Uncoated Wires Research Articles

Nafion/ZrO2 Modified NiTi Orthodontic Wire: Preparation, Material Characterization, and Corrosion Studies

Background: Nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires are widely used in dental corrective procedures due to their high mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness. However, they are prone to oral corrosion, leading to mechanical deterioration, aesthetic issues, and potential health concerns. Objective: This study aims to improve the corrosion resistance and durability of NiTi orthodontic wires by employing zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and Nafion coating with the goal of enhancing wire performance. Methods: Two types of NiTi wires were evaluated: a standard, unmodified wire as a control and another wire treated with electrodeposited ZrO2 film and Nafion (Naf) coating. Surface analysis was conducted using various techniques, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Results: The uncoated NiTi wire exhibited a corrosion rate of 4.436× 10-1 mm/year, whereas the Naf/ZrO2-coated NiTi wire showed a corrosion rate of 4.068× 10-1 mm/year, indicating that the Naf/ZrO2 coating acted as a protective layer. Additionally, the ZrO2 layer provided poor electrical conductivity, resulting in slightly higher impedance compared to bare NiTi. The coating served as a barrier, which significantly enhanced corrosion resistance and improved the wire lifespan. Conclusion: Electro-modification through ZrO2 deposition and Nafion coating significantly improved the corrosion resistance and overall durability of NiTi orthodontic wires, offering a promising advancement for their use in dental orthodontics. This study underscores the potential of ZrO2 and Nafion coating to enhance the corrosion resistance and longevity of NiTi orthodontic wires.

Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity Reduction of the Steel Wire-Rings in Flexible Barriers Due to Corrosion

Flexible barriers mitigate geological hazards, relying crucially on wire-ring nets to intercept rockfalls and debris. However, constant exposure to natural environments renders their metal components susceptible to corrosion, affecting the protective efficacy. To investigate the changes in mechanical properties of wire-ring nets resulting from corrosion, the neutral salt spray tests followed by quasi-static tests on uncoated, Zinc-coated, and Galfan-coated high-strength steel wires and wire-rings were conducted. These tests established the correlation between the steel wire's breaking force and its weight loss rate, ultimately facilitating the creation of a pertinent mathematical model. The decline in the breaking force of various types of wire-rings due to corrosion was compared, indicating the influence of corrosion duration, number of winding turns, winding techniques, and coating types on the wire-ring's mechanical performance. Subsequently, the formula for calculating the breaking force of wire-rings in relation to the weight loss rate of the steel wire was derived. Finally, based on the linear relationship between the capacity of single wire-rings and wire-ring nets, a formula was established to estimate the puncturing force of wire-ring nets under different atmospheric corrosion periods. This predictive model provides a basis for the durability design of flexible barrier with different anti-corrosion measures under various atmospheric conditions, and also offers specific insights into maintenance strategy for the existing flexible barriers.

Assessment of Mutans Streptococci Adhesion on Different Esthetic Coatings of Nickel-Titanium (Niti) Archwires: An In Vitro Study

Plaque and enamel demineralization can occur when orthodontic archwires are present in the oral cavity because they provide a unique surface for bacterial adhesion. Bacterial biofilm plays a major role in the development of complications such dental caries and periodontal disease. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect that an esthetic surface coating of NiTi archwires would have on the adherence of mutans streptococci. Material and method: three types of coated NiTi archwires (rhodium, gold and flexy blue) and one uncoated NiTi archwire with round cross section 0.016 inch were tested in the current study. Five pieces of each types of archwire were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline for two hours. Then, these wire segments were immersed for 5, 90, and 180 minutes with mutans streptococci suspension to conduct the bacterial adhesion assay. Result: there were statistically significant differences in the degree to which bacteria adhered to the various archwires at each time interval, with the level of adhesion being statistically highest on the uncoated NiTi wire and the level being statistically lowest on the gold-coated NiTi wire (p < 0.05). The result showed that the highest bacterial adhesion in 180 min followed by 90 min and the lowest in 5 min. A positive correlation was detected between bacterial adhesion and incubation time. Conclusion: the esthetic surface coating were influence the biofilm adhesion on the archwires, gold coated significantly decrease mutans streptococci adhesion when compare with uncoated NiTi wire. Higher incubation time increased the number of bacterial adherence for all types of archwires.

