Unhealthy People Research Articles

Experiences and Acceptability of a Weight Loss Intervention for Diabetes (Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial-DiRECT) in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Qualitative Study within a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.

The Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT) demonstrated that substantial weight loss and remission from type 2 diabetes can be achieved with low-energy total diet replacement and behavioural support. However, the acceptability of the DiRECT intervention in diverse populations with strong cultural emphases on food and shared eating remains unclear. We conducted a qualitative study nested within a pilot randomised controlled trial of DiRECT in one Māori (the Indigenous people of New Zealand) primary care provider in Aotearoa New Zealand. Participants with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, obesity, and a desire to lose weight were randomised to either dietitian-supported usual care or the dietitian-supported DiRECT intervention for twelve months. The DiRECT intervention included three months of total diet replacement, then food reintroduction and supported weight loss maintenance. At three and twelve months, semi-structured interviews explored the acceptability of DiRECT and participants' experiences of each intervention. Interview transcripts from 25 participants (aged 48 ± 10 years, 76% female, 78% Māori or Pacific) at three months and 15 participants at twelve months were analysed. Participants viewed their pre-enrolment selves as unhealthy people with poor eating habits and desired professional weight loss support. For DiRECT participants, the total diet replacement phase was challenging but well-received, due to rapid improvements in weight and health. Food reintroduction and weight loss maintenance each presented unique challenges requiring effective strategies and adaptability. All participants considered individualised and empathetic dietetic support crucial to success. Sociocultural factors influencing success were experienced in both interventions: family and social networks provided support and motivation; however, eating-related norms were identified as challenges. The DiRECT intervention was considered an acceptable approach to weight loss in participants with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes with strong cultural emphases on food and shared eating. Our findings highlight the importance of individualised and culturally relevant behavioural support for effective weight loss and weight loss maintenance.

Divergent age-associated and metabolism-associated gut microbiome signatures modulate cardiovascular disease risk.

Insight into associations between the gut microbiome with metabolism and aging is crucial for tailoring interventions to promote healthy longevity. In a discovery cohort of 10,207 individuals aged 40-93 years, we used 21 metabolic parameters to classify individuals into five clusters, termed metabolic multimorbidity clusters (MCs), that represent different metabolic subphenotypes. Compared to the cluster classified as metabolically healthy (MC1), clusters classified as 'obesity-related mixed' (MC4) and 'hyperglycemia' (MC5) exhibited an increased 11.1-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by 75% (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43-2.14) and by 117% (2.17, 1.72-2.74), respectively. These associations were replicated in a second cohort of 9,061 individuals with a 10.0-year follow-up. Based on analysis of 4,491 shotgun fecal metagenomes from the discovery cohort, we found that gut microbial composition was associated with both MCs and age. Next, using 55 age-specific microbial species to capture biological age, we developed a gut microbial age (MA) metric, which was validated in four external cohorts comprising 4,425 metagenomic samples. Among individuals aged 60 years or older, the increased CVD risk associated with MC4 or MC5, as compared to MC1, MC2 or MC3, was exacerbated in individuals with high MA but diminished in individuals with low MA, independent of age, sex and other lifestyle and dietary factors. This pattern, in which younger MA appears to counteract the CVD risk attributable to metabolic dysfunction, implies a modulating role of MA in cardiovascular health for metabolically unhealthy older people.

A Spearman dependence matrix for multivariate functional data

We propose a nonparametric inferential framework for quantifying dependence among two families of multivariate functional data. We generalise the notion of Spearman correlation coefficient to situations where the observations are curves generated by a stochastic processes. In particular, several properties of the Spearman index are illustrated emphasising the importance of having a consistent estimator of the index. We use the notion of Spearman index to define the Spearman matrix, a mathematical object expressing the pattern of dependence among the components of a multivariate functional dataset. Finally, the notion of Spearman matrix is exploited to analyse two different populations of multivariate curves (specifically, Electrocardiographic signals of healthy and unhealthy people), in order to test if the pattern of dependence between the components is statistically different in the two cases. Abbreviations: ANA: anti-nuclear antibodies; APC: antigen-presenting cells; IRF:interferon regulatory factor

