Unambiguous Solution Research Articles

Results of determining essential breeding traits of a standard grain sorghum sample

The selection of promising grain sorghum varieties according to the breeding results is complicated by the fact that it is necessary to take into account 49 characteristics (identifiers). This essentially multi-criteria comparison problem currently has neither a theoretical nor an unambiguous practical solution, which determines the relevance of the current study. The purpose of the study was to identify the essential characteristics (identifiers) and their scientifically based scoring of a standard grain sorghum sample based on the method of expert estimations. Based on the results of the expert estimation including leading specialists in grain sorghum breeding, there have been ranked 26 traits out of 49, provided for by the current international classifier, which can be quantitatively digitized and which also reflect biological properties, morphological descriptors of the variety, its productivity, resistance to diseases, chemical composition, etc. After conducting a ranking procedure, estimation of the representativeness of the selection, the consistency of expert opinions and the non-accidentality of their agreement, there was carried out a structuring of the totality of statistical material (rank estimation) according to the integral function of the accumulated frequencies of each ranked feature’s appearance using the original author’s computer program. As a result, there have been identified 13 significant (most significant) estimation traits of grain sorghum, amounting to 64.1 % in terms of ranking and 50 % in terms of quantitative significance. There was set up an estimation scale for them, based on their rank significance on a 100-point scale for the standard grain sorghum sample (“Zernogradskoe 88” developed by the “ARC “Donskoy”). Based on the data of determining the significance of the corresponding traits in physical terms of the compared and standard samples, as well as its score rating for the standard, there was established a point rating of the corresponding traits for the compared samples and complex estimation indicators as their sum. The complex indicator for the compared samples of the varieties ‘Ataman’ and ‘Esaul’ developed by the “ARC “Donskoy” was calculated in accordance with the share of each index relative to the standard one. Their quantitative comprehensive estimation was 111.43 and 101.93 points, respectively. Thus, these varieties exceeded the standard for a set of traits by 111.43 and 101.93 %, respectively.

Coordination of interests of participants in digital commodity platforms (marketplaces): legal problems

The article examines problems that have emerged in practice related to the interaction of marketplace owners with sellers, buyers and other participants when concluding and executing contracts for the sale of goods on digital commodity platforms. The concepts of a digital platform, marketplace, and information aggregator, which have not received an unambiguous solution in legal acts, are defined, the legal status of the owner of the marketplace is investigated, and a negative assessment of the state of legal regulation of relations developing on digital product platforms (marketplaces) is given. A mechanism for legal regulation of the relations under consideration is proposed, which allows not to limit the development of marketplaces and at the same time ensure the coordination of the interests of marketplace owners as entities with significant market power with participants in transactions on digital commodity platforms.

The problem of loneliness and stress coping styles among war refugees in the context of their life experience (based on a study conducted in Drohobych)

This article presents the findings of an empirical study of the feeling of loneliness experienced by war refugees relocated to Drohobych, and the stress coping styles they use. The study included a theoretical analysis of available materials on the issue of loneliness and stress coping styles. The conducted analysis has shown that the problem of loneliness is widely described and interpreted from different aspects in literature on psychology. According to the sources, the problem is complex and there is no unambiguous solution to it. The phenomenon of loneliness is examined from the standpoint of numerous conceptual approaches. However, there is rather little research into the subject of loneliness experienced by war refugees in Ukraine and its connection with the stress coping styles they use. The aim of the study was to identify the specific manifestations of loneliness, in particular its three aspects: the social, emotional, and existential ones, and also its relationship with the stress coping styles used by forced migrants living in the territory of Drohobych and the Drohobych district. The above phenomena were analysed using the following psychodiagnostic tools: a short scale for measuring loneliness (SBS-AD), developed by Z. Dołęga; the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), developed by N. S. Endler and J. D. A. Parker, in the Polish adaptation of P. Shchepanik, Ya. Strelau, and K. Wrzeshnevsky (P. Szczepanik, J. Strelau, K. Wrześniewski); an original questionnaire, specifically developed for the needs of the research. The findings of the study of the theoretical and methodological aspects of the issue and the conducted empirical research have confirmed the hypothesis that loneliness experienced by war refugees has an existential face and is related to their stress coping styles. It has been found that the task-oriented style dominates among war refugees. The research has shown that the problem of loneliness and the related stress coping styles requires further study, while the research findings should be implemented in the provision of psychological help to war refugees.