An investigation of the corrosion behavior of zinc-coated stainless steel orthodontic wires: the effect of physical vapor deposition method

BackgroundReleasing of metal ions might implicate in allergic reaction as a negative subsequent of the corrosion of Stainless Steel (SS304) orthodontic wires. The aim of this study was to evaluate the corrosion resistance of zinc-coated (Zn-coated) SS orthodontic wires.MethodsZinc coating was applied on SS wires by PVD method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Potentiodynamic polarization tests and Tafel analysis methods were used to predict the corrosion behavior of Zn-coated and uncoated SS wires in both neutral and acidic environments.ResultsThe values of Ecorr ,icorr and Rct ,which were the electrochemical corrosion characteristics, reported better corrosion behavior of Zn-coated SS wires against uncoated ones in both artificial saliva and fluoride-containing environments. Experimental results of the Tafel plot analyses were consistent with that of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses for both biological solutions.ConclusionApplying Zn coating on bare SS orthodontic wire by PVD method might increase the corrosion resistance of the underlying stainless-steel substrate.

Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anti-Adherent Properties between Titanium Oxide, Silver Dioxide-Coated, and Conventional Orthodontic Wires Against Streptococcus Sanguis Causing Gingivitis

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the antibacterial and anti-adherent properties of conventional stainless steel (SS) orthodontic wires and surface-modified silver dioxide-coated and titanium oxide-coated SS orthodontic wires against Streptococcus sanguis causing gingivitis Materials and Methods: The study used 60 orthodontic SS wire specimens, organized into six groups of ten each. The control group had uncoated wires, and the experimental group featured wires coated with silver dioxide and titanium oxide. Surface modification was done using DC sputtering, and microbiological tests assessed the antibacterial and anti-adherent properties of the AgO2- and TiO2-coated wires. Results: This study demonstrated the antibacterial effect against S. sanguis in orthodontic wires coated with the photocatalytic AgO2 and TiO2 compared to the uncoated wires. Also, this study demonstrated an anti-adherent effect in the AgO2- and TiO2-coated orthodontic wires. Moreover, the bacterial accumulation on orthodontic wires coated with AgO2 and TiO2 was lower compared to that on the uncoated wires Conclusion: During orthodontic treatment, the formation of dental plaque can be prevented by coating the surface of stainless-steel orthodontic wires with photocatalytic AgO2 and TiO2. Compared to silver dioxide, the titanium oxide-coated SS orthodontic wires showed better antibacterial and anti-adherent properties.

КОНСЕРВАЦИОННЫЕ И РАБОЧЕ-КОНСЕРВАЦИОННЫЕ СМАЗОЧНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ «РОСОЙЛ»

The paper contains an overview of Rosoil rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants for metallurgy, mechanical engineering and other industries, including for military-industrial enterprises, as well as for the needs of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the population. The main physicochemical and operational characteristics of rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants are given such as rust-preventive greases for corrosion protection of ferrous and non-ferrous metal products during storage and transportation; protective grease lubricants for anticorrosive and mechanical processing of metals; protective antifriction greases for lubrication when manufacturing and operationing steel ropes made of uncoated wire and galvanized wire; universal lubricants for multi-purpose applications; corrosion-preventing oil for protection of military equipment; gun oils for cleaning, lubrication and corrosion protection of artillery and small arms during storage and operation; corrosion inhibitors to improve the protective properties of lubricating oils for various purposes and fuels. It is shown that the range of Rosoil rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants contains 19 products, most of which are designed to replace imported materials and surpass them in protective properties and tribo-engineering characteristics.

Effect of polyurethane coating on mechanical response of shape memory alloy wires

In micro-electro-mechanical systems, the risk of short circuit arises when shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuators mistakenly come into contact with other metal parts. Coating the SMAs with insulating layer can solve this problem. However, unlike traditional conductive wires that experience minimal length changes with current, SMA wires undergo significant length variations during electrical execution. This can affect the bonding between the coating and the SMA wires, as well as the mechanical response of the actuators. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of an insulating coating on the mechanical response of SMA wires. The results show that a layer of polyurethane coating provides long-term insulation to the SMA wires. While this coating reduces the recoverable strain of SMA wires under passive heating, its effect on actuation strain under electrical heating is relatively minor. Additionally, the coating enables the SMA wire to work smoothly by relieving overshooting and vibration phenomena during execution, and helps the wire work in a wider current range than an uncoated wire. Moreover, the coating enhances the response speed of SMA wires during power-on but reduces the response speed during power-off, this influence weakens as driving currents increase. These distinct mechanical responses can be primarily attributed to the coating’s influence on heat transfer behavior of the SMA wires.

