Undergraduate Students In Nigeria Research Articles

A Discourse Analysis of Online Library Resources: A Study of Students’ Projects abstract

Many students in tertiary institutions have not followed the normal structure of writing their projects’ abstracts. Despite lecturers' efforts to supervise students in order for them to follow projects’ writing rules, there are disparities in the patterns of writing project abstracts by undergraduate students in Nigeria. This study investigates online abstract from students’ projects submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of first degrees in Nigeria universities. It adopts Hyland’s (2000) and Swales and Feak’s (2009) Models of Move Analysis. The study also adopts a qualitative research design; with data collected at random from colleges with online abstracts of undergraduates’ projects stored in the library on-line institutional repository. Findings reveal that universities in Nigeria has no agreed patterns of abstract structure for students’ project; none of the projects has complete macro and micro patterns of abstract, and none has the concluding part of a standard abstract. The study concludes that Nigeria University students' abstract writing does not meet the acceptable global standard. However, universities should organize a project writing workshop with a greater emphasis on how to write an acceptable abstract.

Impact of Information Literacy on Academic Performance among Undergraduate Students in Nigeria

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of information literacy on academic performance among undergraduate students in Nigeria.
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: A study on the impact of information literacy on academic performance among undergraduate students in Nigeria found a significant positive correlation between information literacy skills and academic achievement. The research highlighted that students with higher levels of information literacy were more likely to demonstrate better performance in their coursework, exams, and overall academic outcomes.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social cognitive theory, information processing theory& constructivist learning theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of information literacy on academic performance among undergraduate students in Nigeria. Integrate information literacy instruction into the university curriculum across disciplines, ensuring that students acquire essential skills for locating, evaluating, and utilizing information effectively. Develop national guidelines for information literacy instruction within Nigerian higher education institutions, outlining standards and best practices for integrating information literacy into the curriculum.

How engagement in internet fraud impact academic activities of undergraduate students in Nigeria: A socio-legal study

How engagement in internet fraud impact academic activities of undergraduate students in Nigeria: A socio-legal study

Awareness and readability of privacy policy documents in mobile loan applications among undergraduate students in Nigeria

The study investigated the awareness and readability of privacy policy documents on mobile loan applications among undergraduate students at Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. Two research objectives specifically guided the conduct of the study. The study adopted a descriptive design approach (survey) and the questionnaire as its primary instrument for data collection. The population comprised 33,700 students of Kogi State University. Given the large population, Krejcie and Morgan were used to purposively select 379 undergraduate students who have smartphones across eight faculties. The study’s findings demonstrate adequate knowledge and sensitization on the part of undergraduates to privacy policy documents on mobile loan applications. It was discovered that students of tertiary institutions were aware of the availability of privacy policy documents on mobile loan applications because of their level of social and technological intelligence. Despite students’ level of awareness of privacy policy documents on mobile loan applications, there is, however, a poor level of readability of privacy policy documents. The study concludes that following the known and unknown consequences, students have failed to carefully read the entire privacy policy documents in a mobile loan application. The study, among others, recommends that commercial banks and other financial institutions should educate the students more adequately on the eventual risks and consequences of not reading privacy policy documents on mobile loan applications, and mobile loan application developers should concisely mention the privacy policies and put security measures in place to protect user’s data.

Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on the quality of life of female undergraduate students in Nigeria

ObjectivesDysmenorrhea, also known as painful menstruation, has been a source of concern among many adolescent females and has been reported to adversely affect the quality of life of adolescents if not properly managed. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on the quality of life among female undergraduate students of a private university in Nigeria. MethodsDescriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized, and stratified sampling technique was used in selecting 397 participants based on the required sample size. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, and results were summarized using descriptive and inferential statistics with level of significance set at p < 0.05. ResultsMajority of the respondents started menstruating between ages 12–15 years. Dysmenorrhea is prevalent among 69.8% of the respondents, absent in 18.4% and sometimes occurs in 11.8%. Menstrual pain affects routine work (37.8%), sleep (29.2%), and 33.8% withdraw socially during menstruation. The approaches used during dysmenorrhea include diversional therapy (59.7%), hot water bottle technique (41.8%), medications (49.4%), lower back and abdomen massage (25.9%), herbs (24.2%) and breathing exercise (11.8%). There was a significant relationship between age and the prevalence of dysmenorrhea (p = 0.000). ConclusionDysmenorrhea is prevalent among female undergraduate students, affecting their daily routine tasks. Educating adolescents on the effective management of dysmenorrhea is necessary to enhance their quality of life.