Gender differences in the development of imagination of younger schoolchildren

The article emphasizes the need to develop the imagination of younger schoolchildren as an important factor in the formation of their creative personality. It is emphasized that primary school age is a sensitive period for the development of imagination, and therefore the task of a modern primary school is to use a period favorable for the development of this mental function. The article presents a theoretical justification and an empirical study of gender differences in the development of the imagination of younger schoolchildren. It is noted that the problem of gender differences in the creative potential of an individual does not have an unambiguous solution. The views of scientists regarding gender differences in creativity differ. Some deny the differences between men and women, others show the superiority of people of different sexes according to different criteria of creativity, and some find, according to the criteria of creativity, between the opposite sexes more in common than different. The analysis of scientific sources on the problem of gender differences shows that the development of creativity is influenced by many factors, both biological and sociocultural. In comparative studies of the creativity of boys and girls, three main directions can be distinguished: psychometric studies of differences in the development of fantasy depending on gender; possible biological determinants of these differences; description of socio-psychological mechanisms related to gender socialization, the influence of gender stereotypes, the assimilation of gender roles, which affect the differences in the development of the fantasy of boys and girls. On the basis of empirical research, the influence of gender on the development of fantasy in younger schoolchildren was revealed. Statistically significant differences were established between indicators of verbal fantasy criteria in boys and girls. All of them were higher in boys, in particular, according to the criterion of productivity 2,20 versus 2,01 (р≤0,05), according to the criterion of flexibility 1,62 versus 1,32 (р≤0,01) and according to the integral index of fantasy 7,71 versus 7,00 (р≤0,05). It was found that elementary school boys have a slightly better developed verbal imagination than girls. At the same time, indicators of criteria of non-verbal fantasy turned out to be higher in girls, although the differences are not statistically significant. At the same time, gender differences were found in the creation of fantasy images by younger schoolchildren. It was found that the content of drawings and fairy tales, the nature of their depiction and creation is influenced by the gender of the child.

Перспектива введения уголовной ответственности юридических лиц в условиях наличия их административной ответственности

Russia, PhD (Law) The problems of legal regulation of administrative liability of legal entities, as well as the prospects for the formation of the institution of criminal liability of legal entities are explored. Critical comments are made regarding the advisability of including the latter in legislation, given the presence of many problems that have not found their unambiguous solution in the institution of administrative liability of legal entities. Some arguments in favor of introducing criminal liability of legal entities are criticized.

Diagnosis of Analog Circuits: The Problem of Ambiguity of Test Equation Solutions

Diagnosis of analog electronic circuits is a crucial issue in computer-aided design. During the diagnosis, solving a test equation to identify the values of faulty parameters is usually necessary. The equation is nonlinear to the parameters, even for linear circuits. The nonlinearity of the equation implies the possibility of multiple solutions. No method exists that guarantees the determination of all the solutions of the test equation. However, even information about more than one existing solution is essential for the designer. It allows for the selection of another test at the design step and helps to obtain an unambiguous solution during the diagnosis. Information about the possibility of additional solutions is essential for simulation after test methods (e.g., identification and verification methods) and for simulation before test methods, so-called dictionary methods, especially those targeting multiple fault classification. The paper deals with the problem of multiple solutions of the test equation for nonlinear DC circuits and proposes a method for identifying the solutions using a deflation technique. The outcomes are compared with the results obtained using standard and adaptively damped Newton–Raphson iterative methods. The methods use randomly selected initial guesses to find multiple solutions. The effectiveness of all the methods for identifying multiple solutions was verified numerically and via laboratory tests.

