Understanding Gender Differences Research Articles

‘In the company of cheerful ladies’: whether female entrepreneurs are more productive?

AbstractAfter over two decades, the debate on the female underperformance hypothesis remains not concluded. This study sheds some new light on the hypothesis by (i) showing that surrounding institutional forces play an important role in determining how female businesses perform and (ii) arguing that to understand gender differences (or lack of those) in performance, we need to look at productivity alongside profitability, revenues, and growth. Specifically, we posit that, in certain developing countries, female entrepreneurs devise specific strategies to cope with challenging institutional contexts. In such contexts, female entrepreneurs have less opportunity to realize economic rents compared to males, but they respond to these constraints by becoming more efficient in resource use through relying on female employment. Investigating a large set of longitudinal data from Vietnam, we find that female businesses are more productive than male businesses, and that this effect is stronger when female owner-managers employ more female employees, or even female employees only. However, we also find that these positive effects are weakened with increased corruption. This provides important implications for female entrepreneurs and policymakers in developing countries.

Gender differences in dietary intake and physical activity among university students: a post-COVID-19 pandemic study

Purpose Malaysia transitions from a pandemic to an endemic state, beginning on April 1, 2022. The dietary intake and physical activity of university students were altered during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement period, but there is limited information on this topic in the post-COVID-19 period. This cross-sectional study aims to understand gender differences in dietary intake and physical activity among university students and investigate the factors influencing their body mass index (BMI) in the post-COVID-19 period. Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire used in this study comprised three main segments: sociodemographic information, a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Findings Results indicated that males exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean intakes of total dietary energy and macronutrients compared to females. Compared to the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intakes 2017, 76.4% of males and 68.8% of females had a sufficient daily energy intake. The majority of males (52.7%) and females (46.4%) were moderately physically active. Regression analysis revealed that male university students with lower fiber intake (ß = −0.309, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with higher BMI reading after confounding adjustment. However, a similar trend was not observed in female university students. Practical implications Understanding the gender differences in dietary intake and physical activity can provide insights into the development of effective gender-specific health promotion strategies and the formulation of policies aimed at promoting healthier lifestyles among university students in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. Originality/value This study provides insights into the gender differences in the dietary and physical activity habits of university students, as well as the factors influencing their BMI in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era.

Gender and sustainable entrepreneurship intention: Insights from Malaysian undergraduates

AbstractSustainable entrepreneurship is believed to be the solution to the detrimental impact of entrepreneurial activities. The concept underscores the necessity to discover, create and utilise business activities that positively contribute to environmental and societal sustainability. This article seeks evidence of which factors influence sustainable entrepreneurship intention (SEI) and how gender moderates the relationship among sustainability attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control and SEI. The survey was administered to 390 undergraduate students at Malaysian public universities. By performing structural equation modelling analysis, results showed that SEI is influenced by sustainability attitude and perceived behavioural control, whereas subjective norms do not have such an impact. The moderation analysis further discovered that gender only moderates the relationship between sustainable attitude and SEI; the strength of the relationship is stronger among female students. The results of this study offer practical guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders. Policymakers can use these findings to craft focused initiatives and educational programmes to nurture sustainable entrepreneurship among students, cultivating a future workforce dedicated to ethical business conduct. Industry leaders can draw on the understanding of gender differences in the link between sustainability attitudes and SEI to formulate strategies for attracting and retaining talent inclined towards sustainable practices in their entrepreneurial pursuits.

Relationship Between Gratitude and Sleep Quality among Young Adults

This study investigates the relationship between gratitude and sleep quality among young adults. The objective is to understand gender differences between gratitude and sleep quality. however, there is less research that provides evidence that gratitude affects sleep quality among female and male young adults. To address this, the study aims to compare gratitude and sleep quality among male and female young adults. A correlational study with a sample (N=124) of female(N=62) and male young adults (N=62) was used. To assess gratitude and sleep quality among male and female young adults Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) Pittsburgh sleep quality respectively. Online and offline responses were taken, and online data collection was done using Google Forms while offline data collection was collected from universities, institutes workplace settings. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate correlation between sleep quality and gratitude among female adults. thus, to some extent, gratitude increases young adults' sleep quality. Keywords: dispositional gratitude, sleep quality, male young adults, female young adults

487. Suicide Methods in Crisis Text Line Texters: Use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to Understand Gender Differences in Children and Adolescents

487. Suicide Methods in Crisis Text Line Texters: Use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to Understand Gender Differences in Children and Adolescents

"She's so pretty": The development of valuing personal attractiveness among young children.