Dispersive Propagation of Terahertz Pulses in a Plasmonic Fiber

The dispersion properties of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) during propagation on metal wires with a dielectric coating in the terahertz frequency range were investigated theoretically. An analytical expression was obtained for a pulsed electric field using the solution of Maxwell equations taking into account high-order dispersion terms. The influence of the dielectric coating on the distortion of the pulse shape was investigated. Unlike uncoated wire, the propagation of surface plasmon pulses along a coated wire is highly dispersive. It was shown that the coating leads to the appearance of a long-chirped signal with a propagation of only a few millimeters, i.e., when a terahertz pulse propagates along a coated wire, it acquires a long oscillatory tail, the frequency of which depends on time.

Preliminary Results on the Antifouling Potential of Copper Wire and Dyneema® Fiber Combined Twines for Aquaculture Net Cages

Antifouling management for aquaculture cage nets has developed over the years to reduce the costs of cleaning the nets and minimize the damages caused to the nets by the encrustation of benthic organisms. There have been various approaches to this end such as using toxic paints (TBT-SPC, etc.) and nanomaterial coatings, mechanical cleaning using brushes, and constructing the net using copper alloys instead of nylon (or other) material, etc. We designed and constructed experimental fish farm nets substituting Dyneema® fibers with uncoated copper wire 0.15-0.2 mm in diameter by 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% and deployed them in a commercial operating fish farm for almost 7 months. We examined their antifouling performance based on the percentage of mesh openness remaining by the end of the experimental period. The results showed that the antifouling performance increased with copper substitution level and peaked at a level of 29.79% and maximum mesh openness at 46.5%.

Effects of various coating methods on the mechanical, physical, and aesthetic properties of GUMMETAL® archwires: In vitro study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical, physical, and aesthetic properties of GUMMETAL® (GM) orthodontic archwires after the application of various aesthetic coating materials. This in vitro study included 180 orthodontic wires: five experimental groups used 0.016×0.022-inch GM as the core-based wire followed by the application of epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), clear ceramic, white ceramic, or silicone; and four control groups: 0.016×0.022-inch GM, 0.019×0.025-inch GM, 0.016×0.022-inch stainless steel (SS), and 0.019×0.025-inch SS. Frictional forces, force deflection rate, yield strength, aesthetic colour value, corrosive and wear resistance were compared between the experimental and control groups. Among the coated wires, white ceramic exhibited the highest frictional force (2.06±0.20N) and silicone showed the lowest values (0.88±0.12N). There were significant differences in static friction between experimental and control groups (P<0.001). PTFE coating had the highest force deflection rate (9.03±0.12N/mm) and yield strength (10.0±0.14N/mm) among coated wires and white ceramic exhibited the lowest values (6.86±0.14N/mm and 7.74±0.17N/mm for force deflection rate and yield strength, respectively). Differences in force deflection rate and yield strength between experimental and control groups were statistically significant (P<0.001). All coated wire groups had a clinical difference in colour when compared to A1 shade. Coated and uncoated wires showed good corrosion resistance after one week in corrosive saliva with no detectable loss of mass. This study has shown that coating wires can improve some aspects of the wire properties but not all when compared to uncoated GM and SS. Future investigation of the materials used in this study is required to further characterize their properties.

A comparative evaluation of frictional resistance and surface roughness of silver coated and uncoated stainless-steel bracket wire assembly- An in-vitro study.

Silver ions act as potent antimicrobial agents. Silver coating of brackets and the archwires can help reduce the formation of white spot lesions and caries which is commonly seen with fixed orthodontic treatment. However, this may affect the friction and surface roughness of the bracket-wire assembly which in turn affects the biological tooth movement. A total of 60 samples were included in the study which was divided into four groups. Group-1: • 15 silver coated 0.022 x 0.028" slot MBT prescription maxillary central incisor brackets • 15 silver coated 0.019 x 0.025" stainless-steel wires; Group-2: • 15 uncoated 0.022 x 0.028" slot MBT prescription maxillary central incisor brackets • 15 silver coated 0.019 x 0.025" stainless-steel wires; Group-3: • 15 silver coated 0.022 x 0.028" slot MBT prescription maxillary central incisor brackets • 15 uncoated 0.019 x 0.025" stainless-steel wires; Group-4: • 15 uncoated 0.022x0.028" slot MBT prescription maxillary central incisor brackets • 15 uncoated 0.019 x 0.025" stainless-steel wires. All brackets and wires used were of American Orthodontics, St. Paul, USA. Surface modification of wires and brackets was carried out using the Vacuum Coating Unit model by Thermal Vacuum Evaporation method with silver nanoparticles (10 nm size). The frictional resistance of all brackets and wires was checked using Universal Testing Machine. On comparison of maximum load, it was found that friction was highest in group 3, followed by group 1, group 4 and group 2. The mean difference between all groups was found to be statistically significant with a P value < 0.05. The Scanning Electron Microscope studies showed that the surface roughness of silver-coated wires and brackets before the friction test was less compared to uncoated wire-bracket assembly. The surface roughness of the bracket and wire after the friction test was as follows: •Bracket roughness: Group 4> Group 1> Group 2> Group 3 •Wire roughness: Group 4> Group 1> Group 2> Group 3. This study concluded that friction was least when only the wire was coated with silver and the bracket was uncoated and it was the most when the bracket was coated and the wire was uncoated. The surface roughness after the friction test was the least when the wire was uncoated. Key words:Silver nanoparticles, Frictional Resistance, Surface Roughness.

