Underdeveloped Status Research Articles

A Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Afghanistan

Afghanistan stands as one of the leading contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, yet it remains one of the most susceptible nations to the adverse impacts of climate change. This vulnerability is underscored by recurrent episodes of droughts, floods, and landslides, exacerbated by the nation's exposure to natural disasters. However, the crux of this vulnerability lies not solely in exposure but also in the heightened sensitivity of the Afghan populace to these calamities. In light of Afghanistan's poverty and relatively underdeveloped status, any immediate expectation of curtailing greenhouse gas emissions appears unrealistic and unjust. The nation faces a paradoxical challenge balancing burgeoning emissions, inevitable amid developmental strides, with safe-guarding the interests of the impoverished populace. The heart of this challenge lies in ensuring that the trajectory of rising emissions aligns with uplifting the socioeconomic status of the vulnerable. This research delves into the complex interplay between Afghanistan's greenhouse gas emissions, its developmental trajectory, and the vulnerability of its population to climate change. By scrutinizing these facets, it aims to unearth pathways that reconcile developmental needs with environmental consciousness, with a paramount focus on securing the most marginalized against the dire consequences of climate change.

The Influence of Social Responsibility on Profitability in the Southern African Banking Industry

Objective – This study aims to examine the effect of social responsibility on profitability in the Southern African banking industry. Methodology – The study utilized content analysis to evaluate financial statements, including measures of return on assets and return on equity, and social responsibility components based on International Accounting Principles. Panel data from 2015 to 2019 were used to assess the impact of social responsibility reporting on profitability. This paper regresses SR reporting on Profitability using panel data from 2015 to 2019.Results – The standard deviation for banks in Mozambique (0.1916) was higher than that of banks in South Africa (0.0928) according to the SR_Dind variable. The lack of significance in the impact of environmental initiatives on profitability (λ1 = 0.001, P-value 0.1) may be attributed to Mozambique's underdeveloped status compared to South Africa. The larger size and significance of the SR_Dind coefficient for the entire sample suggest that the impact is more significant for South African banks (λ1 = 0.057 and λ1 = 0.068, p ˂ 5%) than for Mozambique banks (λ2 = 0.049 and λ2 = 0.051, p ˂ 5%).Research limitations/implications – The study's focus on a small sample (the biggest 10 banks in every nation) makes it less intriguing than it could be if all banks had been included in the sample. The research significantly elucidates the relationship between SR reporting and profitability by throwing light on SR's behaviour in the banking industry, answering the unresolved problem relating SR reporting and profitability in the banking industry. The study may be used by lawmakers and shareholders to help explain how banks operate in these two nations.Novelty/Originality –The study provides an original perspective on how voluntary Social Responsibility Commitment Report could help enhance profitability in the banking industry.

REGIONAL AND INTRA-REGIONAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUSI RAWAS UTARA DISTRICT AS AN OIL PALM PRODUCING REGION IN SUMATRA SELATAN PROVINCE

This research aimed to identify the key economic sectors that could uplift Musi Rawas Utara Regency from its underdeveloped status within Sumatra Selatan Province. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, which included analyzing primary sectors using the Location Quotient (LQ) method, determining leading sectors through Shift Share analysis, and assessing the contribution of the primary highest-value industry using Intra-Regional analysis. Among the 17 sectors contributing to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), five were identified as primary sectors in Musi Rawas Utara Regency, with a significant dominance of the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sectors. However, Shift Share analysis revealed two leading sectors: education and health services with social activities. We identified seven potential sectors: industrial, infrastructure, and developing sectors. Developing sectors include agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining and quarrying, and education. Meanwhile, five sectors were considered underdeveloped: the processing industry, construction, transportation and trade, financial services and insurance, government administration, defense, and taxpayer social security. LQ analysis emphasized that the agricultural and forestry sector is the primary sector in Musi Rawas Utara Regency, with palm oil production being a vital contributor. For the development of palm oil, Nibung and Karang Dapo districts require particular attention. Given Musi Rawas Utara Regency's disadvantaged status, optimizing agricultural sector development is crucial. By focusing on this sector, the region can enhance its economic performance, ultimately aiming to overcome its underdeveloped status and improve its financial outlook.