The current study sought to understand gender differences in how much children value personal attractiveness, whether age is associated with valuing personal attractiveness, and the role of gender identity development. Three- to five-year-olds (N = 170; 89 girls, 81 boys, 0 other genders; primarily Latiné, multiethnic, and non-Hispanic White American) were recruited from child centers across the Los Angeles and Orange County metropolitan areas. Across several indicators (e.g., self-report, preference for appearance-related female-typed occupations and fancy gender-typed outfits, memory for fancy gender-typed clothing, and spontaneous reasons for liking a media character), girls highly valued personal attractiveness. Girls also valued personal attractiveness and tied their gender to personal attractiveness to a greater extent than boys. We discuss implications for later well-being and health.

A Study of Female Presence in the Audit Process on Audit Quality

ABSTRACT In this paper, we conduct a review of the literature on the under-representation of women as audit partners and audit committee chairs, and assess audit quality when they hold these roles. By using the U.S. sample from 2016 to 2019, our analyses show that firms with female audit partners and/or audit committee chairwomen are more likely to have lower discretionary accruals, implement more effective internal controls, and are less likely to misstate financial reports than are all male pairs. Our paper serves as a resource for those seeking to understand gender differences and to use it as a starting point to illuminate the debate on gender-specific outcomes in the auditing service industry. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M14; M42.

Inpatient staff experiences of providing treatment for males with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder: A thematic analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Research highlights discrepancies in recognition of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in men, despite similar rates of prevalence across genders. To investigate inpatient mental health professionals' experiences of delivering treatment for males with a diagnosis of BPD. Six mental health professionals working within adult acute inpatient wards completed a semi-structured interview. All participants were members of the nursing team. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Five themes were identified: Gender Differences, Stereotyping, Facilitators to Care Delivery, Barriers to Care Delivery and Ways to Improve Care. Participants talked of a lack of awareness and understanding of BPD in males impacting both diagnosis and treatment in an acute inpatient setting. There may be factors ranging from gender stereotypes, limited knowledge and understanding of gender differences in presentations, and personal/organisational cultures influencing the formulation and treatment of males with a diagnosis of BPD in inpatient settings. The findings suggest that gender stereotypes such as masculine norms may influence how male patients' emotional difficulties are understood and managed, and that additional training in male-specific issues to improve knowledge and care provision. This research will support inpatient staff, service leads and clinical educators to identify ways to adapt care provision for men.

Evaluation of Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Understanding Profile

This research aimed to assess teachers' understanding of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) structure and investigate whether TPACK components differ based on gender characteristics. The research method used was a cross-sectional survey, a quantitative approach aimed at examining a condition at a specific point in time and exploring relationships between variables. Respondents were randomly selected from 102 teachers spread across Lombok Island, comprising 48 female teachers and 56 male teachers. The research instrument utilized a TPACK questionnaire measuring CK, PK, TK, TPTCK, and TPCK, adapted from Liang et al., 2013. The analysis results indicated that teachers demonstrated a solid understanding of Content Knowledge (CK) and Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), signifying a strong grasp of the taught material and effective teaching techniques. However, concerning Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), their understanding of how to teach specific content required further attention. Nevertheless, they exhibited a robust understanding of Technological Knowledge (TK), Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPTCK), and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK), although the level of understanding in TPCK was slightly higher than TPTCK. Meanwhile, the gender-based analysis showed significant differences in TPACK understanding between the genders in the TK, TPTCK, and TPCK components, but no significant differences were observed in the PK, CK, and PCK components. This highlights the importance of understanding gender differences related to specific aspects of technology, education, and content knowledge. Further research or in-depth analysis is needed to comprehend the underlying factors causing these differences and their implications within the educational context and curriculum development.

Understanding Gender Differences in Experiences and Concerns Surrounding Online Harms: A Short Report on a Nationally Representative Survey of UK Adults

Understanding Gender Differences in Experiences and Concerns Surrounding Online Harms: A Short Report on a Nationally Representative Survey of UK Adults

Gender distribution of Top Doctors in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

