Final-year Undergraduates Research Articles

The Determinants of Financial Behavior of the Final-year Undergraduates of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura

The Determinants of Financial Behavior of the Final-year Undergraduates of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura

Attitudes, perceptions, and perceived Barriers of undergraduate Dental Students in Learning and Understanding Statistics - A Qualitative Approach through Interviews

Introduction Given the critical role of statistics in the analysis and interpretation of scientific data, majority of health care students are expected to acquire the statistics knowledge as a part of their curriculum. Despite the focus on the pertinence of statistics, students continue to struggle with understanding them. Hence, a qualitative study was performed to explore the undergraduate dental students’ attitudes, perceptions and perceived barriers in learning and understanding statistics. Material and Methods Following purposive sampling technique, twenty-five undergraduate final year dental students were interviewed face to face or virtually using a standard general interview guide. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed to verbatims. The data were subjected to descriptive and qualitative analysis to generate the themes by using the hybrid coding method. Results The mean age of the included participants was 23.12±1.013 years. The generated categories under the attitude component were interest, effort, difficulty, value and confidence. The themes generated under perception domain were content knowledge, importance, type of emotion and cognizance. The students opined that the barriers for learning and understanding statistics were related to time, curiosity, computation, teaching method and application. Conclusion The undergraduate dental students had an overall positive attitude towards statistics and their overall perception towards it was found to be good even though few of them had bad perception. The barriers reported by the students in learning and understanding statistics should be understood by the academic staff to make the student turn towards the desired direction by enhancing their skills. Keywords: Biostatistics, Knowledge Qualitative design, Undergraduates

Factors Influencing Undergraduate Final Year Project Idea Selection: A Comprehensive Review for IT and CS Students

This study sought to identify and categorize factors influencing undergraduate students' Final Year Project (FYP) idea selection in Information Technology (IT) and Computer Science (CS) fields. The study adopted a systematic approach, analyzing relevant literature post-2010 from various databases. The review scrutinized factors under three primary categories: student, supervisor and environment. Eight articles were selected for analysis based on their relevance to IT and CS. Factors were categorized based on recurring themes and their frequencies were examined and presented in detailed tables. Student-centered factors (58.5%) prominently influenced project idea selection, with Student Interest, Future Ambition and Mastering English Language being noteworthy. Supervisor-centered factors (14.6%), such as Supervisor’s Area of Interest and environment-centered factors (26.8%), including Availability of Literature influenced project selection. The study concludes that institutions should prioritize strategies to enhance student-centered factors, supporting interests, future ambitions and language proficiency.

Assessment of Knowledge, Practice, and Perception about Social Media in Dentistry among Dental Students at Chengalpattu District: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Background: Social media has brought incredible changes in recent times due to expanding online technological aspects which help health-care professionals to utilize them to improve patient health outcomes. It acts as an effective mode of communication for dentists to interact with patients around the globe which builds up good doctor–patient relationships. Furthermore, social media has become an abundant source of health-care patient information and acts as an excellent resource to promote health education among people. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, practice, and perception of social media in dentistry among dental students and to identify the common social media platform used by dental students to share their online dental-related posts and further evaluate their perception toward usage of social media as a tool for dental practice to share information about dental-related diseases. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as an online survey using self-constructed questionnaires among the undergraduate and postgraduate students at Karapaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences over 6 months, from July 15, 2023 to January 15, 2024. Participants’ consent was sought and ethical approval was received from the Ethical Review Committee. Results: About 71.6% of the postgraduates, 68.8% of interns, and 49.45% of final-year undergraduates responded that dentistry should have an online presence with a statistically significant value of P = 0.007. The majority of about 75.3% of the postgraduates accepted that social media is effective in dental practice. This states that postgraduates contribute to higher knowledge and have adequate practice in using social media in dentistry which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study identified that postgraduates contribute more in the count for sharing sufficient knowledge and also practice in using social media in dentistry. This study explains that it is the responsibility of dentists to educate patients more about utilizing social media as a key to gaining knowledge about dental diseases and treatment procedures. Clinical Significance: This study aims to identify the need for dentists to know more about the utilization of social media in dentistry to promote dental health education and to help the general population acquire knowledge about various dental diseases and their treatment procedures.

