Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infections Research Articles

A survey of community pharmacists’ and healthcare advisors’ views and experiences on the provision of a Test and Treat Service for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in a retail pharmacy chain in Ireland

Abstract Introduction The use of Point of Care Testing (POCT) as an aid to guide antibiotic prescribing has been highlighted in Ireland’s second One Health National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2021-2025 (iNAP2).[1] The role of community pharmacy is expanding with the introduction of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) POCT strategies. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent and burdensome in the community. With antibiotic resistance on the rise amongst uropathogens, AMS efforts to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for urinary symptoms are paramount. Aim To evaluate community pharmacy staff views and experiences on the provision of a Cystitis Test-and-Treat Service for uncomplicated UTIs, while identifying opportunities for service improvement and expansion. Methods An electronic survey on Microsoft® Forms was distributed within a large retail pharmacy chain in Ireland during November 2021, with two reminders issued. Pharmacists and Healthcare advisors over the age of 18, working in 88 pharmacies that provided the Velieve Cystitis Test-and-Treat Service were eligible to participate. The survey was subdivided into participant demographics, local UTI information, views and experiences of participants on the Cystitis Test-and-Treat Service, the patient information leaflet and the training completed by pharmacy staff providing the service and included open-ended and closed-ended or Likert-scale questions. The survey was developed based on the literature and was revised following the contributions of pharmacy chain pharmacists and its Research Governance Committee who have a working knowledge of Service. Data were analysed using Microsoft® Excel and IBM® SPSS® statistics version 28.0. Qualitative data from the open-ended survey questions were analysed using thematic analysis. Results A total of 43 pharmacy staff (18 pharmacists and 25 healthcare advisors) participated in the study (overall participation rate of 10.2%). The majority of participants were female (83.7%) and most pharmacies were located in a town/suburb area (55.8%). The majority of participants (76.7%) estimated that service users with symptoms suggestive of UTI present to the pharmacy first, before visiting their GP. Participants believed that the Cystitis Test-and-Treat Service improved service user satisfaction in symptom management, reduced antimicrobial prescribing, alongside reduced general practitioner workload. High acceptability was attributed to the speed and convenience of the service, while time cost and time required explaining the service were identified as barriers. The associated smartphone application was identified as a service weakness. Participants recommended extended training on service user eligibility with perhaps training videos to improve overall confidence. While the low response rate and small sample size is a limitation of this study, the inclusion of participants from two differing pharmacy roles strengths the findings. Conclusion This study highlights that POCT are feasible AMS initiatives that enhance management of uncomplicated UTI and could be incorporated into community pharmacy practice. The perceived ‘poor public awareness of the service’ reported by the participants, suggests the need for increased promotion and advertising.

Phytotherapy (BNO 1045) of Acute Lower Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Women Normalizes Local Host Responses

Acute lower uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI) affects a large proportion of women. Increased antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for novel therapeutics and the phytotherapeutic drug BNO 1045 (Canephron® N) has previously been shown to be noninferior to standard antimicrobial stewardship. This sub-analysis from a randomized, double-blind, controlled phase III noninferiority clinical trial using BNO 1045 versus fosfomycin to treat uUTI aimed to determine how urine cytokine levels are altered by the two different treatments. Methods. Urine samples from a predefined subset of women diagnosed with uUTI (18–70 years) and treated with BNO 1045 (n=58) or fosfomycin (n=69) were analyzed for urine levels of IL-6 and IL-8, using analyte-to-creatinine ratios. Results. BNO 1045 treatment showed similar effects to fosfomycin treatment in reducing both urine IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Mean IL-6 and IL-8 levels were markedly reduced in all patients regardless of treatment. BNO 1045 treatment decreased urine IL-8 significantly (p=0.0142) and showed a trend toward reduction of urine IL-6 (p=0.0551). Fosfomycin treatment reduced both IL-6 and IL-8 levels significantly (p=0.0038, <0.0001 respectively). Conclusion. BNO 1045 is, in addition to reducing symptoms, comparable to fosfomycin treatment in reducing the local inflammatory response associated with uUTI.