Reflecting on the challenges of first-person action research in sport coaching

ABSTRACT Considering the valuable but underdeveloped status of Action Research (AR) in sports coaching, this study aimed to critically reflect on the challenges of first-person AR to improve my coaching practice. This was done by implementing a Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) approach in a women’s volleyball team, with data being collected using reflective field notes. Results emphasised the importance of reflecting on personal reflections. This questioned the focus of my reflections and emphasised the role that emotions can play within coaching practice. It became evident that implementing an emancipatory approach to AR positively impacted my learning. Nevertheless, findings also highlighted the loneliness of such a process, suggesting the need for critical friends in the practical coaching sessions.

Recognition of Prior Learning Village to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals; Policy Analysis in Indonesia

Objective: The successful development of a nation begins with community empowerment and village development. Many policies have been issued to develop villages, especially Law number 6 of 2014 concerning villages.
 
 Theoretical Framework: However, implementation in the field still has many obstacles, this is due to the low quality of human resources in the village.
 
 Methods: To overcome this problem, the village ministry-PDTT has issued a village past learning recognition (RPL) policy to support village Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, there are many problems that occur. Thus, it is very urgent to have an in-depth study regarding village RPL policies at macro, meso and micro levels. The aim of this research is to analyze Village RPL policies in realizing SDGs through a policy triangle analysis approach.
 
 Result: It shows that (1) the Village RPL policy was born due to the problem of low human resources and many villages with very underdeveloped status on the village development index (2) the process of formulating the policy was carried out using a participatory approach involving various stakeholders; central government, regional government, universities, and village officials and activists.
 
 Conclusion: This research was only carried out in analyzing the formulation of the agenda setting and RPL policy formulation, there was no field implementation analysis and evaluation of the impact of Village RPL policies.

Identification andAnalysis ofUnderdeveloped Village inThe Border Area ofBogor District (Studi Wirajaya Village Jasinga)

One measure of the success of village development is measured by the achievement of the Village Development Index (IDM), the status of success in the IDM is seen from 5 categories, namely (1). The status of villages is very disadvantaged, (2), underdeveloped villages (3), developing villages (4), advanced villages and (5), independent villages. The villages in the border areas are really cause for concern. Based on the size of the Village Development Index (IDM) 2020, the number of villages on theborder that have underdeveloped status and are very disadvantaged is very dominant. Wirajaya village is the only village in Jasinga District that is included in the category of underdeveloped villages with an IDM in 2020 of 0.5819. Sampling was done by collecting data on all economic, social and environmental aspects. Each indicator has a score. The score was determined using the Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The calculation of the index on each dimension is carried out using the scoring method which is then transformed into an index. The social resilience index consists of 4 indicators: health, education, social capital, and housing. Health indicators have the lowest contribution of 0.57. The economic resilience index consists of 6 indicators,namely, indicators of diversity in production, trade, distribution access, access to credit, economic institutions, regional openness. Of the six indicators, the lowest contribution is the logistic distribution access indicator, which is 0.00. The environmental resilience index consists of 3 indicators, namely, environmental quality indicators, disaster-prone potential and disaster response. Of the three indicators, the lowest contribution is the disaster-prone potential indicator of 0.00.

Ethanol blending effects on auto-ignition and reaction wave propagation under engine-relevant conditions

Ethanol as an attractive oxygenated fuel is often blended with gasoline to yield beneficial anti-knocking performance. Due to the distinctions in fuel chemistry, the combustion behavior of gasoline-ethanol blends is not fully understood. This study investigated ethanol blending effects on auto-ignition and reaction wave propagation under engine-relevant conditions covering the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region. Three ethanol blending levels (i.e., E10, E20, and E30 on a volume basis) were introduced into gasoline surrogates. Characteristic timescale analysis for homogeneous auto-ignition was conducted, and localized hotspot auto-ignition and reaction wave propagation was investigated for different gasoline-ethanol blends. Meanwhile, ethanol blending effects on detonation development were comparatively explored. The results show that ethanol addition significantly suppresses fuel reactivity for homogeneous scenarios, especially in low-temperature regions, manifesting prolonged timescales and diminishing NTC behavior. Despite this, different reaction wave propagation modes can be identified during transient auto-ignition and reaction wave propagation, including deflagration, detonation development, and thermal explosion. The detonation wave is always at an underdeveloped status under engine-relevant conditions, and the induced pressure characteristics are sensitive to initial temperatures, hotspot sizes, and fuel reactivity. Meanwhile, ethanol addition tends to promote transient detonation development by elevating the reaction front propagation speed inside the hotspot and enhancing the deflagration to detonation transition outside the hotspot. Such observations are not contrary to that ethanol yields beneficial anti-knocking performance because only chemical effects of ethanol blending are addressed, without considering vaporization cooling effects. The present work demonstrates that ethanol addition globally suppresses engine knocking, but it may induce stronger knocking intensity once end-gas auto-ignition and detonation development are initiated. The current study provides useful insights into ethanol perturbative effects on auto-ignition and reaction wave propagation from chemical perspectives.