Educational Approach: Application of SWOT Analysis for Assessing Entrepreneurial Goals in Senior Dental Students.

The SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is a framework used to evaluate a company's competitive position and to develop strategic planning. In the competitive dental sector, it can aid dentists in identifying and analyzing internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats. This study focuses on senior dental students of the Department of Dentistry at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, aiming to scrutinize their use of SWOT analysis and assess its application as a tool for evaluating entrepreneurial goals and making career decisions in dental entrepreneurship. The research sample comprises 116 senior dental students (N1) in the final undergraduate year of their dental education, with data collection accomplished through the administration of an e-questionnaire during the obligatory course of "Organization and management of dental practices" in December 2023. The data extracted from the SWOT analysis encompass internal and external factors, gender distinctions, and outcomes derived from Stepwise Binary Logistic Regression concerning predictor markers. The results from the SWOT analysis of 114 valid questionnaires (N2), revealed that participants identified communication skills (50%) and organization skills (49.10%) as their primary strengths, followed by favorable personal traits contributing to goal success (36%). Weaknesses predominantly centered around emotional and personal traits like anxiety (41.20%) and other characteristics, alongside practical challenges such as lack of initial capital (24.60%). Main opportunities included collaboration with experienced dentists (33.30%) and access to training programs (27.20%), while economic instability in Greece (77.20%) and the saturated dentist profession (26.30%) were perceived as significant threats. Gender differences were notable, with female dentists more likely to report organization skills as a strength and anxiety as a weakness. Values such as industriousness, persistence, and ethics were commonly shared, with actions focusing on training programs (57.9%) and gaining experience with experienced dentists (29.8%). Cluster analysis identified two subgroups, with one emphasizing utilizing all available options (n = 49) and the other prioritizing on gaining professional skills and experience (n = 65). Logistic regression indicated that participants valuing industriousness were less likely to explore all available options, while those recognizing personal traits were more likely to do so. The study's outcomes highlight key predictor factors linked to a proactive orientation in career decision-making among senior dental students. These insights offer valuable implications for educational institutions and career counselors.

Demographic Variables and Web Information Seeking Behavior of Final Year University Students in Nigeria

The study examined demographic variables and web information-seeking behaviour of final-year university students in Nigeria. The study utilized a survey research approach, employing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The research population consisted of 377 final-year undergraduates selected purposively from three universities in Nigeria. The results of the study indicated that students primarily sought web-based information to complete class assignments and research projects. Additionally, challenges such as information overload and the high cost of subscriptions were identified in connection with students’ online information-seeking behaviour. The study concluded that a good number of students frequently seek information from Google search and Wikipedia as well as electronic journals, which has helped them meet the demands of their academic pursuits. The study recommended, among others, that university libraries should encourage faculty members to continually assign research tasks to students that will compel them to visit their electronic libraries, where they will get new knowledge and acquire skills in web information searching. Librarians, through user education programmes, should organize practical sessions where students would be taught how to search and retrieve relevant web resources.

Institutional habitus and individual postgraduation plans: an analysis of Chinese students in transnational higher education

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on an emerging group in Chinese higher education – students in transnational higher education (TNHE). Recent research has documented much about students’ motivations for attending TNHE institutions. However, the impact of such institutions on student outputs remains under-researched. This study conducted interviews with 78 final-year undergraduates and 10 staff from two Sino-foreign cooperative universities (SFCUs) to understand how their plans for postgraduate study and career, as well as their relevant preparedness, were affected by their in-situ experiences. Using institutional habitus in conjunction with the concepts of capital and field as a conceptual framework, the study showed that the students negotiated a complex mix of institutional sociocultural status, Westernised organisational practices and neoliberal climate as they projected and prepared their postgraduation plans. The transformative outcomes of TNHE experiences are intertwined with the institutional habitus of SFCUs. The findings indicated that institutional forces strengthened the students’ educational disposition to pursue postgraduate studies in Western countries. The new culture and norms experienced by Chinese students at these institutions modified their sense of constraint, enhanced their cosmopolitan orientation towards the workplace and were manifested in more flexible career attitudes. The findings also revealed that neoliberal culture has penetrated the institutional environment, influencing the extent to which students enacted agency in their preparation for the future, with some students developing enterprising selves while others felt marginalised and disempowered by competition. This study has implications for TNHE practitioners to support their students’ transition to next stage.