Evaluation of surface-modified orthodontic wires by different concentration and dipping duration of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.

To evaluate in-vitro surface characteristics and frictional properties of orthodontic stainless steel and beta-titanium archwires after surface modification with different concentrations and coating time of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by Sol-gel dip coating method. The experiment was carried out with 4 different concentrations (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8) and three different dipping durations (24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours) over ten main test groups of SS and TMA archwires with uncoated wires acting as control in both dry and wet conditions. Phase analysis and surface characterization of TiO2 was analyzed by X-ray Diffractometry, surface evaluation with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and frictional characteristics were evaluated. Among all the concentrations 1:6 ratio with 48 hours of dipping duration showed better surface characteristics. A statistically significant difference in frictional coefficient was observed in both SS and TMA wires than their respective controls (p = 0.001). Intragroup comparison among SS and TMA groups showed that groups with 1:6 ratio and 48 hours dipping duration had least frictional coefficient in both dry and wet conditions (p = 0.001). Intergroup comparison between SS and TMA showed that SS group had significantly reduced friction than TMA (p = 0.001) except in few groups. TiO2 nanoparticle with a concentration ratio of 1:6 and 48 hours dipping duration is recommended for surface modification of orthodontic archwires.

Optimizing WEDM Parameters on Nano-SiC-Gr Reinforced Aluminum Composites Using RSM

Nanocomposites are preferred for performance enhancement over micron composites because of their better performance in enhancing the desired properties of the parent material. Nano-silicon carbide and nano-graphite are considered together for reinforcement of Al7075 in this piece of research. Here, the purpose of reinforcement of graphite considered is to improve machinability. The stir casting was employed for fabrication of nanocomposite. The composite matrix includes Al7075 matrix material, reinforcement material of nano-SiC (5 wt.%), and nano-graphite (5 wt.%). Wire cut Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) of the synthesized nanocomposite SiC/Gr/Al7075 is considered for investigating the machinability. The objectives of the study are to synthesize the novel nanocomposite and optimize the process parameters to minimize the kerf width during WEDM. The independent variables like choice of wire electrode including the uncoated brass wire, diffused annealed wire, and zinc coated brass wire were considered along with operating parameters like gap voltage, pulse-off time (Toff), and pulse-on time (Ton). The response surface methodology (RSM) is used for designing experiments and analyzing and optimizing independent parameters of WEDM for minimizing the kerf width. Experimental results reveal that the machinability performance of the novel nanocomposite in WEDM with zinc coated brass wire was the best and produced minimum kerf width with the optimized inputs of 117 μs pulse-on time, 60 μs pulse-off time, 160A input current, and 10 volt gap voltage.

Effect of wire material and discharge energy on productivity and surface integrity of WEDM-processed Inconel 718

ABSTRACT The current work aims to study the influence of discharge energy and debris accumulation on wire break failure and surface integrity aspects like surface roughness, subsurface hardness, and geometrical errors during the wire EDM of Inconel 718. The responses considered for analysing the geometrical accuracies are flatness error, roundness error and cylindricity error. Four different wire electrodes were considered for the study based on the wire strength and coatings, namely hard zinc coated brass, half-hard zinc coated brass, hard uncoated brass, and half-hard uncoated brass wire electrodes. The geometric accuracy of the machined parts is closely related to the choice of wire electrode. High-tensile strength hard wires were observed to machine the surfaces with maximum accuracy. Also, the zinc coated wires were observed to cut faster compared to the uncoated wire electrodes. The study revealed that there exists a strong influence of discharge energy on the surface integrity of wire electric discharge machined surface. The zinc and copper elemental contamination was minimal for uncoated wire electrodes at lowest discharge energy mode. Wire wear phenomena was analysed for both coated and uncoated wires. Discharge energy had a significant impact on the electrode wear of coated and uncoated wire electrode.