Relationship between commonly defined metabolic health phenotypes and obesity with lung function in a working population: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundFour phenotypes relate metabolism and obesity: metabolically healthy (MHO) and unhealthy (MUO) people with obesity and metabolically healthy (MHNO) and unhealthy (MUNO) people without obesity. No studies have addressed the association between these categories and lung function in the working population. ObjectivesThe aim was to determine the relationship of phenotypes to lung ageing as measured by lung age and its relationship to lung dysfunction. MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a working population. The outcome variable was lung function assessed by lung age. The four phenotypes of obesity and metabolic health (MHNO, MHO, MUO and MUNO) were determined using NCEP-ATP III criteria. Lung dysfunctions were classified into restrictive, obstructive, and mixed patterns. ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 43.7 years, ranging from 18 to 67 years. Of the 1860 workers, 51.3 % were women. The prevalences found were 71.4 %, 12 %, 10.6 % and 6 % for MHNO, MUO, MHO, and MUNO, respectively. MHO (β = 0.66; p = 0.591) was not associated with increased lung ageing compared with MHNO, but MUO (β = 7.1; p < 0.001) and MUNO (β = 6.6; p < 0.001) were. Concerning pulmonary dysfunctions, MUNO (OR = 1.93; p < 0.001) and MUO (OR = 2.91; p < 0.001) were found to be related to the presence of a restrictive pattern, and MUNO (OR = 2.40; p = 0.028) to the mixed pattern. ConclusionThe results show that metabolic abnormalities, not obesity, are responsible for premature lung ageing and, therefore, lung function decline. In our study, having obesity without metabolic abnormality was not significantly associated with the presence of dysfunctional respiratory patterns.

The impact of low doses of gamma rays on Chemical and hematological parameters for healthy people and diabetes in Thi Qar province

Abstract The objective of this study is to explore the effect of gamma irradiation on the hematological and biochemical parameters of complete blood counts for diabetic and healthy people. A total of 20 blood samples were collected from people with diabetes, and 20 samples were collected from healthy people of different ages. The samples were analyzed before and after exposing to irradiation (0.5 mCi Cs-137 Gamma-ray standard source) using a Hematology analyzer to determine the hematological and biochemical parameters. Significant changes were observed between the control samples before and after exposing to irradiation. The results showed a significant change in the number of Red Blood Cells at 18.863 mGy/hr. compared with the control sample in healthy and unhealthy people from 4.47x106 μL to 1.82x106 μL and from 4.32x106 μL to 1.05x106 μL, respectively. The results also showed a significant change in all hematological and biochemical parameters such as WBC, PLT, Hb, Hct, Mcv, McH, and HcHc after exposing to irradiation, especially at a high dose rate of more than 5 mGy/hr. The obtained results are in a good agreement with the data that were recommended by recognized international organizations and agencies such as the EPA, IAEA, WHO, UNSCEAR, and ICRP.

O.1.1-2 How can the sport sector help tackle mental health problems?

Abstract Dutch citizens' mental health is under pressure, and seems to have worsened during Covid-19. Research shows that sport and exercise can help to become and stay mentally healthy (e.g. Singh et al., 2023; Eime et al., 2013), but mentally unhealthy people currently exercise less (Ooms et al., 2019). We aimed to answer the questions: to what extent is the sport sector ready to help reduce and prevent mental health issues? And how can it be equipped for this task? Our research focussed on sport clubs and community sport coaches (CSC; professionals who motivate inhabitants to become physically active by connecting the sport sector with other sectors). In 2022, we conducted an online questionnaire amongst a panel of Dutch sport clubs (n = 313), and one amongst a panel of CSCs (n = 130). On the obtained data, we conducted descriptive analysis. We also held focus group sessions with sport clubs (n = 3) and CSCs (n = 5). Findings show that 5% of sport clubs pay specific attention to improving their members' mental health, and 72% of CSCs focus their work on this. All sport clubs and the vast majority of CSCs who focus on mental health, try to prevent people becoming mentally unhealthy. Only 5% of the CSCs (and no sport clubs in our research) focus on people with serious psychological complaints. Whether sport clubs and CSCs are involved with mental health often depends on the ‘feeling’ a CSC or trainer has for this topic. To equip sport clubs and CSCs to become more active on mental health, awareness (knowing they can make a difference) and a local network (to feel more competent dealing with mental health together with partners) seem to be necessary. There is great potential for the sport sector to tackle mental health problems, both preventive and curative. However, the sector must be more equipped. Policy makers and local actors can use sport more often to tackle mental health issues and create local networks. For a broader view of the sport sector, further research on e.g. commercial and differently organized sport providers is needed. This research is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.