An innovative approach to remodelling bioscience undergraduate final year projects to develop key transferable skills sought by graduate employers

Undergraduate Biomedical Science dissertations are the culmination of a student’s academic journey and allow students to refine technical proficiencies, experimental design and data analysis. However, traditional dissertation projects may not fully meet the requirements of diverse student populations and employer’s needs. This research project aims to assess the effectiveness of modifying the assessment format for final-year projects, incorporating elements such as lay summaries, project proposals, scientific research papers, and oral poster defences. The objective was to cultivate higher-order critical thinking skills and enhance written and verbal communication competencies, in addition to developing a suite of transferable skills which are highly sought by employers. Quantitative data were primarily generated via end-of-module feedback reports and the module satisfaction survey. Students rated their confidence in a suite of transferable skills pre and post-completion of the project module using a four-point Likert scale. Staff perceptions (n = 30) and module board reports were also evaluated. For all data, a paired t-test for related groups was conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data using the Braun and Clark Framework. The end-of-module feedback was overwhelmingly positive with all students agreeing that they were satisfied with the module. Students reported a statistically significant increase in confidence within 11 transferable skills which are considered core within the industry, for example, critical thinking, problem-solving and time management. Furthermore, the mean module mark increased following the module redesign from 66.3% ± 0.2% in 2019 to 70.9% ± 0.6% in 2020 (p ≤ 0.05). Staff provided free text comments, reporting an overall improvement in the module, a reduction in workload and a better teaching experience. Students exhibited appreciation of the new module structure, assessment suit and creative liberty within the projects. The redesigned project module enhanced the teaching experience for staff, whilst students appreciated the diverse range of projects and assessments that featured shorter word limits and a creative flair. Universities must reinvent undergraduate dissertations to equip students with essential employability skills.

Structured shadowing as a pedagogy

In this article, we introduce and discuss the potential benefits of structured shadowing, a distinct pedagogy in which the action-proximity of traditional unstructured job shadowing is supplemented by carefully designed pre-, intra- and post-shadowing pedagogical support. We suggest that structured shadowing is a promising yet under-utilized and overlooked pedagogy to enrich management learning and education. Drawing on an interview-based evaluation study of several cohorts of final-year undergraduates in a UK business school, we find that structured shadowing helps students to establish meaningful connections between theory and managerial practices, better appreciate management’s complexities and dispel existing myths and preconceptions. It also allows them to reflect on the types of managers they imagine or aspire to be and helps to model management as a reflective activity. Based on our teaching experience and our results, we argue that structured shadowing offers valuable lessons for our field. It helps to address the challenges of substance, contextual understanding and reflection, which we identify as central to current management education debates. We also acknowledge that while structured shadowing is a powerful resource, it demands significant investment and potential trade-offs, and may reflect certain professional privileges.

Conversance and attitude of budding clinicians toward antimicrobial use – A pressing priority

Background: The progress in creating novel antibiotics has been lethargic in recent decennium, in spite of the pressing demand. Those on the brink of entering the medical field – final-year undergraduates, interns, and postgraduate residents – represent the forthcoming cohort of antimicrobial prescribers. It is imperative that they possess a comprehensive understanding and a conscientious approach to antibiotic prescription. This is crucial to address antibiotic resistance sagaciously and pave the way for judicious management. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to assess understanding and attitudes about antibiotics, resistance, and related factors among undergraduate, intern, and postgraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A group of 144 individuals (35 final-year medical students, 72 interns, and 37 resident doctors) completed a pre-validated questionnaire. Data collected included basic antimicrobial information, treatment protocol comprehension, and attitudes toward antimicrobials. Percentages were calculated for categorical data, and Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis (significance level P < 0.05). Results: 86.8% correctly identified infections requiring antibiotics; 12.5% mistakenly thought that both viral and bacterial infections needed antibiotics. 93.8% said that antibiotics could be used for treatment and prophylaxis. 94.4% agreed that overuse and misuse cause antibiotic resistance. 31.3% and 62.5% identified macrolides and fluoroquinolones as common for upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections, respectively, with a P < 0.05. 71.52% knew about infection control programs, and 48.6% were aware of their institute’s antibiotic policy. Conclusion: Despite strong foundational knowledge about antibiotics, gaps remain. The study’s findings could help set new goals for teaching medical students proper antibiotic knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic recommendation.