Our study seeks to understand the profiles of otolaryngologists selected by Castle Connolly's Top Doctor list and how this compares to the entire field of otolaryngology. Top Doctor lists published in Castle Connolly affiliated magazines were analyzed for Otolaryngology, Otolaryngology/Facial Plastic Surgery, or Pediatric Otolaryngology physicians. Only lists published in 2021 or representing the 2021 Top Doctor lists were analyzed. Of the total 39 partnered magazines, 27 met our criteria. Information on the physician was analyzed from the Castle Connolly website and included: gender, education, faculty position, years as a Top Doctor, and certifications of each physician. 879 doctors, 742 (84%) men and 137 women (16%), were included in our analysis. 509 physicians completed a fellowship, 85 (62%) women and 424 (57%) men. The fellowship type varied significantly between gender (p = .002). 122 (14%) Top Doctors completed facial and plastic reconstructive surgery and 111 (91%) were men. Of the women Top Doctors completing a fellowship, 29 (34%) completed a fellowship in pediatric otolaryngology. A logistic regression found that men have an increased odds of being on the Top Doctors list for more years than females (OR: 1.36, p < .001). The percentage of women named as Top Doctors was less than the proportion of women in otolaryngology. This may be attributed to gender differences we found in fellowship type and certification. Further research into the role of otolaryngology subspecialties in selection of Top Doctors is needed to better understand gender differences.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SLEEP QUALITY, FATIGUE, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG ADULTS OVER 50 WITH TOTAL BLINDNESS

Abstract Visual limitations and blindness have been associated with poor sleep quality, increased fatigue, and a higher risk of depressive symptoms in the aging population. In this study, we aimed to investigate sleep quality, fatigue, and depressive symptoms in US adults over the age of 50 with total blindness, and to examine potential gender differences. The study included 88 participants (59 females, mean age 61.34±8.04; 19 males, mean age 62.32±8.17) who completed an online survey providing data on socioeconomic status, comorbidities, sleep quality, fatigue, and depressive symptoms. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed using R software and its required packages. While females slept less than males (t = -2.98, p &amp;lt;.05), there was no significant difference in sleep quality (t = 1.82, p = .08) or depressive symptoms (t = 0.51, p = 0.62). Fatigue levels were significantly higher in females than males (t = 2.53, p &amp;lt;.05). Poorer sleep quality was associated with increased fatigue and severe depressive symptoms in both subgroups. The findings indicate potential gender effects, however, given the small sample size and limitations of the cross-sectional design, further longitudinal research is needed to fully understand gender differences in sleep quality, fatigue, and depressive symptoms among adults over 50 with visual limitations.

Gender differences among university students towards sustainable entrepreneurship

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to understand gender differences in sustainable entrepreneurial intentions among university students through the attitude, education, and moral obligations of an individual. The data was collected from 372 students from the universities of the northern part of India. Results of the study revealed that moral obligation plays a strong predicting role in sustainable entrepreneurship intentions (SEI) in both subsamples. Even females have a stronger influence of moral obligation on the intentions than males. Also, education about sustainability has a trivial influence on the SEI in the whole sample. Surprisingly, attitude and education about sustainability do not influence the intentions about sustainable entrepreneurship among university students. The study will help the universities to amplify the role of gender in entrepreneurship intentions particularly the one supporting sustainability. The present study is among the first very few to focus on the gender differences among students toward SEI.

Understanding gender differences of people with HIV newly diagnosed or returning to care with advanced HIV disease in Malawi: a qualitative study

BackgroundDespite tremendous progress in improving antiretroviral therapy (ART) access, advanced HIV disease (AHD) still remains a challenge globally. Reasons for delayed presentation to care and ART adherence may be affected by gender. We present qualitative study findings on gender differences in decisions for HIV testing and ART initiation/adherence in adults with AHD in Malawi.MethodsWe used a qualitative study design, interviewing 16 men and 16 women aged 18 years and above diagnosed with AHD in sites implementing an optimized package of AHD care, from December 2021-February 2022. We included study participants receiving AHD services for at least two months. We also interviewed 16 lay workers and 16 health care workers supporting people living with AHD. In-depths interviews (IDIs) were conducted in English or Chichewa by trained research assistants using semi-structured interview guides. A short-answer analysis was conducted, and findings were interpreted according to thematic areas.ResultsBoth men and women reported stigma as a main barrier influencing their decision to test for HIV and to initiate and adhere to ART. Fear of side effects, insufficient food, and the need for more information were other barriers reported among men and women as well as perceived as barriers by HCWs. Men appear to have tested later for HIV and stated that they were waiting until experiencing significant symptoms before testing. According to clients and HCWs, men were also less inclined to initiate ART after a HIV diagnosis, whereas women were motivated to start treatment to remain healthy and care for the family. Both genders reported that treatment could be delayed if they were feeling healthy. Treatment fatigue was reported among all groups as the main reason to discontinue treatment.ConclusionsThere were similarities and differences between genders in decision-making about HIV care. Concerns about stigma were important reasons for delay in HIV care in both genders. Motivations for accessing HIV treatment and care were different among men and women, pushing the need for gender-tailored counseling services and community messaging that educate both men and women on the benefits of initiating ART early, in turn reducing the number of people presenting with AHD.Trial registrationNCT05510973, first registration 22/08/2022.