Significance of Deha-Prakriti (Physic-Physiological Constitution) And Manasa-Prakriti (Psychological Constitution) In Vyadhyutpatti (Manifestation of Disease) - An Appraisal

Prakriti helps as a diagnostic tool for Disease, management, and treatment of Disease. Prakriti also helps in balancing the health of healthy persons. According to the Principles, all body functions depend on the Prakriti. Sharir and Manas Prakriti have an important role in Hetu(Cause), Linga(Symptoms), and Aushadha Skandha(Medicine). Vyadhi(Disease) is the opposite health condition; according to Shabdakalpadrum, "Vyadh" means 'Pain.'Adding the 'Ikarant' in Vyadh means "conglomeration of the pain." According to the Tridosha Siddhanta of the Ayurveda, Vata Pitta and Kapha Doshas are responsible for the Prakriti formation, as an imbalance in Doshas leads to diseases; therefore, knowledge of Prakriti of an individual is essential for the knowledge of Vikriti. With the knowledge of an individual's Prakriti, it is possible to apply fundamental Ayurvedic principles in the promotion of health prevention as well as the management of diseases in a successful manner. Prakriti has a very important role in healthy and unhealthy people. The Main cause of the Disease is not following a proper lifestyle and regular intake of an imbalanced diet. Knowledge of Prakriti should be utilized in the diagnosis, treatment, and maintenance of the health of a healthy individual. By applying the concept of Prakriti, various diseases can be treated and prevented efficiently. Our aim and objective of the study is to study the concept of Prakriti in the context of Vyadhi and to establish the interrelationship between Prakriti and Vyadhi. Ayurveda has provided detailed guidelines in the frame of dinacharya and rutucharya to maintain the normal functioning of Dosha related to specific Prakriti. Knowing about one Prakriti, we can select what benefits the individual. Thus Prakriti has an important role in dealing with health problems and prevention of diseases.

Concept of Hita-Ahita Ahara and its relevance in preservation of good health w.s.r. to Pathyatam Ahara

The science and methodology of living a physically, physiologically, spiritually, and mentally balanced life is what we call as Ayurveda. It does not merely focus on curing the diseases of the unhealthy people but it also prioritises preservation of good health in already healthy individuals. The lifestyle we have moulded ourselves into after the modern civilization took place has kept us at a bay from having a perfect health, a healthy mind, and a healthy body. When it comes to maintaining good health or even curing the diseases of the patients, first thing we should take care of is the diet. i.e. ‘Ahara’ as we call it in Ayurvedic terminologies. Ayurveda has also coined the term ‘Trayopasthamba’ which literally means the three pillars of human health. It includes- Ahara, Nidra &amp; Bramhacharya.[1] Ahara is the utmost important factor when it comes to leading a disease free, healthy life as per Ayurveda. Today, even modern science cannot deny the impact of diet on human health. A German Philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach coined a famous phrase ‘we are what we eat’ which Ayurveda approves of and supports with many theories. This article focuses on Acharya Sushruta’s perspective of ‘Hita-Ahita Ahara’ along with Pathyatam Ahara and how it directly impacts human health.

Assessing University Students’ Abilities and Challenges While Learning to Swim

Swimming as a modern exercise has several health benefits for both healthy and unhealthy people, including improved psychological health, improved life satisfaction and self-perception of health, physical health, reducing stress, anxiety, tension, and sadness when compared to other exercises. Despite the benefits, fear and anxiety prevent many university students from enjoying the many relaxing benefits of swimming. As a result, the purpose of the study was to assess university students’ abilities and challenges while learning to swim. The study took the form of a quantitative approach while utilizing a longitudinal cohort survey design. The sampling technique that was utilized is a census approach (complete enumeration) to select all 40 students that were enrolled in four occurrences of Learn to Swim during semester 2, 2022, at the University of Technology, Jamaica (UTech. Ja.). The results of the study revealed that 72% of the participants had some level of fear in water or deep water, resulting from students' lack of knowledge and practical experience in swimming. Additionally, when comparing the pre-and post-practical assessments, there was a 36% overall improvement in terms of participants' ability to swim, with only 23% of the participants still fearing water or deep water. This led to 82% of the participants obtaining a passing grade for the course. Furthermore, the reduced level of fear and anxiety of participants was attributed to exposure to deep water, the lecturer's method of teaching, more knowledge of swimming, and improved practical skills. The results have great implications for the swimming abilities of university students in Jamaica. It shows that enough exposure to swimming can reduce fear and anxiety and improve swimming abilities.

