Uncultivated Areas Research Articles

A GIS-Based Framework to Analyze the Behavior of Urban Greenery During Heatwaves Using Satellite Data

This work proposes a new unsupervised method to evaluate the behavior of urban green areas in the presence of heatwave scenarios by analyzing three indices extracted from satellite data: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST). The aim of this research is to analyze the behavior of urban vegetation types during heatwaves through the analysis of these three indices. To evaluate how these indices characterize urban green areas during heatwaves, an unsupervised classification method of the three indices is proposed that uses the Elbow method to determine the optimal number of classes and the Jenks classification algorithm. Each class is assigned a Gaussian fuzzy set and the green urban areas are classified using zonal statistics operators. The membership degree of the corresponding fuzzy set is calculated to assess the reliability of the classification. Finally, for each type of greenery, the frequencies of types of green areas belonging to NDVI, NDMI, and LST classes are analyzed to evaluate their behavior during heatwaves. The framework was tested in an urban area consisting of the city of Naples (Italy). The results show that some types of greenery, such as deciduous forests and olive groves, are more efficient, in terms of health status and cooling effect, than other types of urban green areas during heatwaves; they are classified with NDVI and NDMI values of mainly High and Medium High, and maximum LST values of Medium Low. Conversely, uncultivated areas show critical behaviors during heatwaves; they are classified with maximum NDVI and NDMI values of Medium Low and maximum LST values of Medium High. The research results represent a support to urban planners and local municipalities in designing effective strategies and nature-based solutions to deal with heat waves in urban settlements.

A survey in natural olive resources exposed to high inoculum pressure indicates the presence of traits of resistance to Xylella fastidiosa in Leccino offspring.

The epidemic spread of the harmful bacterium Xylella fastidiosa causing the "olive quick decline syndrome", decimating olive trees in southern Italy, in the region of Apulia, prompted investigations to search for olive genotypes harbouring traits of resistance. A prospecting survey was carried out to identify, in the heavily infected area of Apulia, olive genotypes bearing resistance. Given the limited genetic diversity in the commercial olive groves with few cultivars widely cultivated, surveys targeted predominantly spontaneous olive genotypes in natural and uncultivated areas. Trees, selected for the absence of symptoms, were subjected to diagnostic tests and parentage analysis to disclose their genetic background. Transcriptomic analyses were also employed to decipher the molecular pathways in resistant genotypes. Artificial inoculations were carried out to confirm the resistant phenotypes of four open-pollinated seedlings of the cultivar Leccino. Among the 171 olive collected genotypes, 139 had unique simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiles, with the cultivars Leccino, Cellina di Nardò, and Ogliarola salentina being the most frequent candidate parents. Among the Leccino progeny (n. 61), 67% showed a highly resistant (HR), resistant (R), or tolerant (T) phenotype to infection by X. fastidiosa. The occurrence of such phenotypes among those deriving from Cellina di Nardò and Ogliarola salentina was 32% and 49%, respectively. Analyses of the transcriptomic profiles of three Leccino-bearing genotypes, naturally infected and not showing symptoms, unravelled that a total of 17,227, 13,031, and 4,513 genes were found altered in the expression, including genes involved in photosynthesis, cell wall, or primary and secondary metabolism. Indeed, transcriptomic analyses showed that one of these genotypes (S105) was more resilient to changes induced by the natural bacterial infection than the remaining two (S215 and S234). This study consolidates the evidence on the presence and heritage of resistance traits associated with the cv. Leccino. Moreover, valuable insights were gathered when analysing their transcriptomic profiles, i.e., genes involved in mechanisms of response to the bacterium, which can be used in functional genetic approaches to introduce resistance in susceptible cultivars and initiate strategies in olive-breeding programs through marker-assisted selection.