Phytotherapy (BNO 1045) of Acute Lower Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Women Normalizes Local Host Responses

Introduction: Acute lower uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI) affects a large proportion of women. Increased antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for novel therapeutics and the phytotherapeutic drug BNO 1045 (Canephron^® N) has previously been shown to be noninferior to standard antimicrobial stewardship. This sub-analysis from a randomized, double-blind, controlled phase III noninferiority clinical trial using BNO 1045 versus fosfomycin to treat uUTI aimed to determine how urine cytokine levels are altered by the two different treatments. Methods: Urine samples from a predefined subset of women diagnosed with uUTI (18–70 years) and treated with BNO 1045 (n = 58) or fosfomycin (n = 69) were analyzed for urine levels of IL-6 and IL-8, using analyte-to-creatinine ratios. Results: BNO 1045 treatment showed similar effects to fosfomycin treatment in reducing both urine IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Mean IL-6 and IL-8 levels were markedly reduced in all patients regardless of treatment. BNO 1045 treatment decreased urine IL-8 significantly (p = 0.0142) and showed a trend toward reduction of urine IL-6 (p = 0.0551). Fosfomycin treatment reduced both IL-6 and IL-8 levels significantly (p = 0.0038, <0.0001 respectively). Conclusion: BNO 1045 is, in addition to reducing symptoms, comparable to fosfomycin treatment in reducing the local inflammatory response associated with uUTI.

Nitrofurantoin: properties and potential in treatment of urinary tract infection: a narrative review.

Nitrofurantoin (NF), a wide-spectrum antibiotic accessible since 1953, is utilized widely to treat urinary tract infections as it usually stays active against drug-resistant uropathogen. The use of Nitrofurantoin has increased exponentially since new guidelines have repositioned it as first-line therapy for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (UTI). To, although fluoroquinolones are usually used to re-evaluate the first- and second-line therapies for treating uncomplicated UTI, their level of utilization is thought to be inappropriately excessive and will eventually have a detrimental impact; thus, we hypothesize that NF might be the best choice for this condition, because of its low frequency of utilization and its high susceptibility in common UTI pathogens. It can be concluded from this review that NF can be considered as the most effective drug in the treatment of acute urinary infection, but due to the long-term side effects of this drug, especially in elderly patients, it is essential to introduce some criteria for prescribing NF in cases of chronic UTI.

Real-Life Comparison of Fosfomycin to Nitrofurantoin for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Women

In this study, we compared the failure rates of fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. We used Meuhedet Health Services' large database to collect data on all female patients, older than 18 years, who were prescribed either antibiotic during 2013-2018. Treatment failure was a composite endpoint of hospitalization, emergency-room visit, IV antibiotic treatment, or prescription of a different antibiotic, within seven days of the initial prescription. Reinfection was considered when one of these endpoints appeared 8-30 days following the initial prescription. We found 33,759 eligible patients. Treatment failure was more common in the fosfomycin group than the nitrofurantoin group (8.16% vs. 6.87%, p-value < 0.0001). However, reinfection rates were higher among patients who received nitrofurantoin (9.21% vs. 7.76%, p-value < 0.001). Among patients younger than 40 years, patients treated with nitrofurantoin had more reinfections (8.68% vs. 7.47%, p value = 0.024). Treatment failure rates were mildly higher in patients treated with fosfomycin, despite having less reinfections. We suggest that this effect is related to a shorter duration of treatment (one vs. five days) and encourage clinicians to be more patient before declaring fosfomycin failure and prescribing another antibiotic.

The Risk of Pyelonephritis Following Uncomplicated Cystitis: A Nationwide Primary Healthcare Study.

The risk of pyelonephritis following uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (cystitis) in women has not been studied in well-powered samples. This is likely due to the previous lack of nationwide primary healthcare data. We aimed to examine the risks of pyelonephritis following cystitis in women and explore if antibiotic treatment, cervical cancer, parity, and sociodemographic factors are related to these risks. This was a nationwide cohort study (2006-2018) of 752,289 women diagnosed with uncomplicated cystitis in primary healthcare settings. Of these, 404 696 did not redeem an antibiotic prescription within five days from cystitis. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for pyelonephritis within 30 days and 90 days following the cystitis event. Around one percent (7454) of all women with cystitis were diagnosed with pyelonephritis within 30 days, of which 78.2% had not redeemed an antibiotic for their cystitis. Antibiotic treatment was inversely associated with both outpatient registration and hospitalization due to pyelonephritis, with odds ratios of 0.85 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.91) and 0.65 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.77), respectively. Sociodemographic factors, parity, and cervical cancer were, with few exceptions (e.g., age and region of residency), not associated with pyelonephritis. Antibiotic treatment was inversely associated with pyelonephritis, but the absolute risk reduction was low. Non-antibiotic treatment for cystitis might be a safe option for most women. Future studies identifying the women at the highest risks will help clinicians in their decision making when treating cystitis, while keeping the ecological costs of antibiotics in mind.