From Bioimpedance to Volume Estimation: A Model for Edema Calculus in Human Legs

Heart failure (HF) is a severe disease and one of the most important causes of death in our society nowadays. A significant percentage of patients hospitalized for decompensation of heart failure are readmitted after some weeks or months due to an expected bad and uncontrolled HF evolution due to the lack of the patient supervision in real time. Herein is presented a straightforward electric model useful for volume leg section calculus based on the bioimpedance test as a way to assist with the acute HF patient’s supervision. The method has been developed for time-evolution edema evaluation in patients’ corresponding legs. The data are picked up with a wearable device specifically developed for acute heart failure patients. As an initial step, a calibration method is proposed to extract the extracellular volume component from bioimpedance measurements done in healthy subjects, and then applied to unhealthy ones. The intra- and extracellular resistance components are calculated from fitted Cole–Cole model parameters derived from BI spectroscopy measurements. Results obtained in a pilot assay, with healthy subjects and heart failure subjects, show sensitivities in leg volume [mL/Ω], with much lower values for healthy than in unhealthy people, being an excellent biomarker to discriminate between both. Finally, circadian cycle evolution for leg volume has been measured from the bioimpedance test as an extension of the work, enabling an alternative parameter for the characterization of one day of human activity for any person.

Evaluation of effective features in the diagnosis of Covid-19 infection from routine blood tests with multilayer perceptron neural network: A cross-sectional study.

Coronavirus is an infectious disease that is now known as an epidemic, early and accurate diagnosis helps the patient receive more care. The aim of this study is to investigate Covid-19 using blood tests and multilayer perceptron neural network and affective factors in improving and preventing Covid-19. This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 patients referred to Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran, who were confirmed cases of Covid-19 by computerized tomography-scan analysis between 2 March 2020 to 5 April 2020. After verification of lung involvement, blood sampling was done to separate the sera for C-reactive protein (CRP), magnesium (Mg), lymphocyte percentage, and vitamin D analysis in healthy and unhealthy people. Blood samples from healthy and sick people were applied to the multilayer perceptron network for 70% of the data for training and 30% for testing. By examining the features, it was found that in patients with Covid-19, there was a significant relationship between increased CRP and decreased lymphocyte levels, and increased Mg(p < 0.01). In these patients, the amount of CRP and Mg in women and the number of lymphocytes and vitamin D in men were significantly higher (p < 0.01). The important advantage of using a multilayer perceptron neural network is to speed up the diagnosis and treatment.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF N-HEXANE, DICHLOROMETHANE, ETHYL ACETATE, AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF Litsea cubeba Lour. BARKS

Free radicals are molecules with unstable unpaired electrons and originate from environmental pollutants and from unhealthy people's lifestyles that reduce the quality of life in the presence of various degenerative diseases from premature aging, stroke, and even cancer. Antioxidants are used to neutralize, reduce and inhibit the formation of new free radicals in the body by becoming electron donors for free radicals so that free electrons in free radicals become paired and stop damage in the body. With the presence of antioxidant compounds, oxidative stress triggered by free radicals can be stabilized and neutralized to reduce the risk of damage to body cells. Indonesia is a country rich in spice plant resources. One type of spice plant that has the potential to be developed is Attarasa (Litsea cubeba Lour.) which is widely found in the North Tapanuli area. This plant contains essential oils in the fruit, stems, roots, and leaves. This makes all parts of this plant smell good. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of a fraction of Litsea cubeba Lour. barks. The fraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvent. Antioxidant activities were determined with ABTS, CUPRAC, and O-Phenanthroline method. The data were analyzed using the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate exploration technique, which was analyzed using the Minitab software. The extracts were obtained IC50 values from the ABTS (395.65 ± 0.37; 344.78 ± 0.57; 30.37 ± 0.04; 283.07 ± 0.85); CUPRAC (220.77 ± 0.21; 144.50 ± 0.26; 10.00 ± 0.01; 11.13 ± 0.04); O-Phenanthroline (798.27 ± 0.06; 410.01 ± 0.23; 175.75 ± 0.25; 32.01 ± 0.03) respectively. While the total phenol was analyzed (23.56 ± 0.56; 2.63 ± 0.01; 77.44 ± 0.56; 600.21 ± 0.54) respectively. Based on the results obtained, the ethyl acetate extract of Litsea cubeba Lour. barks have antioxidant activity with a very strong category.