Comparative Evaluation of Frictional Resistance Between Different Types of Ceramic Brackets and Stainless Steel Brackets With Teflon-Coated Stainless Steel and Stainless Steel Archwires: An In-Vitro Study.

BackgroundOrthodontic tooth movement relies on sliding mechanics usually achieved by sliding the archwire through brackets. Sliding causes friction which is a force resisting the relative motion of two contacting objects. Frictional resistance is undesirable in orthodontic tooth movement because the archwire might bind with the bracket and prevent tooth movement. In addition, friction causes bending of the archwire leading to unwanted tooth movement or space loss through anchorage interference, prolonging the treatment time and root resorption. This study was performed to compare the frictional resistance produced by different types of ceramic brackets and stainless steel brackets with Teflon-coated stainless steel and stainless steel archwires. The surface texture of the wire before and after friction test was also evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).MethodologyA total of 48 samples were tested. In total, 12 premolar brackets each of stainless steel (Ortho technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA), monocrystalline ceramic (Ortho technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA), polycrystalline ceramic (Ortho technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and ceramic bracket with a metal slot (Ortho technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA) having an 0.022-inch slot were coupled with 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel and Teflon-coated stainless steel wires. Each bracket-wire assembly was vertically mounted and clamped to the jaws of the universal testing machine. The wire was pulled across the bracket with a cross head speed of 10 mm per minute. The readings obtained were recorded. To evaluate the surface roughness, wires were examined using an SEM (in four magnifications 250×, 500×, 1,000×, and 5,000×) before and after testing.ResultsUnder the testing conditions, the stainless steel bracket-stainless steel wire combination produced the least frictional resistance, and the polycrystalline ceramic bracket-stainless steel wire combination produced the highest frictional resistance. Ceramic brackets with a metal slot generated lesser friction than other types of ceramic brackets but more friction than stainless steel brackets. Moreover, for all bracket-archwire combinations, Teflon-coated wires generated reduced frictional resistance compared to stainless steel wires. The surface examination of Teflon-coated stainless steel wire and conventional uncoated stainless steel wire revealed that Teflon-coated wire had a smoother surface compared to uncoated stainless steel wire.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the stainless steel bracket produced the lowest frictional resistance and the polycrystalline ceramic bracket produced the highest frictional resistance. Ceramic brackets with a metal slot showed a coefficient of friction that was more than but comparable to that of stainless steel brackets. Monocrystalline ceramic brackets generated lesser friction compared to polycrystalline ceramic brackets. Further, Teflon coating of stainless steel archwires can reduce frictional resistance compared to conventional uncoated stainless steel archwires. The surface of Teflon-coated stainless steel wires was found to be smoother than uncoated stainless steel wires.

Ion Release and Surface Changes of Nickel-Titanium Archwires Induced by Changes in the pH Value of the Saliva-Significance for Human Health Risk Assessment.

The aim of this study was to explore whether changes in the salivary pH influence mechanical properties, surface roughness, and ion release from NiTi archwires with various surface coatings, and discuss the clinical significance of the findings. The uncoated, rhodium-coated, and nitrified NiTi wires were immersed into artificial saliva of different pH values (4.8, 5.1, 5.5, and 6.6). Released nickel and titanium ions were measured with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy at the end of 28 days. Atomic force microscopy was used to measure the arithmetic average surface roughness Ra, the root-mean-square roughness Rq, and the maximum height of the asperities RZ. The nanoindentation hardness (HIT) and Young’s modulus (EIT) measurements were performed. The change in the pH of artificial saliva is inversely proportional to the release of titanium from both coated and uncoated wires, and the release of nickel from uncoated wires. The surface roughness parameters of both coated and uncoated wires are unaffected by the change in the pH of artificial saliva. The change in the pH of saliva has minor influence on the hardness and Young’s modulus of elasticity of both coated and uncoated wires. The concentration of released metal ions measured was below the recommended upper limit for daily intake; nevertheless, hypersensitivity effects cannot be excluded, even at lower concentrations and at low pH.