Prediktori korišćenja sajtova i aplikacija o zdravlju među studentima medicine i sporta

Introduction/Aim: The global digital network allows a fast exchange of information. Students of sports and medicine will be the future promoters of healthy behaviors. The study aim was to examine the use of health-related websites and apps among students of sports and medicine in their final undergraduate study year. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, in the period April-October 2017. A total of 390 students (89 in sports and 301 in medicine) were recruited. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire. Results: Students did not differ in terms of frequency of use of health-related websites (79.8% sport vs. 77.7% medicine; ch2 =0.167, p=0.771) and apps (39.3% sport vs. 49.2% medicine; ch2 =2.672, p=0.116). Fitness and diet were the most common topics that all students sought. A stronger influence of online health information on students' health-related decision-making was associated with the use of health-related websites in both groups of students. Additionally, medical students who used the Internet more often were also more likely to read health-related websites. In terms of apps, being female and using the Internet from a younger age was associated with the use of health apps among sports and medical students, respectively. Conclusion: Students of sports and medicine equally used health-related websites and smartphone apps. However, health-related websites were much more used compared to health-related apps. Of all health-related topics, they were most interested in fitness and diet.

Surgical experiences of final-year undergraduates and the impact on their career aspiration stratified by sex/gender.

Surgical undergraduate training takes place in a male-dominated work environment that struggles with recruitment problems. Experiences of cultural and sex/gender-specific barriers of women in surgery have been reported worldwide. Overall, the experiences that students have in coping with the emotional impact of surgery as a profession are thought to be crucial to their subsequent career choices. We investigated whether students' self-reported experiences differed by sex/gender in terms of frequency and content, and whether they were related to their career aspirations. In Germany, the final year represents the last part of the undergraduate medical study program. At the Mannheim Medical Faculty, a 12-week surgical training is mandatory. After completing their surgical training, the students were asked about their experiences and their later career aspirations. These experiences were analysed using quantitative content analysis. The relationship between the quality of experience and career aspirations as well as sex/gender differences were statistically measured. In the 475 questionnaires analysed (response rate 52%), the number of positive and negative mentions does not differ by sex/gender. However, male students feel more actively involved and female students feel poorly briefed and think that supervisors are less interested in their training. A significant influence on career aspirations was found in the performance category for female and male students, and in the supervision category for female students. The positive experiences that students gain while performing surgical activities have an impact on their subsequent career choices. In particular, a good settling-in period and encouragement to actively participate could help to attract more women to surgery.

The Determinants of Financial Technology (Fintech) Usage Acceptance Among Undergraduates

Financial technology (FinTech) is one of the new fields made available to users through the introduction of technological breakthroughs. These advancements have made banking and finance-related services and transactions easier and more accessible for customers. As undergraduates, who represent the younger generation in the nation, complete their academic and associated work, they are increasingly exposed to these new technologies. While several surveys and studies from other nations have examined the variables influencing the adoption and utilisation of financial technology, Sri Lanka has not received sufficient attention in this specific area of inquiry. Therefore, this research aims to fill the current gap in the field by focusing on the final-year undergraduates of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura and identifying the key determinants underlying undergraduates' adoption of financial technology usage in Sri Lanka. 305 undergraduate students from the university's three main faculties were selected using simple random sampling, and PLS structural equation modelling was employed to analyse the data. The findings of the study indicate that the most significant factors influencing the adoption of financial technology usage are digital accessibility, convenience, and personal innovativeness. The results of the study provide valuable insights on how to promote awareness and usage of financial technology among students. The conclusions drawn from the study have significant implications for empowering FinTech usage within the Sri Lankan undergraduate population.