A Hybrid Machine Learning algorithm for Heart and Liver Disease Prediction Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization with Support Vector Machine

Machine learning is now extensively applied in a variety of fields. Machine learning is employed like an efficient assistance mechanism in clinical diagnostics since vast amounts of data are readily available. Owing to heavy alcohol consumption, inhalation of contaminated gas, narcotics, food contamination, unhealthy life style people suffering from heart and liver disease has been significantly growing. Both heart and liver disease cause high mortality rate worldwide. It is critical to discover these diseases at an early stage in order to save people's lives. Incorporating machine learning classification algorithms into health-care organizations yields remarkable outcomes, allowing health-care practitioners to diagnose diseases more quickly and accurately. Machine learning techniques and tools aid in the extraction of useful information from datasets, resulting in more exact findings. In this study for heart and liver data classification, a hybrid model is created by combining support vector machine (SVM) approach and modified particle swarm optimization model. The data sets are collected from UCI machine learning repository. The results are calculated based on classification accuracy, error, correctness, recall as well as F1 score. The results obtained is compared with SVM, hybrid particle swarm optimization support vector machine algorithm (PSOSVM), hybrid Crazy particle swarm optimization support vector machine algorithm (CPSOSVM).

Physical Simulation of Obstructive Respiratory Disease

Respiratory disease is a growing health care crisis, and as a result, so is the requirement for mechanical ventilation (MV). Mechanical ventilation settings are historically determined by clinical judgement. However, the use of respiratory modelling has the potential to better determine and improve patient-specific settings. Respiratory model validation requires the use of invasive methods and/or testing on vulnerable unhealthy people. Simulating respiratory disease non-invasively in healthy people would reduce the need to use these methods. This paper presents simulation of obstructive lung disease using a novel, modular device comprising a low resistance elastic chamber and high resistance outlet to generate the nonlinear volume dependent resistance (in expiration), which characterises this disease. The results show non-linear MNR values of 25.9, 23.2, and 23.8 with increasing overall tidal volume. Simulated PQ lobes measured in healthy volunteers also resembled the non-linear, expiratory volume dependent resistance measured in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) patients, and which is the primary characteristic of COPD.

Highly sensitive and selective colorimetric sensing of CO2 for biomedical applications

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in unhealthy people differs greatly from healthy people. High-precision CO2 detection with a quick response time is essential for many biomedical applications. A major focus of this research is on the detection of CO2, one of the most important health biomarkers. We investigated a low-cost, flexible, and reliable strategy by using dyes for colorimetric CO2 sensing in this study. The impacts of temperature, pH, reaction time, reusability, concentration, and dye selectivity were studied thoroughly. This study described real-time CO2 analysis. Using this multi-dye method, we got an average detection limit of 1.98 ppm for CO2, in the range of 50–120 ppm. A portable colorimetric instrument with a smartphone-assisted unit was constructed to determine the relative red/green/blue values for real-time and practical applications within 15 s of interaction and the readings are very similar to those of an optical fiber probe. Environmental and biological chemistry applications are likely to benefit greatly from this unique approach.

IOT IMBIBED BIKE HELMET FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION

This paper aims to provide a smart electrically assisted helmet (also known as bike rider helmet) used for recovery of the rider’s physical and physiological information, monitoring of their health state, and adjusting the “medical” assistance accordingly. Bike helmet have proven to be an excellent way to protect the rider from the accidents. Such devices can also be seen as the first step to help unhealthy sedentary people to start exercising with reduced strain. Based on this analysis, the need to have helmet with artificial intelligence (AI) systems that recover and processed a large amount of data is discussed in depth.

Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Systematic Review 2022.

The primary goal is to identify the pathogenesis of cardiovascular illnesses in obese patients. Articles were extracted using the MeSH search approach from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used, and duplicates were eliminated. Eight publications were finally included in this research study after two authors independently completed the quality check appraisal. Seven observational studies and one narrative review were found in our search. The publications evaluated the risk of coronary artery disease in metabolically healthy obese people with that of unhealthy obese adults and evaluated the effects of adipose tissue-mediated inflammation. Additionally, they offered several explanations for the obesity problem. Studies have indicated that adipocytokines and their pro-inflammatory cytokines have significantly affected the development of cardiovascular disease in obese subjects. The relationship between metabolically unhealthy people with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. It has also been shown that metabolically healthy obese persons are still at risk for developing coronary artery disease (CAD), as explained in certain studies in which inflammation plays a vital role in obese people. There hasn't been much data on the advantages of being physically active in overweight people, but obese people have to change their lifestyle as a first measure.

