Uncorrectable Error Rate Research Articles

Kine-Appendage: Enhancing Freehand VR Interaction Through Transformations of Virtual Appendages.

Kinesthetic feedback, the feeling of restriction or resistance when hands contact objects, is essential for natural freehand interaction in VR. However, inducing kinesthetic feedback using mechanical hardware can be cumbersome and hard to control in commodity VR systems. We propose the kine-appendage concept to compensate for the loss of kinesthetic feedback in virtual environments, i.e., a virtual appendage is added to the user's avatar hand; when the appendage contacts a virtual object, it exhibits transformations (rotation and deformation); when it disengages from the contact, it recovers its original appearance. A proof-of-concept kine-appendage technique, BrittleStylus, was designed to enhance isomorphic typing. Our empirical evaluations demonstrated that (i) BrittleStylus significantly reduced the uncorrected error rate of naive isomorphic typing from 6.53% to 1.92% without compromising the typing speed; (ii) BrittleStylus could induce the sense of kinesthetic feedback, the degree of which was parity with that induced by pseudo-haptic (+ visual cue) methods; and (iii) participants preferred BrittleStylus over pseudo-haptic (+ visual cue) methods because of not only good performance but also fluent hand movements.

Eye-shaped keyboard for dual-hand text entry in virtual reality

We propose an eye-shaped keyboard for high-speed text entry in virtual reality (VR), having the shape of dual eyes with characters arranged along the curved eyelids, which ensures low density and short spacing of the keys. The eye-shaped keyboard references the QWERTY key sequence, allowing the users to benefit from their experience using the QWERTY keyboard. The user interacts with an eye-shaped keyboard using rays controlled with both the hands. A character can be entered in one step by moving the rays from the inner eye regions to regions of the characters. A high-speed auto-complete system was designed for the eye-shaped keyboard. We conducted a pilot study to determine the optimal parameters, and a user study to compare our eye-shaped keyboard with the QWERTY and circular keyboards. For beginners, the eye-shaped keyboard performed significantly more efficiently and accurately with less task load and hand movement than the circular keyboard. Compared with the QWERTY keyboard, the eye-shaped keyboard is more accurate and significantly reduces hand translation while maintaining similar efficiency. Finally, to evaluate the potential of eye-shaped keyboards, we conducted another user study. In this study, the participants were asked to type continuously for three days using the proposed eye-shaped keyboard, with two sessions per day. In each session, participants were asked to type for 20min, and then their typing performance was tested. The eye-shaped keyboard was proven to be efficient and promising, with an average speed of 19.89 words per minute (WPM) and mean uncorrected error rate of 1.939%. The maximum speed reached 24.97 WPM after six sessions and continued to increase.

PinchText: One-Handed Text Entry Technique Combining Pinch Gestures and Hand Positions for Head-Mounted Displays

This paper presents PinchText, a mid-air technique with a condensed keys-based keyboard, which combines hand positions and pinch gestures, enabling one-handed text entry for Head-mounted displays (HMDs). Firstly, we conduct Study 1 to collect and analyze the typing data of PinchText with two arm postures and two movement directions, obtaining the range of hand position corresponding to the middle key set. Then, we conduct Study 2, a 6-block experiment, finding that PinchText with Hand-Up Vertical (UpV) and Hand-Down Vertical (DownV) modes could achieve a speed of 12.71 words-per-minute (WPM) and 11.14 WPM respectively with both uncorrected error rates less than 0.5%, which is 71% faster than the index finger pinch-based technique. Finally, Study 3 is conducted to explore the potential of reducing the size of the decoupled visual keyboard of PinchText, verifying that the occlusion of the virtual keyboard can be decreased. Overall, PinchText is an efficient, easy-to-learn, and comfortable text entry technique for HMDs.