Population Structure of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Inhabiting Uncultivated Areas within the Botanic Garden of Perm State University

Population Structure of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Inhabiting Uncultivated Areas within the Botanic Garden of Perm State University

Unraveling impacts on carbon, water and energy exchange of Pinus plantations in South American temperate ecosystems

Tree plantations are expanding in southern South America and their effects on ecosystem services, particularly climate regulation, are still not well understood. Here, we used remote sensing techniques and a paired design to analyze ≈33,000 ha of Pinus plantations along a broad geographical and environmental gradient (26–43° South latitude, 54–72° West longitude). Radiation interception, surface temperature, evapotranspiration, and albedo were assessed both in tree plantations stands and in adjacent uncultivated areas. Additionally, the climatic impact of tree plantations was quantified by analyzing changes in atmospheric radiative forcing and its carbon (C) equivalent. Tree plantations intercepted more radiation when replacing steppes, grasslands, and shrublands but not when replacing forests. The control exerted on radiation interception by precipitation decreased in both space and time after tree plantation. Furthermore, evapotranspiration notably increased in tree plantations. The lower albedo of tree plantations compared to uncultivated adjacent areas induces global warming through the biophysical pathway. Thus, the climate benefits of afforestation through C sequestration can be counteracted by 18 to 83 % due to albedo changes. It is necessary to fully consider the biophysical effects and water footprint of tree plantations in public policies that promote them, as well as in international carbon accounting mechanisms.

Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic fungi strains for Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) control.

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the most widespread insect pest that causes major economic losses, especially on potatoes. Due to heavy insecticide use, this species now resists most pesticides, posing a significant control challenge. Frequent pesticide application also harms non-target organisms, the environment, and human health. Hence, utilizing biocontrol agents like entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) offers a viable alternative for pest management. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize new EPF strains isolated from soil samples and evaluate their efficacy against adult L. decemlineata under laboratory conditions. Soil samples were collected in potato fields or uncultivated areas adjacent to the field in the Czech Republic and the EPF strains were isolated using a modified Tenebrio bait method. A total of 20 fungal strains were isolated and identified using morphological and molecular markers based on the 28S rRNA, ITS, and elongation factor 1-alpha gene sequences as Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch, and Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom.) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae), Metarhizium brunneum (Petch), and Metarhizium robertsii Bisch., Rehner & Humber (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). The bioassays revealed high variability among virulence of these strains against L. decemlineata with the shortest median time to death (LT50=5 days) in M. robertsii strain MAN3b. Results shown that some EPF strains, particularly those of genera Metarhizium, can be promising biocontrol agents against the Colorado potato beetle.

Enhancing Tomato Production by Using Non-Conventional Water Resources within Integrated Sprinkler Irrigation Systems in Arid Regions

This research evaluated the importance of establishing an integrated sprinkler irrigation design connected to fish farm ponds in order to achieve environmental and financial benefits. To achieve the aim of the study, two field experiments were conducted at a private farm in the Nubaria area of Beheira Governorate during the 2022 and 2023 seasons to quantify all the benefits from using fish water effluent (FWE) in irrigation. The obtained results indicated that the effluent could represent a good source of irrigation and bio-fertilization. The yield of tomato was higher when using FWE for irrigation compared with using groundwater for irrigation (IW). This was due to the additional amounts of dissolved bio-nitrogen along with other nutrients present in the FWE. The proportion of dissolved nitrogen added by using FWE was 22.3 kg nitrogen per hectare in 2022 and 24.6 kg nitrogen per hectare in 2023, in addition to some other major elements such as phosphorus and potassium, which are also among the main nutrients needed by crops. It has also been noticed that the fertility of the sandy soil increased with the use of FWE for irrigation. One of the most important results was the possibility of reducing the addition of nitrogen mineral fertilizers by 25%, thus saving on N fertilizers when growing tomato. In addition to the vitality of the FWE and its macro- and microelements, algae, microorganisms, and other organic materials, the use of this type of water as an alternative source for irrigation, along with the reduction in the amount of added mineral fertilizers, will reduce the degree of groundwater contamination with mineral fertilizers and increase the income of farmers. It was also observed that the air temperature decreased during the growing season when compared with the temperature of uncultivated surrounding areas.