Prevalence of brain fag syndrome and its correlation with stimulant use and socio-economic/demographic characteristics among university undergraduate students in Nigeria

Background: Brain Fag Syndrome (BFS) is a culture-bound syndrome characterized by cognitive and somatic symptoms, commonly reported among African students. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BFS among Nigerian university students and examine its associated factors.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate students from a university in the northwest region of Nigeria. The study utilized a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, stimulant use, course of study, and academic performance. The presence of BFS was assessed using standardized diagnostic criteria.&#x0D; Results: The study included a total of 625 participants, in their young adulthood. The prevalence of BFS among Nigerian university students was found to be 62.7%. The majority of affected students were aged 20-30, male, and from the Hausa ethnic group. No significant association was found between stimulant use and BFS. However, there was a significant relationship between the course of study and the occurrence of BFS. Academic performance (CGPA) showed a weak negative association with BFS. Other socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, relationship status, birth position, type of home, and family income did not predict the occurrence of BFS.&#x0D; Conclusion: The high prevalence highlights the need for attention to mental health issues among this population. The results emphasize the importance of considering the course of study and academic performance when studying BFS. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and develop effective interventions for students affected by BFS.

Exploring interactive metadiscourse as a practical approach to enhancing academic writing skills of newly admitted undergraduate students in Nigeria

Academic writing is a crucial aspect of undergraduate education, particularly for students in English as Second Language (ESL) contexts. This study investigates the use of interactive resources as discursive strategies in enhancing the academic writing skills of ESL undergraduates in Nigeria. A sample of 100 expository essays was used. The research employs both qualitative and quantitative designs. The qualitative component analyses the types and usages of discursive strategies employed in the selected expository writing, while the quantitative component involves the occurrence of these strategies. The results reveal transitional markers, frame markers, and code glosses were the most frequently used interactive markers in academic writing, while evidential and endophoric markers were used less frequently. These findings underscore the pedagogical significance of incorporating interactive resources into the teaching of academic writing skills for ESL undergraduate students.

Empowering Minds: Exploring the Library's Influence on Peer Pressure among Nigerian Undergraduates

This study explores the role of academic libraries in shaping peer pressure among Nigerian undergraduate students. Using a cross-sectional research design, data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Of the 537 students surveyed, the findings reveal that male students are more likely than female students to feel pressured to engage in negative behaviors like dressing inappropriately, engaging in sexual activity, and gambling. However, libraries can mitigate this by providing online books, while physical books and library personnel can influence positive peer pressure. Close friends were found to exert greater negative peer pressure than classmates or random students. The study concludes that academic libraries play significant role in shaping peer pressure among undergraduate students in Nigeria. Therefore, it is recommended that academic libraries should focus on providing a diverse range of reading materials, fostering a supportive environment for literacy and reading conversations, and empowering students to select their reading material.

Awareness, Coverage, and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination Among Undergraduate Students in Nigeria

BACKGROUND: With the resumption of physical learning activities across Nigeria's higher education institutions, tertiary-level students, a prioritized group according to the WHO SAGE in the deployment of the COVID-19 vaccines, face circumstances that necessitate widespread vaccination coverage among them. This is critical in view of vaccine hesitancy attitude and low vaccination coverage that has been reported among this subpopulation and the larger Nigerian populace. Surmounting these barriers is necessary to achieving a successful national vaccination program and for future pandemic preparedness and response. To this end, this study aimed to assess Nigerian undergraduate students' knowledge, coverage, and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of Nigerian undergraduates was conducted in October 2021, using an online questionnaire and a non-probability convenient sampling technique. The questionnaire included sections on respondents' demographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccine awareness, coverage, barriers, and recommendations. A total of 326 respondents electronically completed and returned the informed consent form along with the questionnaire. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25 were used to code and analyze the data, respectively. RESULTS: The overall awareness of COVID-19 vaccines among the sampled students were high, with 62.3% having good knowledge, 20.9% having average knowledge, and 16.9% having poor knowledge. However, the majority of the respondents (81.3%) had not received the vaccines. The most prominent barrier to vaccination was misinformation about vaccine safety (23.6%). Opening vaccination centers on campuses (18.6%), demonstrating vaccine effectiveness and safety (18.7%), and organizing awareness campaigns (17.2%) were the most frequently recommended actions. CONCLUSION: Most respondents were aware of the availability and potential benefits of COVID-19 vaccines; however, coverage remained extremely low. Our findings emphasize the importance of addressing vaccination barriers by public health stakeholders to achieve optimal COVID-19 vaccine coverage.