Unified GPU Technique to Boost Confidentiality, Integrity and Trim Data Loss in Big Data Transmission

Data integrity, confidentiality and data loss are the issues that arise during transmission because of the use of an inadequate security scheme. These issues become particularly critical for big data transmission due to its own individual overhead causes. Moreover, multiple executions of distinct security algorithms for maintaining confidentiality and integrity reduce throughput and add a large number of additional bits as security overhead that hampers the robustness against data loss. Conversely, an efficient compression technique minimizes data confidentiality, as it eliminates redundant data during compression. Contemporary studies shows the lack of security policies for solving the mentioned issues in a combinatorial manner. The current study proposes an innovative integrated technique to collectively addresses the above security issues. It increases confidentiality and offers a backup for accidental data loss by combining the simplified data encryption standard (SDES) and an advanced pattern generation technique that uses a unique pattern generation table. A novel dual round of error control technique has been introduced to maximize data integrity by considering an arbitrary number of transmission errors. A new compression technique is adopted to enhance the robustness against data loss along with high compression efficiency and resistance against transmission errors. Confidentiality and integrity are further enhanced by integrating advanced audio steganography that uses a distinctive sample selection for hiding bits. Additionally, the implementation of the proposed innovative integrated technique in the graphics processing unit (GPU) environment increases the execution speed and reduces time complexity with extended parallel processing power. Furthermore, the application of a GPU enhances the execution speed at least 28-fold compared to the CPU performance. Experiments are performed using the standard Calgary Corpuses, text files (sized up to 1 TB), and audio files to validate the objectives. The proposed method offers a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), entropy, and avalanche effect (AE) and lower amplitude difference (AD), and uncorrectable error rate (UER) as well as a lower percentage of information loss (IL), which substantiates its potential to offer higher data confidentiality and integrity. The capacity to reduce the computational complexity is further measured with compression ratio (CR) and throughput. The results further depicts the method's superiority in offering confidentiality and integrity over contemporary approaches. © 2013 IEEE.

Comparing Speech and Keyboard Text Entry for Short Messages in Two Languages on Touchscreen Phones

With the ubiquity of mobile touchscreen devices like smartphones, two widely used text entry methods have emerged: small touch-based keyboards and speech recognition. Although speech recognition has been available on desktop computers for years, it has continued to improve at a rapid pace, and it is currently unknown how today's modern speech recognizers compare to state-of-the-art mobile touch keyboards, which also have improved considerably since their inception. To discover both methods' “upper-bound performance,” we evaluated them in English and Mandarin Chinese on an Apple iPhone 6 Plus in a laboratory setting. Our experiment was carried out using Baidu's Deep Speech 2, a deep learning-based speech recognition system, and the built-in Qwerty (English) or Pinyin (Mandarin) Apple iOS keyboards. We found that with speech recognition, the English input rate was 2.93 times faster (153 vs. 52 WPM), and the Mandarin Chinese input rate was 2.87 times faster (123 vs. 43 WPM) than the keyboard for short message transcription under laboratory conditions for both methods. Furthermore, although speech made fewer errors during entry (5.30% vs. 11.22% corrected error rate), it left slightly more errors in the final transcribed text (1.30% vs. 0.79% uncorrected error rate). Our results show that comparatively, under ideal conditions for both methods, upper-bound speech recognition performance has greatly improved compared to prior systems, and might see greater uptake in the future, although further study is required to quantify performance in non-laboratory settings for both methods.

Case study: an investigation into the cause of `error rate drift'

During product development some Hewlett-Packard DDS tape drives experienced a gradual increase in their uncorrected error rate when running a particular operating test at low humidity. This was known as `error rate drift'. A combination of system-level testing, signal processing, and atomic force microscopy showed that the degradation was caused by contamination on the surface of the heads. The `stain' thickness increased each time tape was reused, resulting in progressive attenuation of the readback signal amplitude. Using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy the contaminant was identified as inorganic Fe, Si and Al, transferred from the media.