Dynamics of quasi-steady ponded infiltration under contrasting plant cover and management strategies

The runoff infiltration partitioning has direct consequences on preservation of water resources in rural territories, both in agricultural plots and uncultivated areas (e.g. ditches, channels, grass strips), and requires a better understanding of the variability of soil infiltration capacity by disentangling the complex links between soil, vegetation and management. The general objective of the study was to investigate the temporal variation in quasi-steady ponded infiltration rates of a fluvisol soil under bare and different cover crop type (a Malvaceae with a tap-root system and a Poaceae with a fibrous root system) and management conditions (burning, mowing, and chemical weeding) that are commonly found in the Mediterranean vineyards. A modified double-ring infiltration method was used to repeat measurement of the quasi-steady ponded infiltration, fcp, on the same location over time. Placed on a 64 m2 plot area with minimal distances between individual measurements of 30 cm, the setup allowed evaluation of variability among measurements that were conducted within the plot. The results showed a significantly lower fcp for bare soil than covered soil, and a two-fold higher fcp for soil covered by Malvaceae than Poaceae. A seasonal effect in fcp was observed, with the highest fcp in summer and the lowest in winter. The study revealed a strong spatial variability in fcp along a transect of a few tens of centimeter, and showed no significant effect of management strategies compared to the vegetated control. The results revealed the importance of considering both plant traits and season rather than vegetation management strategies to explain quasi-steady ponded infiltration rates.

Productive function of urban gardening: estimate of the yield and nutritional value of social gardens in Prato (Italy)

Abstract The impact of urban gardens on food production and nutrient supply is widely recognized in the literature but seldom quantified. In this paper, we present the results of a semi-structured interview conducted in the ‘social gardens’ of Prato (Italy), i.e. areas of land assigned by the Municipality to individual pensioners or unemployed people for the cultivation of vegetables intended for domestic consumption. Some demographic and socio-economic aspects, the cultivated crops and the related areas were investigated. Starting from the areas, the total production of vegetables and their minerals and vitamins contents were estimated. The typical gardener was male, retired, with an average age of 74, and a low level of education. Gardening enabled pensioners to utilize their free time, facilitated physical activity, promoted socialization, and stimulated self-esteem. A 50 m2 plot cultivated on 40% of the area produced an estimated amount of 90 kg of vegetables per year, equivalent to approximately 61.5% of a person's fruit and vegetable needs. Tomato, by far the predominant species, occupied more than 80% of the cultivated area. The highest contributions to nutrients intake concerned Vitamin C and Vitamin A, the lowest Ca and Na. A higher yield and a greater and more balanced nutrient supply could be easily obtained through better use of the land (reduction of uncultivated area and greater assortment of vegetables). In our view, raising gardeners' awareness of this aspect and involving them in training programs on agricultural practices, vegetables composition, and nutrition, could be helpful for increasing the nutrient productivity of the plots and, ultimately, for strengthening the productive function of social gardens.

Configurations for Four Urban Tree Species in the Santiago Metropolitan Region and Their Impact on the Environment According to CO2, PM2.5, Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds and Water Resource Criteria

The rapid and disproportionate growth of many cities in South America, such as Santiago de Chile, has not included a design that considers the impact caused. Furthermore, industrial and housing growth has been based mainly on unsustainable economic criteria, attributing less importance to environmental criteria. This has caused problems related to global warming, pollution, water scarcity and health, especially harming populations with fewer resources. This study estimates and compares the impact of four tree species commonly used at the urbanization level, according to variables such as carbon dioxide (CO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), water resources, and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Then, we will use the variable PM2.5 to assess the trees’ impact on the population and their economic resources using these tree species as a method of capturing this pollutant. The results obtained will be used to determine which one of the four species is the most suitable in each type of space within the Metropolitan Region of Chile (small spaces, uncultivated areas, large spaces near industrial areas, areas with patients with breathing problems, etc.) according to three criteria: a comparison between species using the number of trees in the investigated territory; contrasting the species with the amount of social housing; and a comparison between the species according to the total number of dwellings.

Land Survey and Mapping for Agricultural Purpose using UAV

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a group of aerial vehicles that include drones. Agriculture has always been the backbone of India’s sustained growth. Land surveying is the most challenging task in the agricultural field in terms of accuracy and time required for surveying using the traditional method. We have built a fully autonomous UAV and calibrated it for agricultural land survey purposes. The navigation and mapping process, in which a predefined path is provided to the UAV flight controller. During its autonomous flight, the drone's camera captures multiple images. Using a threshold-based segmentation method, the cultivated land and uncultivated land areas are determined using this system. Pre-processing of the images, land area segmentation, and post-processing of the images are carried out. The pre-processed image is divided into several distinct regions by applying a colour thresholding technique, which serves as the foundation for the segmentation of land. The results illustrate that the proposed method outperforms the existing method.