Solvent effects on the optical properties of photosynthetic pigments evaluated by evolutionary optimization

With the development of computational technologies, it became possible to do numerical simulations of the optical properties of molecules and organic crystals taking into account the modern sophisticated theoretical approaches. Our work is devoted to the study of carotenoids in different solvents. Carotenoids, being photosynthetic pigments, are located inside pigment-protein complexes and are covalently bound to the proteins. They have a wide variety and despite their relative simple structure, their optical properties remain poorly understood. Thus, their role in photosynthetic machinery is still an open question. In this study, we investigate the properties of carotenoid electronic excitations by fitting their absorption spectra considering pigments in polar and nonpolar solvents. As it is known, carotenoids have four main nuclear vibration modes. Each mode is characterized by three parameters: frequency, Huang-Rhys factor and damping factor. In particular, the Huang-Rhys factor cannot be measured experimentally. To do the modeling, we developed special software to fit experimental data using differential evolution (DE) algorithm, which allows obtaining an unambiguous solution for applied quantum models. With the help of DE, it was possible to estimate the influence of the solvent on the excited states of a pigment. Examining astaxanthin and lycopene spectra in three solvents (chloroform, hexane, ethanol), we have shown that some quantum parameters are very sensitive to the type of solvent and can be considered as markers of polarity.

Route capacity in designing urban public passenger transportation

Public transport is of crucial importance for urban agglomerations - it is the only transport system that can satisfy the mobility of the population with acceptable quality at minimum cost with less negative impact on the environment. In the tasks of designing public transport, ensuring the capacity of the routes is of particular relevance. This problem does not have an unambiguous solution, and in the majority of research, possible excess of capacity of vehicles, as a rule, are ignored. The paper presents the developed mathematical model, which allows us to calculate the highest intensity passenger flow from the transport demand for a day of transport operation and on this basis to determine the necessary throughput capacity at the established limits of rolling stock capacity. An example of calculation of dependence of intensity and interval of movement on nominal capacity of rolling stock is given, in which an example of the performance of restrictions of the capacity of rolling stock is provided on a section of a route with passenger flow of the greatest capacity.

Algorithm for constructing the subsoil distribution function considering its value on the surface

The conventional approach to constructing a three-dimensional distribution of the Earth's masses involves using Stokes constants incrementally up to a certain order. However, this study proposes an algorithm that simultaneously considers all of these constants, which could potentially provide a more efficient method. The basis for this is a system of equations obtained by differentiating the Lagrange function, which takes into account the minimum deviation of the three-dimensional mass distribution of the planet's subsoil from one-dimensional referential one. An additional condition, apart from taking into account the Stokes constants, for an unambiguous solution to the problem is to specify the value of the function on the surface of the ellipsoidal planet. It is possible to simplify the calculation process by connecting the indices of summation values in a series of expansions to their one-dimensional analogues in the system of linear equations. The study presents a control example illustrating the application of the given algorithm. In its implementation, a simplified variant of setting the density on the surface of the ocean is taken. The preliminary results of calculations confirm the expediency of this approach and the need to expand such a technique with other conditions for unambiguously solving the inverse problem of potential theory. Objectives. To create and implement the algorithm that takes into account the density of the planet’s subsoil on its surface. Method. The mass distribution function of the planet's subsoil is represented by a decomposition into biorthogonal series, the coefficients of decomposition which are determined from a system of linear equations. The system of equations is obtained from the condition of minimizing the deviation function of the desired mass distribution from the initially determined two-dimensional density distribution (PREM reference model). Results. On the basis of the described algorithm, a three-dimensional model of the density distribution of subsoil masses in the middle of the Earth is obtained, which takes into account Stokes constants up to the eighth order inclusively and corresponds to the surface distribution of masses of the oceanic model of the Earth. Its concise interpretation is also presented.