"COATING STAINLESS STEEL AND NICKEL TITANIUM ARCH WIRES WITH ZNO NANOPARTICLES AND DETERMINING THE EFFECT ON FRICTION DURING SLIDING MECHANICS WITH METAL AND CERAMIC BRACKETS" - AN IN VITRO STUDY

Introduction and Objectives: Sliding mechanics is commonly used in fixed mechanotherapy, so it is essential to understand the impact of friction between the brackets and wire so that the proper force can be applied. In this study effect of ZnO coating on friction was compared during sliding mechanics between coated and uncoated SS and NiTi arch wires using metal and ceramic brackets. Material &amp; Method: Eighty 0.19"×0.25" SS and NiTi arch wires with and without ZnO coating were used with SS &amp; ceramic brackets of 0.22 slot. In order to coat ZnO nanoparticles, wires were first stored in ultrasonic bath of ethanol at 30°C for 30 minutes &amp; then transferred to a test tube containing ethanol solution with 0.1 gm ZnO nanoparticle and kept in a waterbath at 80°C for 10 minutes. The bracket-arch wire unit was submitted to mechanical test with an universal testing machine. Descriptive statistical information including mean and standard deviation was calculated by Mann Whitney &amp; Kruskal Wallis Test. Results: There was a significant difference (P value &lt; 0.05 i.e. 0.011) of friction for coated and non coated arch wires, which was less for coated wires. There was significant difference among coated and uncoated wires (p value&lt;0.05 i.e. 0.015 &amp; 0.019) for SS &amp; ceramic brackets, coated wires had less friction. Conclusion: ZnO coating has a positive effect on friction values during sliding mechanics which will enhance tooth movement by applying adequate force, decreasing friction &amp; provide better anchorage control along with optimum biologic tissue response.

Effect of wire materials on performance during WEDM of SS304

Traditional machining methods are being replaced by unconventional machining processes as the need for high surface quality, and machining of complicated form geometries grows, and Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is one of the unconventional machining processes. Stainless Steel 304 (SS304) is widely utilized in the aerospace, medical, electronic, and semiconductor sectors, as well as tool and die manufacturing. However, because of limited heat conductivity and a high built-up edge (BUE) affinity, industries encounter substantial complexities during traditional machining of SS304, such as excessive tool wear and high surface roughness values.Current study analyses the influence of current (I), pulse on time (Ton), pulse of time (Toff), and voltage (V) using two different electrode wire materials (Brass and Zinc coated brass), considering the numerous uses and obstacles in conventional machining of SS304 alloy. The material removal rate (MRR) and kerf of the machined surfaces were determined after each trial to determine the SS304’s machinability.Employing Taguchi's L18 orthogonal array, WEDM experiments were carried out in a WEDM machine using I (1, 3, 5 Amps), Ton (105, 110, 115 µs), Toff (25, 35, 45 µs), and V (20, 30, 40 V).From the experimental results, it was found that the coated brass wire had a higher material removal rate than the uncoated brass wire in the experimental trial. Low kerf was detected in an uncoated brass wire of the machined surfaces at the same time. Finally, grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to reduce the kerf and maximize the MRR simultaneously.

Dynamics of fog droplets on a harp wire.

Fog harps effectively drain small droplets, which prevents clogging and results in more water harvested from fog compared to mesh nets. However, the dynamics of fog droplets coalescing and sliding down a vertical wire remain poorly understood. Here, we develop an analytical model that captures the physics of fog droplets draining down a single vertical wire. The driving forces are gravity and the surface energy released from coalescence events, whereas the dominant resisting forces are revealed to be inertia, contact angle hysteresis, and local viscous dissipation within the droplet's receding wedge. The average sliding velocity of fog droplets on a Teflon-coated wire was only half that of an uncoated stainless steel wire, due to non-coalescence events exclusive to the hydrophobic wire disrupting the momentum of droplet sliding.

Performance of different wire electrode materials on kerf width in WEDM of aluminum hybrid composite

This research is about investigating the influence of wire materials like uncoated brass wire, diffused and zinc coated brass wires in kerf width in the wire cut EDM (wire cut electrical discharge machining) of novel Aluminum hybrid metal matrix composite material. The stir casting is used to synthesise Aluminum hybrid metal matrix composite materials in such a way that Aluminium alloy 6061 reinforced with 5% Silicon carbide (SiC) and 5% graphite. The response surface methodology based design of experiments utilized to optimize the independent parameters like gap voltage, pulse times like Pulse off and Pulse on as well as discharge current for minimizing the dependent variable of kerf width. It was found that the machinability performance of novel Aluminum hybrid metal matrix composite material in WEDM is comfortable with brass wire which was zinc coated in terms of minimum kerf width.