Intracellular Oxidative Stress Induced by Physical Exercise in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A physical exercise program is one of the commonly used methods for improving an individual’s antioxidative capacity. However, an inappropriate physical exercise program would induce extra oxidative stress (OS), and the relationship between the details of a physical exercise protocol and the severity of intracellular OS is still unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science with the eligibility criteria: (1) participants over 18 years old; (2) physical exercise interventions; (3) 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, F2-isoprostanes, and protein carbonyls (PCs) as outcome measures; (4) published in English and peer-reviewed. 12 studies were included, and the data of 8 in them were pooled together. The agreement between authors reached a kappa value of 0.73. The results of the meta-analysis showed that: (1) the level of OS did not depend on the absolute intensity of physical exercise but on both the intensity and the volume of exercise; (2) high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIAE) and a combined protocol of HIAE and resistance training had the highest potential to induce large OS in unhealthy people; (3) the OS induced by moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise was significantly larger than that induced by ordinary life activities in healthy adults; (4) high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise had the lowest and sub-lowest probabilities to induce high intracellular OS for unhealthy adults. activities induce OS in various tissues in the human body, and the severity of OS depends on many factors of physical exercises as well as the health condition of an individual. A high-intensity and high-volume physical exercise program has the largest possibility of inducing severe OS, while a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a high-intensity interval training program with a relatively low volume might be beneficial to the redox balance for unhealthy individuals. In conclusion, continuous aerobic exercise under moderate-intensity or high-intensity interval training could be recommended to enhance the body’s capacity for maintaining redox balance, especially for unhealthy individuals. The PROSPERO Registration Number is CRD42022349687.

A Wearable System Implementation for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT).

Self health monitoring has gained wide interest among people who want to maintain their wellbeing. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) provides the necessary components for remote monitoring of healthy as well as unhealthy people. This study involves the design and implementation of an IoMT enabled smart wristband for the purpose of monitoring and assessment of physical and emotional state of the subject. The design collects data from several sensors on the wristband and sends data via Bluetooth low energy BLE 5.0 channel. The system is shown to be capable of showing the acquired raw data on device and transmitting it to the server for the smart analysis thereafter.

Effects of low vs. moderate dose of recreational football on cardiovascular risk factors

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of recreational football performed once (LOW) vs. twice (MOD) a week on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy, sedentary men. Body composition, resting blood pressure, blood lipid profile and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) were measured at baseline, after a 12-week control and training period, using an interrupted time-series study (study 1, n = 18: n = 8, LOW and n = 10, MOD) nested in a randomized parallel trial (study 2, n = 34: n = 18 LOW and n = 16 MOD). After the intervention in study 1, LDL-cholesterol (−12.3 mg·dLˉ1 [−22.7 to −2.0]) and VO2max (4.5 ml·kgˉ1·minˉ1 [1.2–7.8 ]) changed in LOW whereas differences were found in weight (−2.1 kg [−3.7 to −0.4]), BMI (−0.7 kg·m−2 [−1.2 to −0.1]), total cholesterol (−22.2 mg·dLˉ1 [−36.0 to −8.4]), no-HDL-cholesterol (−17.5 mg·dLˉ1 [−30.5 to −4.5]), LDL-cholesterol (−14.9 mg·dLˉ1 [−23.6 to −6.2]) and VO2max (5.7 ml·kgˉ1·minˉ1 [2.8–8.6]) in MOD. Study 2 showed no evidence of differences between groups. Our results therefore suggest positive health effects of recreational football even when performed at low frequency as it can happen in real context. Highlights Moderate and high amount of recreational football practice (i.e. 2 or 3 h a week) have been shown to be effective to improve health-related factors in both healthy and unhealthy people. Scarce data are present regarding the effect of a low frequency of recreational football practice (i.e. 1 h a week) that is often usual in a real context. Our results showed the practice of recreational football, once a week, is effective for improving some cardiovascular risk factors (maximal oxygen consumption and LDL-cholesterol) in sedentary, healthy middle-aged men. Moreover, practising recreational football once or twice a week seems to lead to similar positive health adaptations.