Междисциплинарные связи в преподавании биоэтики

Abstract. As you know, the moral side is in all our relationships, actions and thoughts. The procedure for evaluating on a scale of"good – bad" immediately translates judgments about reality into an ethical plane. This is most clearly seen when working with livingobjects, which makes bioethics a metascience. This, in turn, requires special methods, skills and ways of explication of value bases.And since the axiological portrait of reality is subjective and has a high degree of variability, the permanently ongoing dispute about thestructure and content of education in the field of bioethics is unlikely to have an unambiguous solution. Therefore, the bioethical para-digm of intentionality is so important in educational practices in this field of knowledge.

Смертная казнь в зеркале транснационального конституционализма

Constitutionalism has become the foundation of a globalizing world. Human rights have been recognized as a democratic value of any State. However, due to a number of reasons, the issue of the appointment and execution of the death penalty has not found an unambiguous solution in the legislation of various countries. In the Russian Federation, when the country officially withdrew from the Council of Europe, whose membership was accompanied by a demand for the non-application of this criminal punishment, disputes about the resumption of the imposition of death sentences for a number of crimes resumed. The authors of the article, based on the analysis of the provisions of international legislation, Russia's voluntarily assumed international obligations in the field of human rights, constitutional norms, legal positions and decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, scientific papers on the studied issues, formulate their own vision regarding the legal possibilities of resuming the use of the death penalty in the country through the prism of the values of transnational constitutionalism, international obligations of the state.

ABOUT ONE PROPERTY OF THE DISPERSION EQUATION FOR LATITUDINAL ACOUSTIC-GRAVITATIONAL WAVES

Acoustic-gravity waves are an example of processes that largely determine the dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere. This is due to the fact that the sources of these waves are located throughout the height of the atmosphere, from the very “bottom”, where earthquakes, volcanic emissions, tsunamis, tornadoes, etc., occur, and to the very “top”, where perturbations of the solar wind, magnetic storms, and precipitation of particles in high latitudes are active. All these phenomena lead to the active energy exchange between all layers of the Earth’s atmosphere and the interaction of wave disturbances of significantly different scales — from several thousand kilometers to several hundred meters, and this — to the appearance and development of processes of convection and turbulence in the environment. It seems that only nonlinear processes should dominate under such conditions. To a large extent, it is true, but at the same time, observations indicate that in many cases in the process of propagation of acoustic-gravity waves (AGW), the effects can be comprehensively described within the framework of the linear approximation of perturbation theory and well-developed theory of oscillations. At the same time, when creating models of the process, it turned out to be appropriate to use sufficiently justified physical approximations, such as isothermality of the atmosphere, its unlimitedness in the horizontal direction and compressibility in the vertical direction. Taking into account the real scales of the AGW, it is possible to neglect the curvature of the Earth’s surface and consider it locally flat at any point of the surface and use the Cartesian coordinate system X, Y, Z in the calculations. To describe the environment, it makes sense to use non-dissipative hydrodynamics and in an equilibrium state — the hydrostatic equilibrium equation and barometric equation. The above-mentioned approximations and the mathematical apparatus of the theory of oscillations and the theory of differential equations allow when studying the initial system of equations describing the dynamics of AGW, to obtain a dispersion equation in the form of a polynomial of the fourth degree relative to the angular frequency of rotation as a function of the normalized wave vector of disturbance k  (AGW). AGW spectrum is a spectrum of the atmosphere’s own oscillations in the form ( ) k  , and its obtaining can be considered as the final solution to the initial problem if we ignore the obvious influence on the AGW spectrum of the angular frequency of rotation of the atmosphere , which must necessarily be present in the dispersion equation due to the influence of the Coriolis force. The formal reason for the absence of the components of the vector  in the dispersion equation (DE) is the fact that the | |   is a minimum of two orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic rotation frequency of the atmosphere 0 , which is equal to the acoustic cutoff frequency. At the same time, the improvement of modern atmospheric observation equipment places increases the requirements for the accuracy of DE model solutions. In this sense, the resolution of DE in the work [Cheremnykh O. K. et al. Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies. 2020. 36, № 2. P. 64—78] can be considered as a “zero-order” solution with a small parameter 0    | |/  . In addition, according to the method of obtaining, this solution is approximate. By definition, the solution obtained in the work [Cheremnykh O. K. et al. Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 2022. 38, № 3. P. 121—131] by taking into account terms   0 in the modified DE is more accurate. But it is also approximate, although more accurate. In this work, we study in detail the dispersion equation for latitudinal AGW. The need for such consideration, as will be shown, is a consequence of the structure of this equation, namely the presence of a linear frequency term in it. Preliminary analysis showed that existing mathematical methods do not provide an unambiguous solution to this equation. This suggests the need to study possible solutions of the equation in terms of their coincidence with previously obtained ones for some partial cases. Such research allows us to choose the right decision. In the proposed study, we have shown that the Euler-Lagrange method allows, under certain additional conditions, to obtain an exact solution of the modified equation for AGW in closed analytical form.

