 molecules, which, despite being notably pronounced in electron transport of C60 single-molecule transistors, has remained hidden at submolecular level. Our results show that the observed Hg(ω1) excitation is "anchored" to all molecules, irrespective of local geometry, challenging common understanding of structural definition of vibronic excitation governed by Franck-Condon principle. Density functional theory calculations reveal existence of molecule-substrate interfacial charge-transfer dipole, which, although overlooked previously, drives the dominant Hg(ω1) excitation. This charge-transfer dipole is not specific but must be general at interfaces, influencing vibronic coupling in charge transport.

Best descriptors for predicting noise annoyance and spectrum-based penalty of steady-state wideband noise

Many objective descriptors (i.e., single-number quantities) are available in the literature for the objective assessment of noise annoyance of wideband, steady-state sounds. However, there is no definitive understanding of which descriptors best correspond to subjective annoyance. Our purpose is to assess how different descriptors correspond with differences in noise annoyance resulting from changes in A-weighted sound level and spectrum. This investigation is based on recently published results from a psychoacoustic experiment conducted by Kuusinen et al. [1]. They investigated 23 steady-state wideband noises with various spectral shapes within 32-48 dB LAeq, and participants rated them in terms of subjective annoyance. The study revealed that penalty due to spectrum shape could be even 10 dB. Here, we present a follow up analysis focusing on objective noise descriptors. The results indicate that many descriptors are strongly associated with noise annoyance ratings, while Spectral Centroid and Sharpness appear to be the best candidates to predict spectrum-based penalty.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Current Understanding and Challenges for the Future.

This perspective reviews the definition and current understanding of necrotizing enterocolitis and evaluates a future prevention approach to this multifactorial disease. An overview of the prevention approach in general is presented, where key aspects and emerging criticisms are identified. In addition, key elements of early diagnosis and treatment are presented, together with some of their challenges and ambiguities. Moreover, it concludes with emerging questions from the global community to reach a consensus on the definition, diagnosis, and management of necrotizing enterocolitis disease.

The Clinical Characteristics, Treatment and Prognosis of Tuberculosis-Associated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Protocol for a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study in China.

Tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are significant public health challenges, with pulmonary tuberculosis recognized as a pivotal risk factor for the development of COPD. Tuberculosis-associated COPD is increasingly recognized as a distinct phenotype of COPD that potentially exhibits unique clinical features. A thorough understanding of the precise definition, clinical manifestations, prognosis, and most effective pharmacological strategies for tuberculosis-associated COPD warrants further investigation. This prospective, observational cohort study aims to enroll over 135 patients with tuberculosis-associated COPD and 405 patients with non-tuberculosis-associated COPD, across seven tertiary hospitals in mainland China. The diagnosis of tuberculosis-associated COPD will be established based on the following criteria: (1) history of pulmonary tuberculosis with standard antituberculosis treatment; (2) suspected pulmonary tuberculosis with radiological evidence indicative of tuberculosis sequelae; (3) no definitive history of pulmonary tuberculosis but with positive interferon-gamma release assay results and radiological signs suggestive of tuberculosis. At baseline, demographic information, medical history, respiratory questionnaires, complete blood count, interferon-gamma release assays, medications, spirometry, and chest computed tomography (CT) scans will be recorded. Participants will be followed for one year, with evaluations at six-month intervals to track the longitudinal changes in symptoms, treatment, lung function, and frequencies of COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations. At the final outpatient visit, additional assessments will include chest CT scans and total medical costs incurred. The findings of this study are expected to delineate the specific characteristics of tuberculosis-associated COPD and may propose potential treatment options for this particular phenotype, potentially leading to improved clinical management and patient outcomes.

Demographic, Environmental, and Psychosocial Influences on Resilience Toward Chronic Stress.

As studied previously, chronic stress environments lead to the formation of distinctive resilience groupings when related to individual outcomes among participants. The majority of the population has decreased mental and physical strength during prolonged periods of mental distress but returns to baseline status when those stressors are removed. Others have increased and decreased mental fortitude despite the removal of stressors. Our hypothesis is that certain demographic, environmental, and/or transgenerational aspects are associated with resilience or lack thereof in populations with a history of chronic stress. The end goal is the early identification of at-risk populations to decrease adverse outcomes and improve quality of life. In this review, we looked at 17 studies to gain a greater understanding of which factors influence individual resilience. The factors found to have a positive relationship with resilience were religion, cognitive function, socioeconomic status, marriage, psychological functioning, positive coping mechanisms, and relationships; the negative were medical diagnoses, violence exposure, female sex, stressors/trauma, disaster exposure, and negative coping mechanisms. During our research, we found that transgenerational aspects such as race/ethnicity, occupation, education, age, substance use, and physical location had mixed results across multiple studies. These findings suggest the need for future original research to allow for a definitive understanding of populations resilient to chronic stress.