The Effect of Soil Depth and its Management on the Stability of Soil Aggregates of Different Pedons in Basra Governorate

Four soils were selected by different departments of Basra Governorate, namely Abu Al-Khasib, Al-Tanuma, Al-Nashwa, and Al-Deir (i.e., cultivated and uncultivated) in the area confined between longitudes 30.980 and 47.460 N and latitudes 30.452 and 47.967 E for the study. Estimation of soil stability of eight cultivated and uncultivated Bedoons. In the province of Basra, in addition to studying some chemical properties such as organic matter and calcium carbonate, The results showed the effect of soil management on the average weighted diameter and the organic matter, where clear differences were found in the soil layers, especially in the cultivated areas compared to the uncultivated areas, especially in the surface layers of Abu al-Khasib and. Bedons al-Nashwa, while it decreases in the surface layers of Pedon l-Deir and Tanumah, and excludes among them the Bedons Abu al-Khasib. It is not cultivated as it decreases in the surface layer and increases with depth compared to other crops due to the presence of palm roots.

The Legacy of Soviet Monumental and Decorative Art (on the Example of Tselinograd, Republic of Kazakhstan)

The development of virgin lands (also known as tselina – previously uncultivated or unexplored areas of land, which have not been affected by humans and are typically located in rural or remote regions) has not only boosted the economy but influenced the development of art in Kazakhstan, particularly in Akmolinsk (in 1961 it was renamed Tselinograd, the current name of the city is Astana). Muralists M. Antonyuk and V. Tovtin made a significant contribution to the artistic and aesthetic image of Tselinograd. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of Soviet monumental and decorative art in designing the aesthetics of urban space and to substantiate its historical and cultural value. In this study, the features of stained-glass windows, marquetry, and monumental mosaics of Tselinograd were analysed. Their value as works of art was analysed, the specificities of incorporating national character are described, and their influence on the cultural development of the city is explained. The level of skill of the artists, including the ability to “embed” the artwork in the architectural image of the building is emphasised. The uniqueness of the monumental mosaics of the Soviet period is proved. Conclusions are drawn about their role as agitation. The need to preserve the works of monumental art for future generations is emphasised. This is an important part of the historical period – thoughtless “modernisation” of residential buildings, indifference to and devaluation of the artistic and cultural heritage of the Soviet past are not acceptable.

The role of intraspecific crop-weed hybridization in the evolution of weediness and invasiveness: Cultivated and weedy radish (Raphanus sativus) as a case study.

The phenotype of hybrids between a crop and its wild or weed counterpart is usually intermediate and maladapted compared to that of their parents; however, hybridization has sometimes been associated with increased fitness, potentially leading to enhanced weediness and invasiveness. Since the ecological context and maternal genetic effects may affect hybrid fitness, they could influence the evolutionary outcomes of hybridization. Here, we evaluated the performance of first-generation crop-weed hybrids of Raphanus sativus and their parents in two contrasting ecological conditions. Using experimental hybridization and outdoor common garden experiments, we assessed differences in time to flowering, survival to maturity, plant biomass, and reproductive components between bidirectional crop-weed hybrids and their parents in agrestal (wheat cultivation, fertilization, weeding) and ruderal (human-disturbed, uncultivated area) conditions over 2 years. Crop, weeds, and bidirectional hybrids overlapped at least partially during the flowering period, indicating a high probability of gene flow. Hybrids survived to maturity at rates at least as successful as their parents and had higher plant biomass and fecundity, which resulted in higher fitness compared to their parents in both environments, without any differences associated with the direction of the hybridization. Intraspecific crop-weed hybridization, regardless of the cross direction, has the potential to promote weediness in weedy R. sativus in agrestal and ruderal environments, increasing the chances for introgression of crop alleles into weed populations. This is the first report of intraspecific crop-weed hybridization in R. sativus.