Kinematic Model for Stabilization and Orientation Control of the Suspended Equipment of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

The article is devoted to the development and research of a kinematic model of stabilization and orientation control of the suspended equipment of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The created model is based on the kinematic model of a three-axis gimbal (TAG): the structure of the TAG for the UAV, the mathematical description of the TAG of the UAV and the derivation of kinematic equations for the problems of stabilizing and controlling the orientation of the UAV suspension equipment. In the general case, the derivation of the kinematic equations of the TAG on the UAV is a complex process and is similar to the derivation of a kinematic model of a robotic arm with six degrees of freedom. The TAG is considered as a manipulative mechanism with six degrees of freedom: three degrees of freedom are determined by the UAV rotations around the axes of the coordinate system attached to the UAV, and three degrees of freedom are set by the frames of the TAG along the channels of yaw, roll and pitch during rotational movements of these frames around the corresponding axes of the coordinate systems attached to the frames of the TAG. Such a statement in the general case does not have an unambiguous solution for the tasks of stabilization and orientation control of the suspended equipment of UAV. To eliminate this ambiguity, optimization is used in the process of designing the TAG and installing the TAG in such positions on the UAV that reduce the computational complexity of the tasks being solved. The kinematic model is presented in the article by kinematic equations, the solution of which ensures the stabilization of the suspended equipment of UAV, and kinematic equations, the solution of which allows you to control the equipment (camera) of the UAV when tracking moving objects (moving targets) in space. The simulation of the TAG in the MATLAB Simulink software environment was performed. The simulation results in the MATLAB Simulink software environment prove the adequacy of the developed kinematic model of the TAG and its effectiveness for solving the problems of stabilization and orientation control of the suspended equipment of UAV.

Языковой сдвиг и этническое самосознание: детерминация, интердепенденция или констелляция?

The article discusses some aspects of the relationship between the ethnic identity of the collective and the preservation of the native language. This question is one of the most controversial problems, far beyond the scope of the science of language, and it is often not linguists who speak most fervently and categorically about it. An unambiguous solution is hardly possible here. When analyzing aspects related to it, it is necessary to distinguish whether we are talking about a language collective living in a foreign-language environment (diaspora in the broad sense of the word), but having its historical homeland, where this idiom is the main means of communication, or about the indigenous population of the territory that is part of a larger state entity that has no another “national hearth”. In the first case, the gradual “extinction” of the original language does not lead to the loss of it among the people as a whole; in the second, this process will most likely be perceived precisely as the desire of the dominant ethnic group to assimilate the corresponding people. Even after factual linguistic shift, if the sense of ethnic identity remains, the latter often begins to find linguistic expression. On the other hand, the struggle of the authorities against ethnic separatism often extended to the language, the displacement of which from any socially significant spheres, and preferably from everyday communication, was sometimes conducted by rather harsh means. Thus, of the three functions indicated in the title of the article, the leading trend is usually interdependence, although others may prevail in certain periods of history.