Lunar simulant behaviour variability and implications on terrestrial based lunar testing

The detrimental effects and challenges of Lunar dust for Lunar exploitation were first identified during the Apollo missions. During the extra vehicle activities (EVAs) undertaken by astronauts, the dust clogged mechanisms, disrupted sensors, and caused several health issues for the astronauts. Despite numerous studies, there is no definite understanding as to why different Apollo missions experienced varying levels of dust disruptions. The variations in dust behaviour could be attributed to the amount of radiation the Lunar soil is exposed to, as well as mineralogy and particle sizes. To enhance our understanding of Lunar dust behaviour this study investigated Space Recourse Technologies, formally known as Exolith, simulant at different mineral compositions, and their surface detachment characteristics were measured. Experiments measuring the individual minerals and their mixed simulant-like counterparts were conducted using electrostatic fields. Inclusive to this, non-dried and dried samples were compared by measuring adhesion to target plates when subject to electrostatic forces. The results found that Highlands simulant exhibited a higher buildup on a target plate than its Mare counterpart by an average of 33% under the same conditions, likely due to particle size differences. In addition to these findings, evidence of particle reactivity decay was observed under repeated tests with up to 60% less Mare simulant and 36% Highlands deposition being measured compared to the first set of experiments. A possible explanation may be particle reactivity. Microscope images identified that particles are transported in groups as opposed to individual grains. These results will help researchers in tailoring dust mitigation solutions based on different regions on the Lunar surface and influence mission planning from the perspective of dust mitigation and contamination.

Intersystem Crossing Control of the Nb+ + CO2 → NbO+ + CO Reaction.

The transfer of an oxygen atom from carbon dioxide (CO2) to a transition metal cation in the gas phase offers atomic level insights into single-atom catalysis for CO2 activation. Given that these reactions often involve open-shell transition metals, they may proceed through intersystem crossing between different spin manifolds. However, a definitive understanding of such spin-forbidden reaction requires dynamical calculations on multiple global potential energy surfaces (PESs) coupled by spin-orbit couplings. In this work, we report global PESs and spin-orbit couplings for three low-lying spin (quintet, triplet, and singlet) states for the reaction between the niobium cation (Nb+) and CO2, which are used to investigate the nonadiabatic reaction dynamics and kinetics. Comparison with experimental data of kinetics and collision dynamics shows satisfactory agreement. This reaction is found to be very similar to that between Ta+ + CO2. Specifically, our theoretical findings suggest that the rate-limiting step in this reaction is intersystem crossing, rather than potential barriers.

Improvement in Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Knowledge: A Pre- and Post-video Intervention Study Among Doctors.

Background Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a significant public health concern, contributing to mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs worldwide. Healthcare practitioners especially doctors play a vital role in identifying and reporting ADR. This study investigates the prevalence of knowledge regarding ADR among doctors and enhances it with educational intervention. It also explores the association between demographic factors and baseline ADR awareness. Methods A prospective cross-sectional interventional study was conducted among doctors in Ahmedabad, India, to evaluate their knowledge of ADR reporting and the effectiveness of an educational video intervention. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires were administered to assess knowledge improvement. Statistical analysis, including paired t-tests and chi-square tests, was performed to evaluate the intervention's impact and explore associations between demographic factors and ADR awareness. Results Analysis of pre- and post-intervention questionnaires revealed a significant increase in correct response rates post-intervention, indicating the effectiveness of the educational video intervention. Demographic factors, particularly age, were associated with ADR awareness. Following the intervention, participants demonstrated an improved understanding of ADR definitions, WHO causality assessment, reporting mechanisms, and challenges faced by pharmacovigilance programs. All participants found the video helpful and expressed intent to share their knowledge post-intervention. Conclusion The results of the study suggest that educational video intervention can serve as an effective tool for understanding ADRconcepts and pharmacovigilance practices. Moreover, the association of demographic factors, particularly age, with ADR awareness further emphasizes the importance of educational interventions in addressing specific population needs.