Awareness, Coverage, and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination among Undergraduate Students in Nigeria

Background: With the resumption of physical learning activities across Nigeria's higher education institutions, tertiary-level students, a priority group in the deployment of the COVID-19 vaccines according to the WHO SAGE, face circumstances that necessitate widespread vaccination coverage among them. This study aimed to assess Nigerian undergraduate students' knowledge, coverage, and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Method: A cross-sectional survey of Nigerian undergraduates was conducted in October 2021, using an online questionnaire and a combined simple random and snowballing sampling technique. The questionnaire included sections on respondents' demographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccine awareness, coverage, barriers, and recommendations. A total of 326 respondents electronically completed and returned the informed consent form along with the questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: The overall awareness of COVID-19 vaccines among the sampled students was high; with 62.3%, 20.9%, and 16.9% having good, average, and poor levels of knowledge respectively. However, a majority of the respondents (81.3%) had not received the vaccines. The most prominent barrier to vaccination was misinformation about vaccine safety (23.6%). Opening vaccination centers on campuses (18.6%), demonstrating vaccine effectiveness and safety (18.7%), and organizing awareness campaigns (17.2%) were the most frequently recommended actions. Conclusion: Most respondents were aware of the availability and potential benefits of COVID-19 vaccines; however, coverage remained extremely low. Our findings emphasize the importance of addressing vaccination barriers by public health stakeholders to achieve optimal COVID-19 vaccine coverage.

USE OF RESEARCH GATE AS A VERITABLE TOOL FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Social media platforms are increasingly used for communication, entertainment, and information sharing. For researchers to network and discuss their research discoveries, there is a social media platform called ResearchGate. Little attention has been paid to ResearchGate asa tool for educational development among undergraduate students in Nigeria. Therefore, this study intends to narrow the existing knowledge gap by offering valuable insightsinto how ResearchGate can enhance undergraduate students' educational development in Nigeria. Technological determinism theory formed the basis for the study as a convenient sampling technique was used to collect data. A total of 275 copies of the questionnaire were administered randomly to selected participants, who were Redeemers University undergraduates and a sum of 250 usable questionnaires were received. Findings showed that ResearchGate is getting known by students and contributing to the intellectual community. Findings also showed that ResearchGate is a great tool for learning and helps undergraduatesto develop their skills and knowledge in their field of study. Hence, this study concluded that social media can be a valuable tool for enhancing learning and collaboration among students, not just for fun and pleasure. It is recommended that Universities and educational institutions should encourage students to use ResearchGate to share research and collaborate with other students and researchers.

Risk-Taking Tendency, Individual Traits and Entrepreneurial Intention of Undergraduate Students in Nigeria: A Theoretical Approach

Nigerian undergraduate students' risk-taking tendencies, individual characteristics, and entrepreneurial intentions are explored in this research, which advances our knowledge of these phenomena. While there has long been discussion about their relationship, there has only been minimal empirical data addressed in developing nation contexts such as Nigeria. Entirely theoretical research was conducted in order to close the gap, with the majority of the data coming from a complete assessment of notable works of literature and policy documents. As a result of the findings, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between undergraduate students' risk-taking tendencies and their entrepreneurial intentions. According to the findings, risk-taking tendencies play a significant role in the development of entrepreneurship among students in Nigeria, which is supported by the findings. As a result of this finding, the government should undertake more comprehensive and realistic initiatives to promote entrepreneurship among graduates.

Gender differences in entrepreneurial interest and practice among undergraduate students in Nigeria

The economic turbulence in the last two decades and the Covid-19 pandemic have impaired several economies, heightened unemployment, and worsened job loss and socio-economic hardships. Promoting entrepreneurship inclusiveness has become a critical strategy to revamp the economy. Meanwhile, the global economy has been projected to grow faster with an increase in women entrepreneurs. However, there seems to be a gender gap and differential in start-ups, which draws down women’s inclusion in the business environment. This study examines the gender differential in entrepreneurial interest and practice among 12,485 university students in Nigeria. The results reveal that 88% of male and 84% of female students want to start their own businesses. Both males (66%) and females (65%) reported high entrepreneurial interest, with no statistically significant difference between both genders. The logistic regression analysis shows that entrepreneurship education, relational support, risk-taking, self-efficacy, university ecosystem, and attitudes toward behavior are the main drivers of entrepreneurial interest among male and female students. However, the university ecosystem is found to not significantly affect entrepreneurial interest among male students. Similarly, all factors except for the university ecosystem significantly influence entrepreneurial practice among male and female students. However, relational support is not statistically significant for female students. The study concludes with appropriate policy suggestions that could improve and sustain entrepreneurship interest and practice in both male and female students.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Blood Donation among Undergraduate Students in Enugu, Nigeria: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Blood donation is crucial in saving lives, as blood cannot be manufactured artificially and can thus be obtained only from human blood sources. Voluntary blood donation is the cornerstone of a safe and adequate supply of blood and blood components. We aim to understand the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation and associated factors among undergraduate students in Nigeria.&#x0D; Method: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study among 300 undergraduate students at Enugu State University College of Medicine Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria in June 2022 to access their knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistics regression to identify factors associated with blood donation practice.&#x0D; Results: Most of the students had good knowledge of blood donation, and it was revealed that the initial source of information was mostly from school (37.7%), 89.0% of participants knew their blood group, and 98.3% were aware of infections through blood donation. Also, the attitude of our respondents towards blood donation revealed that the majority (95.0%) agreed blood donation saves lives, that blood donation is good (91.0%), and that voluntary blood donation (84.7%) is the best source of donor blood; most were indifferent to paid donation. Regression analysis suggests that knowing own blood group, having a positive attitude towards blood donation, and being willing to donate in the future were significantly associated with blood donation practice. &#x0D; Conclusion: Hence, there is a need for adequate enlightenment campaigns and health education on the need for voluntary blood donation to improve knowledge of, change attitudes towards voluntary blood donation, and ultimately encourage undergraduate students in developing countries to donate blood.