Differences in antibiotic prescribing quality in Belgian out-of-hours primary care services

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aims to compare trends in antibiotic prescribing behaviour for lower urinary tract infections among different out-of-hours primary care services. Methods Cross-sectional study using routine prescription data extracted from electronic health records from six out-of-hours services. The study population included 5888 cases diagnosed with an uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection from 2016 to 2020. Prescriptions were assessed based on the national guidelines. Results Considering the total study period, an antibiotic was prescribed in 98.9% of cases. Among these cases, 55.0% was prescribed a guideline recommended antibiotic, 21.0% was prescribed fosfomycin, 17.4% was prescribed a quinolone and 1.8% was prescribed more than one antibiotic. Guideline recommended prescribing improved substantially over time. However, there were significant differences among out-of-hours services in terms of proportion over the total study period (between 49.0% and 66.7%) as well as in terms of time-trend pattern. Conclusion Substantial differences among out-of-hours services suggest a potential for further improvement in the quality of antibiotic prescribing. Monitoring prescribing behaviour per out-of-hours primary care service can guide focused interventions.

In vitro activity of nitroxoline against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from the urinary tract

The old antimicrobial nitroxoline is currently repurposed for oral treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). To investigate the in vitro activity of nitroxoline against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb). From an international collection of previously well-characterized clinical A. baumannii isolates, 34 isolates from urinary tract sources with different carbapenem-resistance mechanisms were selected. Nitroxoline activity was analysed with broth microdilution (BMD), disc diffusion (DD) and within an in vitro biofilm model. MICs of meropenem and imipenem were assessed with BMD. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was investigated using DD. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and A. baumannii NCTC 13304 were used for quality control. All isolates were carbapenem resistant (MIC90 >32 mg/L for meropenem and imipenem) and most isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (33/34) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (31/34). Nitroxoline yielded MIC50/90 values of 2/2 mg/L (MIC range 1-2 mg/L) and inhibition zone diameters ranging from 20 to 26 mm. In contrast, for definite eradication of biofilm-associated CRAb in vitro, higher nitroxoline concentrations (≥16 to ≥128 mg/L) were necessary for all isolates. Nitroxoline showed excellent in vitro activity against a collection of CRAb despite high resistance rates to other antimicrobials for parental and oral therapy of A. baumannii UTI. Currently, nitroxoline is recommended for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI in Germany with a EUCAST breakpoint limited to uncomplicated UTI and E. coli (S ≤16 mg/L). Nitroxoline could be a promising drug for oral treatment of lower UTI caused by CRAb. More data are warranted to correlate these findings with in vivo success rates.

The Role of Colistin in the Era of New β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations.

With the current crisis related to the emergence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB), classical treatment approaches with so-called “old-fashion antibiotics” are generally unsatisfactory. Newly approved β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BLBLIs) should be considered as the first-line treatment options for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) infections. However, colistin can be prescribed for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections caused by CR-GNB by relying on its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Similarly, colistin can still be regarded as an alternative therapy for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) until new and effective agents are approved. Using colistin in combination regimens (i.e., including at least two in vitro active agents) can be considered in CRAB infections, and CRE infections with high risk of mortality. In conclusion, new BLBLIs have largely replaced colistin for the treatment of CR-GNB infections. Nevertheless, colistin may be needed for the treatment of CRAB infections and in the setting where the new BLBLIs are currently unavailable. In addition, with the advent of rapid diagnostic methods and novel antimicrobials, the application of personalized medicine has gained significant importance in the treatment of CRE infections.

[RETRACTED: Биологические свойства грамнегативных бактерий, верифицированных в моче пациенток с рецидивирующей неосложненной инфекцией нижних мочевых путей]