Educational trajectories of the endocrinological service: the results of a survey

Given the socio-economic, political and epidemiological changes in the regions of the Russian Federation, the issue of modernizing the training of medical personnel and planning to provide medical organizations with qualified specialists has remained extremely important for several years. The analysis of the survey showed that at present the highly topical issue of staffing the population with endocrinologists and pediatric endocrinologists does not have an unambiguous effective solution. The above measures to reorganize the educational environment require additional revision and correction for the most effective work in the field of medical education. Ultimately, these activities will have an impact on improving the level of training of specialists, improving the personnel situation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and improving the quality of medical care for the population of the country.

Resolving Protein Conformational Plasticity and Substrate Binding via Machine Learning.

A long-standing target in elucidating the biomolecular recognition process is the identification of binding-competent conformations of the receptor protein. However, protein conformational plasticity and the stochastic nature of the recognition processes often preclude the assignment of a specific protein conformation to an individual ligand-bound pose. Here, we demonstrate that a computational framework coined as RF-TICA-MD, which integrates an ensemble decision-tree-based Random Forest (RF) machine learning (ML) technique with an unsupervised dimension reduction approach time-structured independent component analysis (TICA), provides an efficient and unambiguous solution toward resolving protein conformational plasticity and the substrate binding process. In particular, we consider multimicrosecond-long molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories of a ligand recognition process in solvent-inaccessible cavities of archetypal proteins T4 lysozyme and cytochrome P450cam. We show that in a scenario in which clear correspondence between protein conformation and binding-competent macrostates could not be obtained via an unsupervised dimension reduction approach, an a priori decision-tree-based supervised classification of the simulated recognition trajectories via RF would help characterize key amino acid residue pairs of the protein that are deemed sensitive for ligand binding. A subsequent unsupervised dimensional reduction of the selected residue pairs via TICA would then delineate a conformational landscape of protein which is able to demarcate ligand-bound poses from unbound ones. The proposed RF-TICA-MD approach is shown to be data agnostic and found to be robust when using other ML-based classification methods such as XGBoost. As a promising spinoff of the protocol, the framework is found to be capable of identifying distal protein locations which would be allosterically important for ligand binding and would characterize their roles in recognition pathways. A Python implementation of a proposed ML workflow is available in GitHub https://github.com/navjeet0211/rf-tica-md.

Specifics of the use of bovine blood serum in the technology of cultivation of avian metapneumovirus

When obtaining virus-containing material of avian metapneumovirus infection (MPVI) on Vero cell culture, special attention should be paid to the composition of growth and supporting nutrient media, since their components directly affect the proliferation and viability of the cell culture, and hence the quality of the resulting target product.For Vero cell culture, the main nutrient medium is the DMEM medium, into which various additional components are added. It is customary to add up to 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS) to the growth medium, as for the supporting medium, the question of the need to add blood serum of cattle (cattle) to it does not have an unambiguous solution. Since the financial costs of nutrient media have a significant impact on the cost of the final product, it is necessary to analyze the economic feasibility of using one or another component, in connection with which we have studied the role of blood serum of cattle (FBS and blood serum of adult cattle) in the technology of obtaining the MPVI virus.As a result of the conducted studies, it was revealed that in the growth medium for Vero cell culture, it is possible to replace FBS with blood serum of adult cattle with no more than two consecutive passages. However, if the Vero cell culture is replanted more than twice, then such a replacement is impossible, since already in the 3-4 passage there are signs of a decrease in the rate of cell division and cell culture degeneration. A large number of voids and rounded cells are noted in the cell layer, which makes it impossible to use it further for the cultivation of viruses or further replanting.It was also found that when cultivating the MPVI virus on a Vero cell culture, the DMEM maintenance medium containing 2% of cattle blood serum is optimal for use, since it ensures the production of virus-containing material with higher infectious activity compared to the DMEM medium, which does not contain or contains 10% of cattle blood serum at all.