Crop Rotation Practiced by Romanian Crop Farms before the Introduction of the “Environmentally Beneficial Practices Applicable to Arable Land” Eco-Scheme

The main objective of this article is the analysis of crop rotation applied to three crop farms of different sizes in Romania. The period under study is before the implementation of the “Environmentally beneficial practices applicable to arable land” eco-scheme, included in the National Strategic Plan of Romania, 2023–2027, in the section on direct payments related to subsidies. The analysed crop farms have different areas, as follows: Farm A—64.97 ha, Farm B—615.50 ha and Farm C—2881.33 ha. This research aims to highlight the agro-environmental conditions specific to each farm that are required to be met by 2023. The data analysis highlights the fact that farms under 100 ha, such as Farm A, must apply the conditions of the eco-scheme as follows: 3.25 ha with non-productive elements, including uncultivated land; 6.50 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, 16.25 ha cultivated with cereals, 19.49 ha cultivated with corn, 12.99 ha cultivated with sunflowers, 3.25 ha cultivated with watermelon and 3.25 ha cultivated with vegetables. These farms do not apply modern technologies and have fragmented surfaces, and must have both uncultivated areas and areas planted with nitrogen-fixing crops, but must also practice crop diversification. Farms of over 100 ha, such as Farm B, must have 30.78 ha of non-productive elements and 246.20 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, of which 30.78 ha are perennial crops and 215.42 ha are annual crops, such as soy. Crop diversification is also recommended, with 92.33 ha cultivated with cereals, 184.65 ha cultivated with corn and 61.55 ha cultivated with oil crops, sunflower and/or rapeseed. Farms the size of Farm C must have 144.07 ha of non-productive elements, 720.33 ha must be cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, such as soy, and diversify crops as follows: 720.33 ha—cereals, 720.33 ha—corn, 518.64 ha—sunflower and/or rapeseed and 57.63 ha—potatoes.

Global taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of bees in apple orchards

An essential prerequisite to safeguard pollinator species is characterisation of the multifaceted diversity of crop pollinators and identification of the drivers of pollinator community changes across biogeographical gradients. The extent to which intensive agriculture is associated with the homogenisation of biological communities at large spatial scales remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated diversity drivers for 644 bee species/morphospecies in 177 commercial apple orchards across 33 countries and four global biogeographical biomes. Our findings reveal significant taxonomic dissimilarity among biogeographical zones. Interestingly, despite this dissimilarity, species from different zones share similar higher-level phylogenetic groups and similar ecological and behavioural traits (i.e. functional traits), likely due to habitat filtering caused by perennial monoculture systems managed intensively for crop production. Honey bee species dominated orchard communities, while other managed/manageable and wild species were collected in lower numbers. Moreover, the presence of herbaceous, uncultivated open areas and organic management practices were associated with increased wild bee diversity. Overall, our study sheds light on the importance of large-scale analyses contributing to the emerging fields of functional and phylogenetic diversity, which can be related to ecosystem function to promote biodiversity as a key asset in agroecosystems in the face of global change pressures.

Metagenomics reveals the structure ofMastrevirus-host interaction network within an agro-ecosystem.

As highly pervasive parasites that sometimes cause disease, viruses are likely major components of all natural ecosystems. An important step towards both understanding the precise ecological roles of viruses and determining how natural communities of viral species are assembled and evolve is obtaining full descriptions of viral diversity and distributions at ecosystem scales. Here, we focused on obtaining such 'community-scale' data for viruses in a single genus. We chose the genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae), members of which have predominantly been found infecting uncultivated grasses (family Poaceae) throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. We sampled over 3 years, 2,884 individual Poaceae plants belonging to thirty different species within a 2-ha plot which included cultivated and uncultivated areas on the island of Reunion. Mastreviruses were found in ∼8 per cent of the samples, of which 96 per cent did not have any discernible disease symptoms. The multitude of host-virus associations that we uncovered reveals both the plant species that most commonly host mastreviruses and the mastrevirus species (such as maize streak virus and maize streak Reunion virus) that have especially large host ranges. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that perennial plant species capable of hosting years-long mixed mastrevirus infections likely play a disproportionately important role in the generation of inter-species and inter-strain mastrevirus recombinants.