Rights, institutions, and Chinese investment abroad

ABSTRACT China has rapidly become one of the leading source countries for foreign direct investment (FDI), though many aspects of Chinese capital remain under examined. In this study we analyze the sociopolitical determinants of Chinese FDI, paying particular attention to the role of human rights and democracy. We hypothesize that Chinese capital is drawn to host countries with worse human rights conditions, given the lack of sensitivity that Chinese firms—particularly state-owned enterprises—have to potential “spotlighting” as well as the underdeveloped status of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. However, we posit that Chinese firms will be drawn to more democratic hosts due largely to experiential learning effects (negative experiences with autocratic hosts) and pragmatic advantages of investing in a state with democratic institutions. We test these hypotheses across 195 countries for the years 2005–2013, and find Chinese FDI to be negatively and significantly related to physical integrity rights and positively related to democratic institutions.

Depreciation and Trade Deficits in India: Problems of Foreign Exchange and Domestic Industrialisation Base

The present article develops an argument in which depreciating Indian rupee is basically due to underdeveloped status of domestic production base that is reflected in continuing trade deficits. It argues that price theoretic policies not only manage trade imbalances but also completely neglect the revival of domestic production base that can induce a tendency towards exports-led correction of the trade imbalances, that is, it neglects the importance of exports to make a transition towards strong production base, manageable trade balances and strong foreign exchange status; if so, the continuing Indian deprecation negates international financial stability status. The present article provides an alternative policy focus that is on finance-led initiations of broader Youngian–Kaldorian division of labour that favourably shapes demand-based market mechanism (and growth of aggregate demand) and results in sophistication in industrial differentiation, that is, increased specialisations in intermediate goods production. It is argued that such transition confers a developed status with respect to the (BBoP basic Balance of Payments i.e., trade and foreign direct investment [FDI] inflow prospects), which in turn is crucial to achieve financial balance of payments (BoP) stability. All in all, the price theory is inapplicable when trade is based on absolute cost disadvantages and Keynesian policies provide the solutions.

Trends and Constraints on Brazilian Photovoltaic Industry: Energy Policies, Interconnection Codes, and Equipment Certification

After years of dormant scenarios, the Brazilian industry of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems is now growing fast. Therefore, improving interconnection and certification codes, as well as standards, has become undeniably important to establish a well-regulated market under concern of businesses, equipment, and power quality matters. Thus, considering international standards and world-recognized scenarios for distributed PV systems, this paper aims to discuss the existing local energy regulations, grid connection codes, and other related limitations that restrain a faster market and technology development in Brazil. Special attention is given to the certification requirements for grid-connected inverters and other PV equipment, along with the new trends in energy policies, focusing on their impacts on Brazilian PV industry. In the end, it demonstrates that despite its current underdeveloped status, the Brazilian scenario is expected to be quite enthusiastic in the following years and may represent an attractive and dynamic market for professionals, companies, and energy investors.

Study of urban carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) accounting based on the comparable GPC framework: a case of the underdeveloped city, Nanning, China

It is innovative to account for the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of underdeveloped regions such as Nanning city of China. Meanwhile, the ‘Global Protocol for Community-scale greenhouse gas emission inventories (GPC)’ has been considered a worldwide comparable framework for calculating urban CO2e emission (CE). So, the CEs of Nanning were calculated during 1994–2015 by the GPC methodology in this paper. The results show the total CE of Nanning, containing the electricity CE of Scope 2, grew rapidly from 6.56 Mt in 1994 to 55.44 Mt in 2015, with an annual average increasing rate of 10.69% and amount of 2.33 Mt. The biggest three contributors were industrial energy consumption, transportation and industrial processes, which contributed 29.72–61.09, 10.75–41.87 and 7.40–14.99%, respectively, to the total CE. Almost always, more than 90.94% of Nanning’s CE was related to coal. When considering only the CEs from coal, oil and gas, both these CEs per unit area and per GDP of Nanning were always greater than those of the world, although less than those of China due to the underdeveloped status of Nanning in most years. So, it was necessary for Nanning to pursue the pattern of low-carbon development, and some corresponding countermeasures were recommended.