Identification of a longitudinal notch of a rod by natural vibration frequencies

Objectives. To study the direct and inverse problem of vibrations of a rectangular rod having a longitudinal notch, to analyze regularities of the behavior of natural frequencies and natural forms of longitudinal vibrations when changing the location and size of the notch, and to develop a method for uniquely identifying the parameters of the longitudinal notch using the natural frequencies of longitudinal vibrations of the rod.Methods. The rod with a longitudinal notch is modeled as two rods, where the first one does not have a notch, while the second one does. For connection, conjugation conditions are used, in which longitudinal vibrations and deformations are equated. The solution of the inverse problem is based on the construction of a frequency equation under the assumption that the desired parameters are included in the equation. Substituting natural frequencies into this equation, the nonlinear system with respect to unknown parameters is derived. The solution of the latter is the desired notch parameters.Results. Tables of eigenfrequencies and graphs of eigenforms are given for different notch parameters. The results for different boundary conditions are obtained and analyzed. A method for identifying notch parameters by a finite number of eigenfrequencies is presented. The inverse problem is shown to have two solutions, which are symmetrical about the center of the rod. The unambiguous solution requires eigenfrequencies of the same problem with different boundary conditions at the right end. By adding additional conditions at the ends of the rod, the inverse problem can be solved with new boundary conditions to construct the exact solution and develop an algorithm for checking the uniqueness of the solution.Conclusions. The developed method can be used to solve the problem of identification of geometric parameters of various parts and structures modeled by rods.

Measuring the blue economy in the EU: The Polish experience

It is generally agreed that the blue economy and blue growth play important roles in the global economy; over the last few years, they have been widely discussed at both national and international levels. Nevertheless, there is a lack of consensus on how to measure them, as the accounting methodologies differ between studies, implying divergent results. This article summarizes previous studies by comparing blue economy accounting methodologies and highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Based on the comparison, a new methodology is proposed, based primarily on micro- and country-specific local data; this new methodology has been applied to measure the size of the blue economy in Poland. The results show that previous analyses have slightly underestimated the size of the blue economy in Poland, despite similarities concerning general dynamics and sectoral structure over time. The study concludes that a trade-off exists between using existing one-size-fits-all methods and country-specific methods, with a more precise, tailored approach being achieved at the expense of the accuracy of cross-country comparisons. Finally, the study highlights that, as there is no unambiguous solution to the problem of the above trade-off, different methods should be used with regard to the choice of method depends on the specific research task to be carried out or policy question to be addressed.

Features of the Internal Force Factors Distribution in Reinforced Concrete Piles of Complex Cross Section under the Influence of a Transverse Load

Bar reinforced concrete structures, which include piles, in real working conditions perceive a whole range of internal force factors. Axial tension-compression forces, bending moments and shear forces are the most commonly perceived internal force factors. Of particular interest is the effect on the cross section of the shear force. If a complex curly shape is replaced by elementary form, then the calculation is not difficult. However, when calculating the composite cross section, there is no unambiguous solution. In accordance with the adopted regulatory documentation, it is necessary to accept only a main part, while discarding the surrounding areas. It is important to study the configuration of the shape of a complex section for the perception of a shear force. The purpose of the work was to refine the account of the entire complex section using numerical simulation by the finite element method, analytical calculations and small-scale experiments. Determination of further practical application of the obtained results on real structures was also the goal of the study. The parameters of the distribution of shear force between the main rib and flanges were obtained by numerical analysis and small-scale experiments. Numerical models of rectangular and tee cross sections beams have been developed. Analytical dependences were studied and full-scale tests of reinforced concrete beams of various sections were carried out. It has been established that when taking into account the work of the entire cross-section, the bearing capacity of concrete for the action of a shear force is 20% greater than when calculating only the main section without taking into account the shelves.