Validating the Influence of School Learning Environment on Students’ Academic Performance in Selected Universities in Central Uganda

The global demand for higher education has been steadily increasing, leading to a rise in student numbers. This surge in enrollment has significant implications for students' learning environment, including factors such as class size and the availability of lecturers. The study was purposely to validate if the learning environment influences students’ academic performance in universities in Central Uganda. The study used 381 final-year undergraduates and 19 lecturers from Nkumba University and Kyambogo University, using a convergent parallel mixed methods research design. The study took both a subjective and objective epistemological stance. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale structured questionnaire, interview guides, and findings corroborated with a documentary review. The correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between students’ learning environment and academic performance in the selected universities in Central Uganda (r=.457, p=.000<0.05), and regression analysis showed that all the constructs of students’ learning environment explain 26.7% of the variation in students’ academic performance (R²=0.267). Findings from the study may direct evidence-based policy reform in Uganda’s higher education. The limitations of the study included the selection of a small sample of only two universities which cannot be generalized to all universities in Uganda. The study recommends that policymakers and university management focus on improving the learning environment in universities in Central Uganda.

The Influence of Personal Evaluation and Social Support on Career Expectations of College Students.

This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing career expectations, determine the influence of college students' personal ability on personal evaluation in the process of gaining employment, and further explore the impact of personal evaluation and social support on career expectations. This study used a random sampling method to administer questionnaires to final-year undergraduates majoring in the liberal arts, science, art, and sports at two Chinese universities. Career expectations were positively correlated with satisfaction. The preferred employer for graduates is a school. In selecting a career, college students believed that exerting their talents was most important. Personal evaluations had a significant effect on self-development in career expectations. The level of social support had a significant effect on prestige and welfare stability in career expectations.

Unlocking the Innovative and Commercialization Potential of the Undergraduate Final Year ‘Design and Make’ Research Projects

Innovation and commercialization are viewed as key drivers of any country’s economy. Individuals normally start commercial enterprises with an innovative and entrepreneurial mindset. Universities worldwide are regarded as centers of knowledge creation and are expected to play a key role in the industrialization of a country’s economy. For undergraduate engineering students, the capstone ‘design and make’ research module is best placed to unlock their innovative and commercialization potential. Capstone modules are typically about applying what the student has learned during the entire course of studies, thereby presenting a rich setting for innovation and entrepreneurial skills learning. In Zimbabwean universities, the final year capstone project is offered where the student fabricates a product as a possible solution to a problem in industry. However, very few of the ideas from the module have found their way into the real world as goods or services. The study’s main question was to establish the extent of the impact of the projects module on agricultural engineering undergraduate students’ innovative and commercial-mindedness. Using the case study research design, data was collected on implementing the capstone module at the Chinhoyi University of Technology’s Department of Agricultural Engineering. Data was collected on the parameters potentially impacting the student’s innovativeness and commercial mindedness. The study findings showed that in its present form, the research project module improves the students’ design and innovative skills. At the same time, equipping the same scholars with entrepreneurial skills is inadequate.

Developing a geographies of sport module using an active blended learning approach

ABSTRACT This article reflects on the author’s experience of developing a standalone geographies of sport module that is taught using an active blended learning (ABL) approach. The article argues that an ABL pedagogy is an effective way of teaching meaningful sports geography to undergraduate students. It discusses how the approach allows a diverse range of relevant topics to be included, incorporating both “human” and “physical” geographies, and enables a personalised approach to learning. Teaching the geographies of sport provides students with opportunity to cement and enhance their understanding of fundamental geographical concepts whilst applying them to sports case studies that can be adapted to the interests of the student cohort. That is not to say that teaching of sports geographies comes without challenges, and this article reflects on some of those encountered. Most significantly, how to ensure that the module content is appropriate for final-year undergraduates as the body of dedicated geographical literature on sport is still comparatively limited.