Water availability evaluation towards land extensification potency in Belanti II Swamp Irrigation Area, Central Kalimantan

Belanti II Swamp Irrigation Area has 3976 Ha total area with 2630 Ha or 66,15% land used as paddy area, 462 Ha or 11,62% land used as residential area, and 884 Ha or 22,23% land used as shrubs that uncultivated yet. However, there are no water availability analysis yet in shrubs area. Through this study, water availability in that area will be searched towards land extensification potency. Method used in this study is analysis of river tidal pattern by modelling it in HEC-RAS. Through this method, water availability and affordability can be seen in the uncultivated area by comparing water level and elevation of the land. Based on simulation, river tidal pattern can irrigate 603,36 Ha of 884 Ha uncultivated area which is closer to the source of tide and mean that water level are higher than the land elevation, meanwhile the rest 280,64 Ha of uncultivated area which is farther from the source of tide cannot be irrigated mean that the land elevation are higher than the water level. Water availability in the uncultivated area will affects land extensification potency in Belanti II Swamp Irrigation Area. Through this result, optimization steps of water management can be determined, so that land extensification can be done impacted to productivity enhancement of paddy harvest and followed by increasing of farmers income.

Tare Soil Alters the Composition of the Developing Potato Rhizosphere Microbiome

Understanding the factors influencing microbial community composition in the rhizosphere is an important step toward managing the microbiomes of globally important crops such as potato ( Solanum tuberosum). Potato is vegetatively propagated and seed tubers are planted with tare soil, or soil adhering to the tuber surface, from their field of origin. Bulk soil is known to influence rhizosphere microbiome composition but whether tare soil additionally contributes to compositional variation is not known. We tested this hypothesis in a greenhouse experiment where tare soil was removed (or remained intact for controls) prior to planting in either soil from a potato field or soil from a previously uncultivated area next the potato field. We used internal transcribed spacer and 16S metabarcoding to characterize the fungal and bacterial rhizosphere communities of plants grown from the experimental seed tubers. We found that tare soil influenced rhizosphere microbial composition, more strongly for fungi than bacteria. As expected, bulk soil origin explained the greatest amount of variation in the rhizosphere microbiome overall but we found no evidence that the impact of tare soil on microbial community composition differed between bulk soil origins. However, the magnitude of the tare soil effect did depend, in part, on seed tuber origin. Our findings reveal that tare soil explains a significant, though modest, amount of variation in rhizosphere composition, and sets the stage for future work addressing functional consequences for plant health and productivity.

Land Diversification and Its Contribution to Farms’ Income

Management and utilization of factors of production, in addition to diversification of land use, affect the performance of farms. In this article, it is identified whether the diversification of land use through its disposal to tourism infrastructure has a positive impact on the farms’ income. This identification was conducted by processing technical and economic data and applying bootstrap regression analysis. The research was conducted using a sample of 56 farms active in hospitality alongside agriculture, utilizing possibly uncultivated areas of land. Data collection was carried out by personal visits to the examined farms. The results showed that the performance of the farms is enhanced by tourism activity. At the same time, the results showed that land used for tourism activities has a positive impact on farms’ income. Paid labor also appears to have a positive influence. Although this investigation was executed in the Region of Central Macedonia (Greece), it contributes to strengthening the existing literature on rural tourism and land use. At the same time, it gives alternatives to policy-makers and owner-managers of farms regarding the utilization of the available factors of production with an emphasis on the land one.

Geographical distribution of cultivated and uncultivated areas in the countryside of Ramadi District

The study aims to know the number and presence of manpower and the reasons that led to the increase in agricultural areas, which reflects this on the increase in production and its type, as well as knowing the reasons for the lack of manpower in the provinces of the study area, which resulted in them being largely free of agriculture or almost non-existent areas cultivated or reclaimed. Given the importance of agricultural activity, which is one of the important economic activities in Iraq in general and the countryside of Ramadi, in particular, this activity depends entirely on the labor force in agriculture and productivity, which also affects population growth and increase and is characterized by rapid change and reflection in the cultivated areas and the production of agricultural crops: As well as the presence of reasons that helped the decline of agricultural areas, and this will be clarified during the research.