An on-chip ECC circuit for correcting soft errors in DRAMs with trench capacitors

A modified error-correcting code that can correct up to two soft errors on each row (word line) in a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chip is proposed. Double-bit soft errors frequently occur in DRAM cells with trench capacitors, when charged alpha particles impinge on the intervening space between two vertical capacitors causing plasma shorts between them. The conventional on-chip error-correcting codes (ECCs) cannot correct such double-bit word-line soft errors, which significantly increase the uncorrectable error rate (UER). An ECC circuit that uses an augmented rectangular product code to detect and correct double-bit soft errors is presented. The proposed circuit automatically corrects the addressed bit if it is faulty, and then quickly locates the other faulty bit. A comprehensive study is made to estimate improvements in soft error rate (SER) and mean time to failure (MTTF). The ability of the circuit to correct soft errors in the presence of multiple-bit errors has also been analyzed by combinatorial enumeration. >

A study on the digitization of audio signal for S-VHS VCR

The recording and reproducing characteristics of the PCM (pulse code modulation) audio signal, reduction of interference to the video signal by the PCM audio signal, and performance against tracking error have been studied on a digital audio system for S-VHS VCR (video cassette recorder). A block error rate of 5*10/sup -4/ is attained without degradation of both video and FM audio signals. Amorphous heads have been used for both video and audio heads and the PCM signal carrier-to-noise ratio of 19 dB in the EP mode has been obtained without degradation of the video signal. It is confirmed that the uncorrectable error rate is under 1 symbol/second even in the case of a tracking error of -20 mu m to 9 mu m in the EP mode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

A General-Purpose Memory Reliability Simulator

With rapid advances in computer memory capacity and performance, coupled with corresponding increases in the expense of field service calls, memory reliability and optimal maintenance strategies have become more and more important in terms of customer satisfaction and field service cost. At the same time, significant improvements in error correction and recovery over recent years have made the prediction of uncorrectable error and field service frequency much more difficult. This paper describes a Monte Carlo simulator which can predict uncorrectable error rates and field-replaceable-unit replacement rates for a wide range of memory architectures and under a variety of maintenance strategies. The model provides valuable information for performing sensitivity studies of intrinsic failure rates for memory components, for performing tradeoff studies of alternative storage module and card organizations, for evaluating system functions, and for establishing optimum maintenance strategies.

A low overhead error correction system for multi-track recorders

An error correction system for use with multitrack parallel recording of High Density Digital Recording on magnetic tape is described. The system corrects for error bursts of any length on two tracks, simultaneously, providing improvements in bit error rate on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> Calculated theoretical performance curves are provided and compared with actual test data. The test described is one in which new, unconditioned magnetic tape was used, which provided an uncorrected error rate on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> and a corrected, or output error rate less than 1 in 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> .

Comparisons of Error Control Techniques

The performance capabilities of several retransmission systems are compared with each other and with conventional errorcorrecting codes in hypothetical channels exhibiting independent or dependent errors. These evaluations are based on the analysis in the companion paper which admits errors in the feedback channel and undetectable errors in either channel. The basic problem of deciding whether to use retransmission or forward error-correction for a particular application is investigated. The areas of relative superiority based on throughput rate R and uncorrected error rate ρ for each type of error control are determined for a wide range of codes and channels. It is shown that in almost all burst error cases and in independent error channels with low error probabilities, retransmission sytsems are superior to forward error-correcting systems in both throughput rate R and undetected error rate ρ. In independent error channels with high error rates forward error correction shows substantial improvement over retransmission provided that extremely high reliability is not required. It is shown that in designing a retransmission logic, the decision to interpret garbled messages bearing service information as retransmission requests lowers the throughput rate slightly but improves the reliability considerably. The problem of selecting one of the basic retransmission logics for a particular application is also considered. The systems characteristics of the logics were seen to be the prime consideration in many cases since the differences in R and ρ are generally not substantial.