Article retracted. Uncomplicated infections of the lower urinary tract are more often recorded in women and are characterized by recurrent severe course. The lack of effective approaches to the management of this cohort of patients and the insufficient knowledge of the qualitative characteristics of uropathogens hinder the successful treatment of these infections. The purpose of this project is to study the biological properties of representatives of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection at various levels of bacteriuria. We present here the results of the one-stage cohort study of 62 patients 20-50 years old with recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection. The level of bacteriuria, genes of virulence factors, hemolytic, adhesive and anti-lysozyme activities were determined for the Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urine of patients. Representatives of Gram-negative microorganisms (62 strains) were isolated from the urine of all patients. Their bacteriuria levels ranged from 10 2 to 10 8 CFU/ml. A wide range of the virulence factor genes with the prevalence of papGII , feoB, fyuA , were found in all strains regardless of the degree of bacteriuria. Twenty significant (p&lt;0.05) coefficients of mutual contingency between different pairs of genes were found. We found that the hemolytic activity of Enterobacteriaceae is statistically significantly associated with papA , feoB , fyuA , kpsMII , and usp , while the anti-lysozyme activity is associated with papA , afa , and usp . The detection of genotypic and some phenotypic traits expressed in various variations in all Gram-negative bacteria regardless of their bacteriuria levels creates a potential risk for recurrent of the lower urinary tract infection. Consequently, even the minimal levels of bacteriuria become clinically significant. Therefore, in bacteriological diagnostics it is necessary to determine all levels of bacteriuria, including the minimum level (10 2 CFU/ml), since isolated microorganisms at this level have not only adhesive and anti-lysozyme activities, but also contain genes encoding the virulence factors.

Efficacy and safety of different therapies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against antibiotic monotherapy in the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy (monotherapy or combined with antibiotics) against antibiotics monotherapy to understand the possible role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in managing uncomplicated urinary tract infections and reduce overall antibiotic prescription. We searched four databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We included randomized controlled trials, which had included non-pregnant females above 18 years, published from 2010 to 2020 AD in the English language. We assessed risk of bias (ROB) using COCHRANE ROB version 2.0. We synthesized the conclusion from low ROB studies. Among five included studies, four studies compared non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monotherapy against antibiotics monotherapy, and one study compared non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs + antibiotic therapy against antibiotic monotherapy. All studies with low ROB showed significantly higher events of symptom resolution by day 7 with antibiotic monotherapy compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monotherapy. Overall, adverse events were not significantly different in two of three low risk of bias studies; however, one study reported significantly higher adverse effects with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Non-urinary tract infection–related adverse events were more common than urinary tract infections–related adverse events in both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic groups. Urinary tract infection–related adverse events were higher in the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs group compared to antibiotics. For every 20–60 participants treated, one would develop pyelonephritis additionally in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared to antibiotics. Antibiotics were superior to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. However, further studies regarding the characteristics of patients likely to develop pyelonephritis on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monotherapy, and the effectiveness and safety of a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics therapy are essential to reduce the burden of antibiotics and their associated problems.

Xyloglucan, Hibiscus and Propolis in the Management of Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: In the era of antibiotic resistance, an antibiotic-sparing approach presents an interesting alternative treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women. Our aim is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness and safety profile of a medical device containing xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis (XHP) in women with uncomplicated cystitis. Methods: Relevant databases were searched using methods recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The primary endpoint was clinical or microbiological success, defined as the complete (cure) and/or non-complete (improvement) resolution of symptoms at the end of treatment, or microbiological resolutions. Results: After screening 21 articles, three studies were included, recruiting a total of 178 patients. All three studies used placebo as comparator. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of clinical or microbiological resolution between the medical device and the comparator (3 RCTs, 178 patients, OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05–0.33; p < 0.0001). No clinically significant adverse effects have been reported. Conclusion: A medical device containing xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis is superior to comparator regimens in terms of clinical effectiveness in adult women with microbiologically confirmed or clinical suspicion of uncomplicated cystitis and is associated with a high patient compliance.

Results of open prospective study of clinical assessment of efficacy and safety of Nifuratel during exacerbations of recurrent cystitis

The article presents the results of an open prospective study of the clinical assessment of the efficacy and safety of the use of nifuratel during exacerbations of recurrent cystitis. The aim of the program was to assess the change in the duration of the relapse-free course of recurrent cystitis and the effectiveness of the course treatment with Nifuratel-SZ in the treatment of recurrent cystitis. During a non-interventional program, Nifuratel-SZ has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated drug for the treatment of recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection.