The Impact of Income Distribution and Agricultural Credit Facilities on Rural-Urban Migration

The Impact of Income Distribution and Agricultural Credit Facilities on Rural-Urban Migration

Challenges and contradictions in Nigeria’s water resources policy development: a critical review

The paper is an exploratory review of Federal Government of Nigeria’s gazettes, agencies reports, intergovernmental documents on water resources policy as primary data source and publications by academia; with the aim to contribute insightfully in the ongoing effort of the government and stakeholders in designing a comprehensive water resources policy. The paper identified contradictions and overlapping statutory responsibility that constituted policy implementation impediments’ and galvanized discourse toward effective implementable policy. A paradigm shift is advocated by making the River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) the center stage of the nation’s water resources policy development and implementation. But considering the underdeveloped status of Nigeria, there are three critical sectors whose effective functionalities are synergistic for accomplishing the RBDAs vision. These are Energy, Food and Public Health. It is imperative to temporarily focus the nation’s water policy on them for a period of at least ten years through enactment of “Dedicated Water Resources Bill”. The Bill should only address (1) institutional framework (2) Energy, Food and Public Health security and (3) Integrated water resources management. Work should continue on the comprehensive Water Resources Bill through the process of consultation that promote inclusion, accountability, transparency, and the needs of the vulnerable.Keywords: Nigeria, Policy, Water resources, RBDAs, Development

OLIGARCHICAL RESTORATION AND FULL NEOLIBERALISM RELOADED: AN ESSAY ON THE ROOTS OF THE TWIN CRISES AND THE 2016 COUP D’ETAT IN BRAZIL

This essay provides a critical interpretation of the origins of the current combined economic and political crises in Brazil. It is argued that the twin crises reflect both cyclical and structural elements typical of capitalist economies, yet with specific elements reflecting the underdeveloped status of Brazil, its oligarchical bourgeoisie, and its history.

Emerging Capitalism in Central Europe and Southeast Asia: A Comparison of Political Economies

Introduction: National sovereignty: Economic Markets and Legal Systems The Objects of Comparison 1. What is an 'Under-Developed' State in Historical Terms? Groups of Countries in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia The Historical Consequences of Underdevelopment 2. Political Capitalism and Market Economies Are the Different Systems of Legal Rule Complementary or Incompatible? Personal Rule, Rule by Law, and Rule of Law Two Categories of Capitalism: Political versus Market Conclusion 3. Patterns of Development in Southeast Asia The Transformation of the Japanese Evolutionist Model The Developmental State The Developmental Regionalism The Under-Developed Status of Mekong Delta Countries The Geopolitics of Foreign Investment Conclusion 4. State Liberalism and Market Socialism: A Comparison between Singapore and Vietnam Nomenklatura Capitalism Singapore Vietnam Conclusion 5. Cambodia: Political Capitalism and the Prebendal State The 'Hun Sen System' - The Power of Prebends Special Economic Zones Conclusion: The End of Developmentalism 6. The Improbable German Model: Lessons from German Social and Economic Reunification The Violence of Money: Full Conversion to the Deutschmark, July 1, 1990 The Impossible Transfer East German Dependency Conclusion 7. Industrial Companies and Territories: The Reform Process in Central and Eastern Europe A Non-political Vision of Economic Policy Weak Collective Action Industrial Policy Conclusion 8. Growing Capitalism: The Waves of Expansion in the EU and ASEAN Why Did the EU and ASEAN Expand? Deepening Divides The EU and Central and Eastern European countries: Top-down Deregulatory Pressures Strengthening the Political Personality of 'Smaller' States: The Limitations of Hegemony. Conclusion: Hybrid Forms of Dependent Capitalism ?

Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development in Low Income African Countries

Low income economies are characterized with high investment returns and therefore should attract foreign investment to primarily fill the existing gaps of productive factors which vividly reveals the basis for their underdeveloped status. The main objective of the study is to ascertain the impact of flow of FDI on the economic development of the host African countries characterized with low income per capita. Panel data were utilized for 39 African countries, 20 of which were low income countries. The results indicates that FDI had significant impact on the economic development of the host African countries, by enhancing the development of the host sector and reducing gradually dependence on foreign capital, which resulted in increased income per capita, better education, living standards and the wellbeing of the host economies. The study concludes by recommending that government of the host economies should guide the sector of FDI inflow, and ensure that policies are in place to enhance domestic investment development in such sectors. This will gradually bring about the closure of existing proactive factors and hence economic development.

The Impact of Civil War on Darfur Access to Health Services

This paper shows the overall status of underdevelopment which surrounds the states of Darfur in western Sudan, in terms of the quality and availability of health services. The paper focused on the model of health services, which give clear signals to the reality of the situation, anyway, health services is one of the biggest challenges facing human development in Darfur, so that, health services in any society is one of the main entrances to make a paradigm shift, which leads to a big change in society. The manuscript is based primarily on statistical analysis and social to official data issued by the Central Agency of Statistics of Sudan for the year 2007. The paper used statistical tables to illustrate the extreme vulnerability of various infrastructures also describes the severe shortage of equipment, medicines, health staff assistance and doctors. They also describe the work environment in terms of configuration and attractions. It has been showed clearly how development neglected in Darfur, and also explained the focus of health services in the center (Khartoum and Jazeera), which led to a heightened sense of injustice in the hearts of residents of peripheral and rural areas, and resulted in more conflict on power and wealth in Sudan?

Empirical Investigation of the Determinants of TanzaniaÂ’s National Savings

This paper shows the overall status of underdevelopment which surrounds the states of Darfur in western Sudan, in terms of the quality and availability of health services. The paper focused on the model of health services, which give clear signals to the reality of the situation, anyway, health services is one of the biggest challenges facing human development in Darfur, so that, health services in any society is one of the main entrances to make a paradigm shift, which leads to a big change in society. The manuscript is based primarily on statistical analysis and social to official data issued by the Central Agency of Statistics of Sudan for the year 2007. The paper used statistical tables to illustrate the extreme vulnerability of various infrastructures also describes the severe shortage of equipment, medicines, health staff assistance and doctors. They also describe the work environment in terms of configuration and attractions. It has been showed clearly how development neglected in Darfur, and also explained the focus of health services in the center (Khartoum and Jazeera), which led to a heightened sense of injustice in the hearts of residents of peripheral and rural areas, and resulted in more conflict on power and wealth in Sudan?

The plights of African resources patenting through the lenses of the World Trade Organisation: an assessment of South Africa's rooibos tea's labyrith journey.

Just as developing states are blessed with natural resources capable of transforming their economies into a positive direction, the imposed World Trade Organisation's (WTO) mores continue to relegate them to the status of underdevelopment. The consequences of this on investment, trade and finance in Third World States (TWSs), especially Africa, are disarticulation of the economy, exploitation, disinvestment, unemployment, political instability and unavailability of relevant technology to move TWSs forward, among others. This gives rise to the politics behind Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) patenting (a medicinal plant found only in South Africa) by various multinational corporations (MNCs). This study adopted political economy approach with emphasis on both primary and secondary sources of data collection using content analysis. There is need to adhere strictly to the issues of intellectual property rights (IPRs), geographical indications (GIs), prior informed consent (PIC), and access and sharing benefits (ASB). These have not been observed by the western states because of their economic of neo-imperialism to the disadvantage of developing states. This paper recommends that there is need for a regional regime such as African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation (ARIPO), on indigenous knowledge (IK) to patent the continental biodiversity resources.

English

  This paper argues that urban agriculture can be transformed from its present underdeveloped status to a thriving sector in African towns, thus contributing to employment creation, income generation and the provision of food. Using three examples from East Africa (Nakuru, Morogoro and Mbeya), first, the present situation is described from a town’s perspective, thereby focusing on resource allocation (land and water), the sector’s benefits (food, income and employment) as well as its challenges (environment). Second, the question is raised how urban agriculture can be turned into a thriving economic sector, whereby three major themes are dealt with: the creation of a favourable legal and policy setting, the provision of support and education, and the improvement of market conditions. It is concluded that both the government and the private sector can and should take the lead, be it in different spheres.   Key words: Urban development, urban agriculture, urban environment, East Africa.