Perceived Social Support, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Anxiety among Final Year Undergraduate Students: A Mediation Analysis

Students, especially in the final year, often encounter various sources of stress and increasingly high academic demands, which have the potential to cause academic anxiety. This study aimed to determine the effect of perceived social support on academic anxiety through self-efficacy as a mediator. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative research design, this study involved a sample of 80 final-year undergraduate students, comprising 49 females and 31 males. Data were collected via an online questionnaire encompassing three scales: General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES), and The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The mediation analysis results revealed that academic self-efficacy acts as a full mediator in the relationship between perceptions of social support and student anxiety. These findings highlight the potential effectiveness of interventions to bolster students' self-efficacy to mitigate the adverse effects of academic-related stressors, ultimately enhancing their overall well-being and academic performance.

Medical Students' Performances Using Different Assessment Methods during the Final Examination in Internal Medicine at the University of Benghazi, Libya

Background Distinctive evaluation tools assess diverse fields of learning that considerably impact the learning process. Objective To compare and correlate the performances of undergraduate final year medical students in written, clinical, and viva examinations in the subject of internal medicine. Methods This is a retrospective study. After authority approval, data was collected from final year examination results during 2019 to 2020. All the students of the medical school at University of Benghazi were included in this study. Their gender and their written, clinical, viva, and total scores were included. Data were coded and transferred from Excel to SPSS version 24 and expressed as frequencies and percentages. Chi-squared analysis was performed to test for differences in the proportions of categorical variables between two or more groups. Odd ratio (OR) is used to calculate the odds of passing the subject based on scores in different types of exams. Person's correlation (R) is used to evaluate the consistency of students' performances in different examinations. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered the cut-off value of significant. Results The total number of students was 679, out of which 499 (73.5%) were females and 180 (26.5%) were males. The total number of students who passed the course was 422 (62%) with no significant differences between males and females. A statistically significant (p < 0.001) greater percentage of students achieved a passing score in clinical assessment (502 [73.9%]), followed by viva assessment (458.0 [67.5%]). The students performed the worse in written examination with only 291/679 (43%) students passing the examination, with no gender-based differences. There was a highly significant association between the total score of students who passed the subject and their scores in the written examination with an OR of 2.3 (p < 0.001). Viva examination and total score OR was 0.79 with no significant differences for males or females. On the contrary, there was a statistically significant negative association between clinical exams and total scores of students who passed the subject (OR = 0.58). There was a highly significant correlation (p < 0.001) between written examination and viva examination (R = 0.638), between written examination and clinical examination (R = 0.629), and between clinical and viva examinations (R = 0.763). Conclusion Students demonstrated higher performance on clinical and viva exams compared with written exams. Additionally, there were no notable disparities in results between male and female students across any of the three exam types. The written exam served as the most reliable indicator of a student's success in the subject. Furthermore, the data revealed a positive correlation between scores on the different exam formats, indicating that students exhibited consistent performance across all modes of evaluation.

Digital skills and entrepreneurial intentions for final-year undergraduates: entrepreneurship education as a moderator and entrepreneurial alertness as a mediator

PurposeThis study aims to test the impact of digital skills on the entrepreneurial intentions of last-year undergraduate students in Jordanian universities, especially after the Coronavirus disease pandemic and the digital transformation in education and business patterns. In addition, it aims to assess the role of entrepreneurial alertness as a mediator and entrepreneurship education as a moderator in the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.Design/methodology/approachThe quantitative study used a questionnaire distributed to 401 students from different Jordanian universities. The data was collected over 2 months and two structural equation models were developed using AMOS 25 to examine the relationship.FindingsA significant negative relationship was found between digital skills and entrepreneurial intentions of last-year undergraduate students in Jordanian universities post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A fully mediating role of the alertness variable has appeared in addition to a significant moderating role of entrepreneurship education.Originality/valueThis is the first study that attempts to investigate the impact of digital skills on students' entrepreneurial intentions in Jordan after the COVID-19 pandemic, In addition, it is one of the few studies that assess the mediator's and moderator's effects on the same conditions. Finally, the study provided a review of the definitions and models used as part of the contribution to upcoming reviews.