Gender and experience as moderators between talent management and turnover intention among faculty members in higher educational institutions in India

Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between talent management, organizational commitment and turnover intention. The moderating role of gender and experience in relationships was explored. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual model was developed, and relationships were studied by collecting data from 392 faculty members working in higher educational institutions (HEIs) in southern India. After checking the instrument’s psychometric properties using the LISREL package of structural equation modeling, data were analyzed using Hayes’s PROCESS macros. Findings The results revealed that talent recruitment strategies positively predict organizational commitment and negatively predict turnover intention; organizational commitment mediates the relationship between talent management and turnover intention. Further, the results documented that experience (first moderator) and gender of faculty members (second moderator) influenced the relationship between talent management and organizational commitment and organizational commitment and turnover intention. Practical implications The outcomes of this research are helpful for the administrators of HEIs to strategize to attract and retain talented faculty to maintain sustained competitive advantage. This research also helps to understand gender differences that exist in talent management and retention and organizational commitment in HEIs. Originality/value The three-way interactions between talent management, gender and experience in influencing organizational commitment and turnover intentions is a novel idea that contributes to the talent management literature – the relationship between talent recruitment strategies and talent engagement. The implications for talent management theory and practice are discussed.

Gender differences in the symptoms and physiological basis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder related to repetitive behaviors and intrusive thoughts. Individuals with OCD experience conscious, self-imposed compulsions and counter-compulsions, which result in high levels of anxiety and difficulties in social interactions. OCD is a common mental disorder with onset often in adolescence. Gender differences in OCD exist, with males reporting earlier symptom onset, and females experiencing symptoms during adolescence, pregnancy, or postpartum, particularly related to contamination and/or aggressive obsessions. Neurobiological factors play a role in OCD etiology. Genetic studies show hereditary tendencies, with gender differences observed. Brain structure research identifies differences between male and female patients. Dopamine and plasma norepinephrine are implicated in OCD pathogenesis. Understanding gender differences is crucial for OCD diagnosis and treatment. Further research is needed to validate and explain these differences in order to inform advancements in OCD treatment approaches. This paper summarizes and discusses the relationship between OCD and gender, focusing on epidemiological characteristics, symptoms, and physiological basis of OCD, emphasizing gender differences. Future research directions in the field of OCD are presented.

Gender and substance use among Latinx college students: An application of social structure social learning theory

Social structure social learning theory (SSSL) is a theoretical framework that has been used to understand gender differences in substance use. However, the Latinx community remains understudied in this body of research. Drawing on a Latinx college student sample, we tested the extent to which four social learning mechanisms specified by SSSL theory (positive definitions, neutralizing definitions, differential association, and differential reinforcement) explained gender differences in three substance use outcomes: alcohol intoxication, marijuana use, and illicit prescription drug use. We found that men reported greater levels of all three substance use outcomes, and that the social learning mechanisms mediated between 24% to 44% of these gender effects. We also found some evidence that the effects of differential association and differential reinforcement were stronger for men than women, suggesting that women may exhibit greater resilience when exposed to peer influence. We discuss the implications for SSSL theory and the study of substance use and gender differences in substance use among Latinx populations.

Female sex and overweight are associated with a lower quality of life in patients with myasthenia gravis: a single center cohort study