The Year Publication Rate of Presentations from the Inaugural Medical Student Orthopedic Society Research Symposium

Introduction Orthopaedic surgery is one of the most competitive residencies to match in medicine, the match rate has decreased to 63.1% in 2023.<sup>1,13</sup> Aspects of the application that are most in the control of applicants are their personal and research experiences in the field and their choice of acting internships. The Medical Student Orthopaedic Society (MSOS) hosted the first national, and virtual orthopaedic research symposium for medical students. This study aimed to examine the short-term publication rate of the research presented at the 2022 MSOS Research Symposium. Methods The titles of the articles and the names of the presenters from the MSOS program were used to search for publications via PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. If no matching result was found, the article was considered not published. If the presentation was published in a journal within our study period, the updated title, name and gender of the medical student and senior author, name of the journal, and date of publication were recorded. Demographic variables among presenters included gender, and current training status. These were determined via a Google search. Impact factors were extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) database for the year of 2023. Results For the 2022 MSOS Symposium, a total of 300 presentations were given. Nineteen publications had to be excluded. Of the 281 presentations included in this study, 129 were published in a peer-reviewed journal within 18-months after the symposium (45%). Presentations were published on average 165 days (~5.5 months) after the symposium. Of the journals that had an impact factor score, the average was 2.18. Categories with over 60% publication rate were Practice Management and Health Disparities, shoulder and elbow, and medical education. Among presenters whose projects were published, 74% identified as men and 26% as women. The papers’ senior authors were 85% men and 15% women. Of those that participated and published in the 18-month period, 22% of individuals matched into orthopedics the following year, 9% matched into another residency, 38% were still medical students, 30% statuses were unknown or could not be determined. Of those schools represented, 20 schools (35 participants) did not have a home program at their institution, also known as orphan programs. The presenter was the first author in 53% (69) of the published works. Discussion The Medical Student Orthopaedic Society (MSOS) touted a publication rate of 45% which is comparable to the rates of publication in less time than numerous other meetings (~5.5 months). This may be due to medical students’ finite amount of time to gain the experience necessary to apply, suggesting there is a higher motivation to get research out and published. However, further research into the participation levels of presenters would need to be studied directly to give a definitive understanding as to why first authorship was not provided to the presenter. Participants that published were majority male and attended allopathic schools. Most were still in medical school, while 21% have matched into an Orthopaedics program, 9% matched into another program and 30% could not be determined at this time. Conclusion As the goal for a medical student is to successfully match it is highly important that opportunities are not only accessible but allow for URiM and orphan medical schools to engage in a meaningful way.<sup>11</sup> The MSOS is hopeful that this virtual symposium can be beneficial in expanding exposure to orthopaedics through research opportunities and experiences. <sup>1</sup>

The impact of formative assessment on K-12 learning: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT To facilitate a more definitive understanding of the usefulness of formative assessment, this meta-analysis examined the impact of formative assessment on student academic achievement in the K-12 classroom. The study analyzed 258 effect sizes from 118 primary studies published around the world. By applying a broad lens for defining and understanding formative assessment, the study confirmed the usefulness of formative assessment. The overall effect size was 0.25 (Hedges’ g) for all studies included, and 0.22 for studies conducted within the US. The effect size was similar across different types of formative assessments (e.g., self-assessment vs peer assessment) and content domains (e.g., English language, mathematics, science, etc.). The mean effect size was significantly larger for studies conducted outside North America and Western Europe, for formative assessments for high school students, and for studies using the quasi-experimental design. No publication bias was detected for studies conducted in North America and Western Europe.

A clinical dilemma: Performing or avoiding root instrumentation in the treatment of the acute phase of endodontic‐periodontal lesions? A case report