The impact of social media on relationship building among undergraduates students in Nigeria

The study investigated the influence of social media platforms on building relationships between undergraduate students at federal universities in South East, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The enrolment figure includes all undergraduates of five South-Eastern universities. Purposive sampling was used to sample undergraduates in two federal universities out of the five federal universities in the South-East. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire developed. The instrument reliability was obtained as 0.71 using the Cronbach alpha reliability rating. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that the social media platform is contributing and influencing to the formation of relationships among undergraduate students in Nigeria. In addition, research has found that Facebook is the most widely used social media platform for relationship building and the main reason for using social media platforms for relationship building is for communication, and technology enhancement, among others. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among other things that appropriate guidance should be given to undergraduate students on how to effectively use the social media platform to build relationships.

Electronic cigarettes use in COVID-19 era among students of a tertiary institution in Nigeria.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming popular among undergraduate students in Nigeria with a tendency for escalation because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess electronic cigarette use in COVID-19 era among undergraduate students of a tertiary institution in Lagos state, Southwestern Nigeria. A tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria. The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a pretested, structured, close- and open-ended self-administered questionnaire used for collection of data on knowledge, attitude and use of e-cigarettes. Data from 183 respondents were analysed. The mean age of respondents was 24.8 ± 3.38 years, most (63%) of whom were males. The prevalence of ever-use of e-cigarettes was 15.3% of which 60.7% reported increased use of e-cigarettes since the COVID-19 pandemic. Age, education, tribe and religion (p 0.001) were significantly associated with higher odds of use of e-cigarettes. This study found an increase in the quantity of e-cigarettes used and online purchase of the same by respondents since the COVID-19 pandemic. Paying attention to the rate of use and having control measures in place for online purchase of e-cigarettes by youths in Nigeria may be necessary in the years to come.Contribution: This study addresses a gap in the availability of knowledge of use of e-cigarettes among a growing population of youths in Nigeria.

GENDER, INSTITUTION TYPE AND ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE AS DETERMINANTS OF COVID-19 VACCINE HESITANCY AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN OSUN STATE TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

This study examined the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate among undergraduate students in Nigeria. It also investigated differences in COVID-19 hesitancy of undergraduates based on gender, institution type, and academic discipline. A descriptive survey method was employed for the study. The study population comprised undergraduate students in tertiary institutions in Osun State. Three tertiary institutions were selected using a stratified sampling technique; three campuses were selected from a public university which included health and non-health-related courses. In addition, a public polytechnic and a private university were also selected from a total of five campuses. A convenient sampling technique was used to select 500 respondents. The Covid-19 Hesitancy Questionnaire (CHQ) instrument with reliability coefficients of 0.716, 0.872, and 0.834 using Split-half, Cronbach Alpha, and Spearman-Brown, respectively. The study revealed a high rate (81.8%) of COVID-19 hesitancy among Osun State tertiary institutions undergraduate students. Statistically, there was no significant difference in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy of students based on gender and institution type [t (2,498) =0.65; P &gt; 0.05] and [t (2,498) =0.13; P &gt; 0.05]; whereas, a significant difference was found in the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy of students based on academic discipline [t (2,498) =0.00; P &lt; 0.05]. It is suggested that government should convey trusted information on the COVID-19 vaccine through the use of different media as well as improving vaccination services. There should be proactive and effective initiatives to fight misinformation regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.