BackgroundMyasthenia gravis (MG) affects individuals as a chronic autoimmune disease for many years. Commonly, chronic diseases significantly reduce the patients’ quality of life. Aiming to improve the future quality of life in MG, this study assessed the factors impacting quality of life. As gender-specific medicine is becoming increasingly important, this study also focused on understanding gender differences in the outcome of MG.MethodsThe study is a combined monocentric, retrospective and prospective database analysis of patient records based on 2,370 presentations of 165 patients with clinically, serologically and/or electrophysiologically confirmed MG over an observation period of up to 47 years. The data collection included the following parameters: antibody status, disease severity, age, medication use, gender, and disease duration. In addition, a prospective survey was conducted on the quality of life using the Myasthenia gravis-specific 15-item Quality of Life scale (MG-QoL15) and on the activities of daily living using the MG-specific Activities of Daily Living scale (MG-ADL).ResultsOf the 165 patients, 85 were male (51.5%) and 80 were female (48.5%). The remaining baseline characteristics (e.g. age and antibody status) were consistent with other myasthenia gravis cohorts. A high body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.005) and a high disease severity (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower disease-specific quality of life. Additionally, the quality of life in women with MG was significantly reduced compared to male patients (19.7 vs. 13.0 points in the MG-QoL15, p = 0.024). Gender differences were also observable in terms of the period between initial manifestation and initial diagnosis and women were significantly more impaired in their activities of daily living (MG-ADL) than men (4.8 vs. 3.0 points, p = 0.032).ConclusionWomen with MG had significantly poorer disease specific quality of life compared to men as well as patients with a higher BMI. In order to improve the quality of life, gender-specific medicine and further investigation regarding a modification of the quality of life by lowering the BMI are essential and necessary.Trial registrationStudy approval by the Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center Göttingen was granted (number 6/5/18).

How much, what and how: three-dimensional discourse analysis of Saudi women and men's self-disclosure

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the behavior of self-disclosure among Saudi women and men in an attempt to understand gender differences in language. The study also gives insights about the cultural norms and how they affect language production.Design/methodology/approach The author utilized Levi-Belz and Kreiner's (2019) three-dimensional tool of self-disclosure; namely, the HOW MUCH dimension, the WHAT dimension and the HOW dimension. The HOW MUCH dimension is measured through word count of self-disclosure and the duration of self-disclosure in spoken discourse. The WHAT dimension is measured through analyzing the topics, emotions and social actors that are discussed during self-disclosure episodes. The HOW dimension is measured through examining the acoustic features of self-disclosure such as intonation, loudness and fluency.Findings Saudi women tend to engage in more self-disclosure than Saudi men, and their self-disclosure tends to be longer and more detailed. Women also tend to use more intonation variability and softer loudness, reflecting the cultural norms of politeness and reservation. Both genders tend to use similar frequencies of positive and negative emotion words in their self-disclosure, with positive emotion words correlating more with personal self-disclosure and negative emotion words with self-disclosures about loss, failure, conflict, rejection and uncertainty. The data also show that the use of reflective verbs leads to more authentic and empathetic communication and that pronoun use correlates with the type of emotional experience being discussed.Research limitations/implications This study has limitations due to a small sample size. Future research should use larger and diverse samples to explore self-disclosure in Saudi televised interviews comprehensively. The study focused solely on televised interviews; future research can examine self-disclosure across various media platforms. Findings have practical implications for Saudi media and policymakers. Understanding self-disclosure in interviews can guide content creation, fostering open communication. Presenters consciously act as role models, influencing Saudi youth, emphasizing the role of positive self-presentation.Originality/value This study utilized Levi-Belz and Kreiner's (2019) three-dimensional tool of self-disclosure in a way that could be used for other languages and cultures. The study examines the Saudi cultural norms in self-disclosure, which has never been tackled before.

The impact of menopausal status on auditory brainstem responses

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of decreased estrogen levels due to menopause on auditory brainstem response measurements (ABR). Study designRetrospective chart review. SettingAcademic. PatientsPre- and post-menopausal females (pre-M, post-M) and age-matched males. MethodsABR measurements of wave I, III, and V latencies, and interpeak latencies; amplitudes of waves I, III, V, and V/I ratio. Outcome measureDifferences in ABR measurements between pre-M and post-M. Results164 subjects (101 female and 64 male) were included. Post-M had significantly greater latencies (msec) than pre-M of wave V. Post-M had a significantly smaller wave I amplitude (uV) than pre-M. Post-M had a significantly higher wave V/I amplitude ratio than pre-M. Pre-M had significantly shorter latencies than young males for wave III, and wave V. Post-M had significantly shorter latencies than older males at wave III, and wave V. A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between the effects of age category and gender on V/I amplitude. ConclusionPost-M group showed a significant drop in wave I amplitude compared with pre-M group, even in the absence of hearing loss, suggesting that the gender differences in hearing are related to estrogen signaling along the auditory pathway. If wave I amplitude changes between older and younger groups resulted from decreased peripheral hearing sensitivity, we would expect larger drops in amplitude in males since rates of presbycusis are higher. We observed much larger drops in wave I amplitude in females, which cannot be attributed to peripheral hearing loss. These results may assist in understanding gender differences in presbycusis and a possible protective effect of estrogen on the auditory system. Knowledge of gender differences in wave I may be important when ABR is used to assess possible synaptopathy.