AbstractBackgroundThis study presents the diagnois, management, and tissue response to an acute periodontal lesion with deep pocketing affecting a maxillary central incisor in a young patient devoid of caries or a history of periodontitis.MethodsClinical and radiographic examinations facilitated the diagnosis of the pathology as an endoperiodontal lesion (EPL) with root damage, exhibiting supracrestal invasive root resorption. Orthograde endodontic therapy was employed to decontaminate and seal the endodontic space. The resorptive site was treated through the endodontic access, debrided, and sealed. No periodontal therapy (surgical or nonsurgical) was performed. No mechanical instrumentation was performed within the pocketed root surface.ResultsAt 6‐month and 1‐year follow‐ups after endodontic therapy the periodontium displayed a physiologically healthy condition without pus or inflammation, exhibiting a circumferential probing depth of 2 mm, and absence of tooth mobility. These favorable outcomes persisted throughout a 4‐year follow‐up period.ConclusionsThe spontaneous healing of pocketing and abscess occurred without mechanical root instrumentation following endodontic therapy and treatment of external invasive root resorption in an EPL.Key Points Accurate diagnosis and identification of relevant etiologic factors are pivotal for effectively managing endodontic‐periodontal lesions. Once a diagnosis is established, the therapy focuses on eliminating the primary cause, followed by a subsequent diagnostic phase after healing. The definitive understanding of the diagnosis and etiology of endodontic‐periodontal lesions often becomes clear in retrospect, based on the outcomes of the therapy. When probing acute periodontal lesions, deep probing depths may occur without permanent loss of periodontal attachment. If the acute lesion was not induced by a periodontal cause and if no periodontal etiology arises secondarily, resolving the primary cause of the endoperiodontal lesion can lead to the spontaneous resolution of the pocketing. This results in spontaneous healing of periodontium without the need for intentional periodontal therapy. A clinical dilemma arises when considering periodontal treatment during the acute inflammatory phase of endo‐periodontal pathology. It is advisable to refrain from mechanical root instrumentation particularly if a clear periodontal cause is not apparent, to prevent from iatrogenic damage to periodontal fibers and the potential risk of gingival recessions. However, this does not imply avoiding periodontal therapy entirely for every case. Rather, it is recommended to delay the decision on root instrumentation until a new diagnostic phase is conducted following the healing of the endodontic etiology.

Fingermark quality: A survey of examiners and researchers

The primary aim of fingermark research is to advance the quantity and quality of fingermarks detected using novel techniques or improvements on existing methods. Subsequently, there is a need to evaluate these methods to determine the quality of the developed mark, which is mostly done by the use of a numerical scale with descriptors to assist in the evaluation. However, this evaluation is often complicated due to a wide range of variables that impact the way quality assessment is performed. This is particularly true when considering it is currently unknown what assessment parameters are required to encompass the overall definition of quality. Likewise, the definition of fingermark quality is not universally agreed upon, which leads to significant subjective interpretation when a researcher chooses a scale. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors contributing to fingermark quality in order to generate a deeper understanding of current approaches and definitions. A survey was created through a dataset that consisted of over 500 fingermarks detected in controlled laboratory conditions with a range of techniques. The images selected for the survey were based upon representing a full range of quality, each with a varying range of attributes. The survey looked at different parameters and descriptions used in current assessment protocols, asked participants to grade marks based on chosen parameters, and investigated current chosen methods by researchers in fingermark definition. The survey relied upon the participation of both examiners and researchers in fingermark detection. The results indicate that quality assessment methods implemented by researchers are not utilising all parameters that fingermark researchers and examiners deem important. This is especially true for contrast and background development, considered as two of the top parameters by examiners and researchers, which are not regularly used in most quality scale assessment methods. The survey ultimately demonstrated that the current subjective quality assessment methods were not always suitable and highlighted more appropriate parameters and descriptors that should be considered when assessing the quality of a fingermark.

Outcome Predictors of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Narrative Review.

Complications of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) include increased short-term mortality. Extrahepatic organ failures result from chronic liver disease and acute hepatic injury. This combination characterizes end-stage liver disease. Its rapid progression makes it challenging for hepatologists and intensivists to treat. The varied definitions of this condition lead to varied clinical presentations. Hepatic or extrahepatic failures are more prevalent in chronic hepatitis B or cirrhosis patients who receive an additional injury. Numerous intensity parameters and prognosis ratings, including those for hepatitis B virus (HBV), have been developed and verified for various patients and causes of the disease. Liver regeneration, liver transplantation (LT), or antiviral therapy for HBV-related ACLF are the main treatment aims for various organ failures. LT is the best treatment for HBV-ACLF. In some HBV-related ACLF patients, nucleos(t)ide analogs and artificial liver assistance may enhance survival. Combining epidemiological and clinical studies, this review updates our understanding of HBV-ACLF's definition, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, therapy, and prognosis.