Increased adherence to treatment guidelines for lower urinary tract infections in out–of–hours primary care settings following a simple intervention strategy

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether a simple intervention could foster adherence to treatment guidelines in women with uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (LUTIs) in after–hours primary care settings.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cluster, randomised, prospective intervention study in female patients conducted in 20 out–of–hours primary care (OOHC) settings in Slovenia (10 in the intervention group and 10 in the control group). In each OOHC centre, we included 10 consecutive patients with LUTIs who sought evaluation by a physician, called in for advice, or called in for a home visit. The OOHC centres in the intervention group received a poster with a schematic presentation of LUTI treatment  treatment guidelines, which was displayed on the wall in the OHC practice.&#x0D; Results: Of 20 OOHC centres, 14 were willing to participate in the study (seven in the intervention group and seven in the control group). The final sample consisted of 118 (59.0%) female patients (64 in the intervention group and 54 in the control group). The mean age of the sample was 43.2 ± 17.3 years (40.2 ± 16.4 years in the intervention group and 46.7 ± 17.8 years in the control group). Adherence to guidelines was confirmed in 42 patients (32 in the intervention group and 10 in the control group; p = 0.004).&#x0D; Conclusions: A simple intervention can significantly enhance the adherence to treatment guidelines in patients with LUTIs managed in an OOHC centre.

Risk factors for treatment failure in women with uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection.

Given rising antibiotic resistance and increasing use of delayed prescription for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (UTI), patients at risk for treatment failure should be identified early. We assessed risk factors for clinical and microbiological failure in women with lower UTI. This case-control study nested within a randomized clinical trial included all women in the per-protocol population (PPP), those in the PPP with microbiologically confirmed UTI, and those in the PPP with UTI due to Escherichia coli. Cases were women who experienced clinical and/or microbiologic failure; controls were those who did not. Risk factors for failure were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. In the PPP, there were 152 clinical cases for 307 controls. Among 340 women with microbiologically confirmed UTI, 126 and 102 cases with clinical and microbiological failure were considered with, respectively, 214 and 220 controls. Age ≥52 years was independently associated with clinical (adjusted OR 3.01; 95%CI 1.84-4.98) and microbiologic failure (aOR 2.55; 95%CI 1.54-4.25); treatment with fosfomycin was associated with clinical failure (aOR 2.35; 95%CI 1.47-3.80). The association with age persisted among all women, and women with E. coli-related UTI. Diabetes was not an independent risk factor, nor were other comorbidities. Postmenopausal age emerged as an independent risk factor for both clinical and microbiological treatment failure in women with lower UTI and should be considered to define women at-risk for non-spontaneous remission, and thus for delayed antibiotic therapy; diabetes mellitus was not associated with failure.

Oral fosfomycin for treating lower urinary tract infections due to multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in female adolescents

Fosfomycin trometamol (FT) has shown promising in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens; however, clinical data are limited in pediatric patients. We conducted a retrospective study to describe the clinical and microbiological outcomes of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (LUTIs) due to MDR Escherichia coli treated with oral FT in female adolescents. A total of 70 outpatients, with a median age of 13 years (range 12-16 years), were included. FT was initiated as definitive treatment of UTIs in all patients due to documented resistance against alternative oral agents. All patients received a single dose of 3 g oral FT. The post-treatment clinical and microbiological cure rates were 97% (68/70) and 94% (66/70), respectively. Only two (3%) patients reported mild, self-limited diarrhea. UTI relapse occurred in two (3%) patients. Our results suggest that oral FT might be an alternative option for outpatient treatment of uncomplicated LUTIs due to MDR E. coli in female adolescents.

Symptomatic treatment (using NSAIDS) versus antibiotics in uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundCurrent guidelines recommend empiric antibiotics as first-line treatment for uncomplicated UTI. Despite proven benefits in treatment, antibiotic resistance rates remain on the rise. This meta-analysis aims to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can serve as an effective and safe option in the treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI among non-pregnant women compared to antibiotics.MethodsA systematic literature search in PUBMED, CENTRAL, and ACP databases from inception to April 2021 was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials that compare the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus antibiotics in non-pregnant women ≥18 years old with uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection. Primary outcomes were symptom resolution of UTI by Day 3 or 4 of intervention, and upper UTI complications. Secondary outcomes include persistence of positive urine culture despite treatment and need for another rescue antibiotic. Random and fixed-effects model for dichotomous data using Mantel-Haenszel and Peto odds method were reported at 95% CI followed by sensitivity analysis for substantial heterogeneity.ResultsFour RCTs involving 1165 patients were analyzed. The probability of having a symptom resolution by Day 3 or 4 with NSAID use is only less than three-fourths of that with antibiotic treatment (RR: 0.69, 95% CIs [0.55, 0.86], p = 0.0008, I2 = 73%, moderate certainty of evidence). The odds of developing upper UTI complications with use of NSAIDs are 6.49 to 1 for antibiotics (Peto OR: 6.49, 95% CIs [3.02, 13.92], p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%, moderate certainty of evidence). Secondary analysis showed that the NSAID group is 2.77x more likely to have persistence of a positive microbiologic urine culture than the antibiotic group (RR: 2.77, 95% CIs [1.95, 3.94], p < 0.00001, I2 = 36%, moderate certainty of evidence). Treatment with NSAIDs are three times more likely to use a secondary or rescue antibiotic due to persistent or worsening symptoms as compared to antibiotics (RR: 3.16, 95% CIs [2.24, 4.44], p < 0.00001, I2 = 47%, low certainty of evidence).ConclusionAntibiotic treatment was more effective than use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection with an overall moderate certainty of evidence.