Electronic cigarettes use in COVID-19 era among students of a tertiary institution in Nigeria

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming popular among undergraduate students in Nigeria with a tendency for escalation because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess electronic cigarette use in COVID-19 era among undergraduate students of a tertiary institution in Lagos state, Southwestern Nigeria. Setting: A tertiary institution in Southwestern Nigeria. Methods: The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a pretested, structured, close- and open-ended self-administered questionnaire used for collection of data on knowledge, attitude and use of e-cigarettes. Results: Data from 183 respondents were analysed. The mean age of respondents was 24.8 ± 3.38 years, most (63%) of whom were males. The prevalence of ever-use of e-cigarettes was 15.3% of which 60.7% reported increased use of e-cigarettes since the COVID-19 pandemic. Age, education, tribe and religion ( p &lt; 0.001) were significantly associated with higher odds of use of e-cigarettes. Conclusion: This study found an increase in the quantity of e-cigarettes used and online purchase of the same by respondents since the COVID-19 pandemic. Paying attention to the rate of use and having control measures in place for online purchase of e-cigarettes by youths in Nigeria may be necessary in the years to come. Contribution: This study addresses a gap in the availability of knowledge of use of e-cigarettes among a growing population of youths in Nigeria.

Academic performance, family support, interest and career decision among undergraduate students in Nigeria

Studies in the five recent years have shown that more than half of Nigerian undergraduate students changed their study programs and career decisions. Notwithstanding this fact, lack of research addresses factors that affect the Nigerian undergraduate students made such a decision. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the influence of academic performance, family support, and interest on career decision of undergraduate students in Jigawa state Nigeria. A set of questionnaires was utilized as an instrument to collect the data from a total of 373 Nigerian undergraduate students. Drawing on correlational study using structural equation modelling approach, this study revealed that academic reason (t=3.452; β=0.191; P=0.001) and family support (t=4.554; β=0.234; P=0.000) have statistically significant correlation with career decision making of the students. On the contrary, interest was empirically proven to not have a significant relationship with the career decision making (t=0.899; β=-.056; P=0.369). Thus, it is concluded that academic reason and family support play more crucial role in determining the career decision of undergraduate students in Nigeria than their interest abilities. This study provides implication for Nigerian government and non-government organizations to massively educate parents and families so that they can encourage their children’s career paths and support their career choices.

Gender Differences in Attitude and Barriers to Research by Medical Undergraduate Students in Nigeria

Background.&#x0D; Medical research, one of the pillars of medical education plays a crucial impact in advancing healthcare by improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illnesses. It is important to ensure that medical students and early career physicians are involved to research outside the curriculum at an early stage of training. This early involvement has been widely known to increase one’s likelihood of building a career in research.&#x0D; In Nigeria, the gender composition of research personnel in universities is alarming as less than a quarter are female. There is a need to describe the factors responsible for this imbalance in order to inform stakeholders on where actionable measures can be taken.&#x0D; &#x0D; Aim&#x0D; To examine the gender differences in the attitude towards research, willingness to undertake research, and barriers to research reported by undergraduate clinical students in Nigeria.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods&#x0D; Six hundred and seventy-two (672) undergraduate medical students in their fourth to sixth years of study in seven selected medical schools across Nigeria completed an electronic survey in August 2022. The survey which was hosted on REDCap was adapted from published works which addressed a similar scope and comprised of 56 items divided into five sections. Gender differences in research experience, willingness to participate in research, attitude towards research and barriers that hinder participation in research were explored using a chi-square test. Variables were collected using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to agree with a “neutral midpoint” and SPSS version 25 was used in the analysis.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Although an equal proportion of male and female students reported voluntary involvement in research, 56.2% of male students and 28.8% of female students perceived research as exciting and enjoyable (p&lt;0.001) and 37.5% of male students vs 47.0 of female students perceived research as being complicated. &#x0D; Male students were more willing to spend more than 3 months on a research project (56.0% vs 42.5%, p&lt;0.001), devote as much time to research as to medical studies (40.1% vs 28%, p=0.002), and to pursue a research-oriented career in the future (49.3% vs 32%, p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Overall, male students reported a higher number of barriers than female students. However, lack of personal interest in research (19.2% vs 26.9%, male vs female students, p=0.011) and insufficient training in research methodology (70.1% vs 81.7%, male vs female students, p=0.009) were reported more by female students. &#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Although there are no gender differences in the composition of students who report prior voluntarily involvement in research, there are gender differences in the attitude and willingness as well as barriers encountered by clinical students to carry out research. Tailored measures should be developed around the peculiar barriers expressed by female medical students.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;