Edukasi Pencegahan Infeksi Saluran Kemih pada Masyarakat Lanjut Usia di Desa Nagrak

Health problems caused by aging can affect every aspect of life. The number of urinary tract infections (UTI) in the elderly in Indonesia is increasing. There are many risk factors in the elderly that make the incidence of UTI is quite high, such as comorbid diseases, nutritional status, cognitive impairment and water intake. Community service activities (PkM) are carried out with the aim of improving the health status of the elderly. Education was held on December 3rd ,2023 at the Trisakti campus field, Nagrak Bogor, West Java, targeting people from the pre-elderly and elderly groups. UTI education is provided by presenting information about the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections, how to prevent urinary tract infections and things to pay attention. A total of 26 participants consisting of 13 men and 13 women participated in this activity. The most age category of participants was in the pre-elderly category (76.92%). At the end of the activity, the knowledge of urinary tract infections increase by 73.08%. An increase in understanding of UTI definition by up to 15.36%, UTI symptoms by up to 15.42% and UTI risk factors by up to 30.77%. This activity gives benefits to be held sustainably so that the elderly community in Nagrak can improve their health status

Is Unconditional Self-acceptance an Antidote to Self-esteem? A Study in India

The relationship between self-esteem and self-acceptance is a debated topic. Although a few studies have investigated this issue, the findings remain inconclusive. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of unconditional self-acceptance on self-esteem within the Indian context. For this purpose, a total of 104 participants (55-female, 49-male, Mage- 27.13 years) were included in this study using a convenient sampling technique. The present study used a correlational research design and regression analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between the two constructs (r= .44). Furthermore, the regression analysis indicated that unconditional self-acceptance exerts a significant influence on self-esteem (R2 = .19, β= .17 ± .035). The present study makes a valuable contribution to the existing body of literature, providing new insights into the relationship between unconditional self-acceptance and self-esteem, thereby aiding readers in achieving a more definitive understanding of this association.

How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research.

Team coaching has been found to increase group effort, improve interpersonal processes, and increase team knowledge and learning. However, the team coaching literature is renowned for its inability to define team coaching itself-making it difficult to solidify its place in the world of team science. So far, there is no consensus on what specific training would serve internal leaders best, and how they would connect to the team coaching literature. We know leadership and team training are effective in improving organizational outcomes, but the gap in the literature lies in identifying what specific competencies internal team coaches need, and what training could fulfill these. In this piece, we seek to (1) identify what competencies internal team leaders need based on the outcomes we know team coaching yields, (2) identify specific behaviors that can fulfill these competencies, and (3) integrate the literature to form an evidence-based guide on what training to provide to internal team coaches. By doing so, we hope to provide a definitive understanding of what internal team coaches need to be successful.

Exploration of understanding of impactibility analysis and application through workshops to inform model design for population health management policy: a qualitative assessment

ObjectivesAssess understanding of impactibility modelling definitions, benefits, challenges and approaches.DesignQualitative assessment.SettingTwo workshops were developed. Workshop 1 was to consider impactibility definitions and terminology through moderated open discussion, what the potential...

Taxonomy of performance shaping factors in manufacturing: A systematic literature review

AbstractHuman error in manufacturing can have substantial consequences, including loss of life, injuries, productivity, and financial losses. Human reliability analysis (HRA) methods can be used to evaluate the likelihood of human error in manufacturing tasks and identify potential sources of error. Performance shaping factors (PSFs) are internal and external factors that influence human performance and can affect the likelihood of human reliability estimates in HRA methods. Understanding the impact of PSFs on human performance in manufacturing is essential for developing effective strategies to minimize the likelihood of human error and improve the safety and efficiency of manufacturing processes. This systematic review scrutinizes the literature on PSFs within manufacturing, highlighting HRA applications. Using the PRISMA protocol, studies from 2000 to 2024 across engineering and psychology were examined, culminating in the analysis of 35 pertinent works. The review identifies and contrasts various PSF taxonomies from established HRA methods like SPAR‐H, HEART, CREAM, and THERP, revealing their diverse applications in different manufacturing settings. The review also uncovers a tendency to devise taxonomies through the lens of experts' domain knowledge, particularly tailored to discrete manufacturing contexts. A critical gap is observed in the lack of a uniform PSF framework, with the current literature reflecting a disparate understanding of PSFs' roles, definitions, and interrelations. This absence is further pronounced by the inadequate integration of human factors in the dialogue surrounding Industry 4.0. The analysis points to the necessity of harmonizing PSFs to better assess human reliability amid technological integration. The findings emphasize the need for an industry‐specific PSF framework that aligns with the intricacies of manufacturing operations, thus enabling more accurate HRA outcomes and informing strategies for error reduction and process optimization.