The gene profile of Enterobacteriaceae virulence factors in relation to bacteriuria levels between the acute episodes of recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection

ABSTRACT Objectives The pathogenic potential of uropathogens isolated between acute episodes of recurrent lower urinary tract infection (rLUTI) is studied insufficiently. The objectives were to determine the spectrum of virulence genes of Enterobacteriaceae cultured between acute episodes of rLUTI at various levels of bacteriuria. Methods Bacteriological examinations of 169 premenopausal women’s midstream urine with rLUTI were performed between acute episodes of UTI. Sixty-two strains of Enterobacteriaceae at concentrations 102–108 CFU/ml were analyzed for the presence of papA, papE/F, papGII, afa, bmaE, iutA, feoB, fyuA, kpsMTII, and usp virulence factors genes’ (VFGs) fragments. Results In all strains VFGs were found with numbers from 1 to 10. Four VFGs were found at all levels of bacteriuria (from 102 to 107−8) in most strains (>50%): papGII, feoB, fyuA, usp. In total, 28 significant Pearson contingency coefficient (PCC) were determined. Each of the genes, papA, papE/F, usp, was found more often in uropathogens from patients with a higher level of leukocyturia. Conclusions The inter-episode period in rLUTI is associated with varying levels of bacteriuria of enterobacteria. Since enterobacteria virulent potential could be determined at all levels of bacteriuria, there is at all levels of bacteriuria a potential risk for recurrence of LUTI.

Efficacy and Safety of Fosfomycin Single-Dose Therapy Compared to Nitrofurantoin and Cephalosporin in Pregnant Women with Lower Urinary Tract Infection: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Fosfomycin is a bactericidal drug that inhibits bacterial cell wall and also reduces the adherence ability of bacteria to uro-epithelial cells with a broad anti-bacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of fosfomycin compared to nitrofurantoin and cephalosporin in pregnant women presented with lower urinary tract infection. Patients and Methods: This was a double blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted at Shebin El-Kom Teaching Hospital from Aug 2019 to Aug 2020. Patients experienced uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection either asymptomatic bacteriuria or cystitis were recruited. Patients were randomly allocated via a random table number into three groups, each group comprised 35 patients. Group I received 3 g oral fosfomycin weekly, group II received 100 mg oral nitrofurantoin three times daily, and group III received 500 mg oral cephalosporin three times daily. After 7 days of treatment, all studied groups were subjected to urine sampling and culture analysis and were examined for occurrence of side effects. Results: All patients enrolled in our study had uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection either cystitis (n=85 cases) or asymptomatic bacteriuria (n=20 cases). There was clinical difference in urine pus cells and urine culture in fosfomycin after treatment compared to other groups. The side effects were reported in 7 cases with fosfomycin compared to 14 in other two groups with significant difference. Conclusion: Fosfomycin tromethamine was proved to be more effective, safe, and fewer side effects were reported, which makes fosfomycin the drug of choice for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection during pregnancy.

Опыт применения растительных препаратов в комплексном лечении неосложненных инфекций нижних мочевыводящих путей у беременных

Introduction During pregnancy, therapeutic options which can be used to treat and prevent acute lower urinary tract infections are significantly limited. In this regard, new opportunities to increase time to relapse of urinary tract infections are urgently required. Aim To evaluate the results of the use of the dietary supplements Cystenium II in pregnant women for the complex treatment of acute cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Materials and methods The analysis of complex therapy of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection with the use of dietary supplements Cystenium II in 42 pregnant women (mean age 24.5+/-4.3 years), divided into two groups depending on the presence of symptoms of the cystitis. Results Data on the clinical and microbiological cure and the absence of side effects were obtained. Conclusions The use of dietary supplements Cystenium II is advisable, both in the complex antimicrobial therapy of acute cystitis, exacerbation of recurrent cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women, as well as for the prevention of recurrence of cystitis after the clinical cure.