United Nations General Assembly Resolution Research Articles

An International Data-Based Systems Agency IDA: Striving for a Peaceful, Sustainable, and Human Rights-Based Future

Digital transformation and “artificial intelligence (AI)”—which can more adequately be called “data-based systems (DS)”—comprise ethical opportunities and risks. Therefore, it is necessary to identify precisely ethical opportunities and risks in order to be able to benefit sustainably from the opportunities and to master the risks. The UN General Assembly has recently adopted a resolution aiming for ‘safe, secure and trustworthy artificial intelligence systems’. It is now urgent to implement and build on the UN General Assembly Resolution. Allowing humans and the planet to flourish sustainably in peace and guaranteeing globally that human dignity is respected not only offline but also online, in the digital sphere, and in the domain of DS, requires two policy measures: (1) human rights-based data-based systems (HRBDS): HRBDS means that human rights serve as the basis of digital transformation and DS. (2) International Data-Based Systems Agency (IDA): IDA should be established at the UN as a platform for cooperation in the field of digital transformation and DS, fostering human rights, security, and peaceful uses of DS, as well as a global supervisory institution and regulatory authority in digital transformation and DS. The establishment of IDA is realistic because humanity has already shown in its past that we are able to not always “blindly” pursue the technically possible but also to limit ourselves to what is technically feasible when humanity and the planet are at stake. For instance, humans researched the field of nuclear technology, developed the atomic bomb, and detonated it several times. Nonetheless, the same humans limited research and development in the field of nuclear technology to prevent even worse consequences by establishing the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) at the UN.

UN General Assembly Resolution 76/262 as a strengthening of the collective response to the use of the veto right in the UN Security Council

The article describes the legal nature of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/262 (A/76/L.52) entitled "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council", adopted on April 26, 2022. We have analyzed this topic due to its relevance and the emergence of a new procedure of the United Nations General Assembly, aimed at increasing of the transparency and accountability of the United Nations Security Council, as a result of the ineffective activity of the Security Council in crisis in which our world finds itself today, in particular due to armed conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, which have led to complex humanitarian consequences. Many states and scientists have been expressing their interest in the issue of Security Council reform for a long time. We deeply researched the Resolution which is the first in a long time and a significant legal instrument that changes the existing mechanism of the functioning of the United Nations and has revived the discussions on the need for a complete reform of the Security Council in accordance with Resolution 62/557 of December 15, 2008. The purpose of the article is an overview of the new Resolution 76/262, namely the reasons and expediency of its adoption, cases of application and its effectiveness in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the study are the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena: the method of the philosophical level – the dialectical method; empirical methods – comparative, observation and description methods; general logical methods – analysis, synthesis; specially-legal method. The article analyzes the main provisions of Resolution 76/262, the reasons for its adoption, examines cases of its application, and draws conclusions about the effectiveness of this resolution. We have differentiated the procedures provided for by Resolution 76/262 "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council" and Resolution 377 (V) "Uniting for Peace". We have reviewed the international legal conceptual foundations of the need to apply the resolution. The topic of reforming the United Nations against the backdrop of the current world security crisis is very important and relevant for further research by domestic scientists in order to formulate their own proposals, approaches and scientific justifications in the modern Ukrainian science of international public law, as well as for the scientific enlightenment of society in this of knowledge.

Some issues of the status and functioning of the United Nations human rights monitoring mission in Ukraine

Today, the United Nations plays a leading role in the development of international law and cooperation among the world's states. Member states have pledged to realize their rights and fulfill their obligations under the UN Charter. The main objectives of the UN are envisaged in Article 1 of the Charter, where the key provision relating to human rights is reflected in paragraph 3 of Article 1. According to it, the UN aims to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction of race, sex, language or religion [1]. As it can be seen, the Charter only calls on states parties to promote the protection of human rights, without establishing clear obligations to protect and guarantee them.
 Since 2014, i.e. since Russia launched its war against Ukraine, the aggressor has not stopped committing crimes against our country and our people. Russia's actions encroach not only on the sovereignty of our state, but also on human rights and freedoms. Under such circumstances, the international community cannot stand aside from these events. Many international human rights organizations have offices in Ukraine. Among them is the UN. On 31.07.2014, the Government of Ukraine and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights signed an agreement on the deployment of a short-term UN human rights monitoring mission in Ukraine.
 The legal status of UN monitoring missions in legal science has not been the subject of a separate study. Certain aspects of the activities and competence of such missions have been considered in the works of such scholars as I.A. Shumilo [14], F. Megre [13], K. Boyle [12] and others, which are devoted to the coverage of international mechanisms for the protection of human rights and freedoms, the status of the UN General Assembly and the UN Human Rights Council. Therefore, the task set out in this article is to analyze and establish the specifics of the legal status of the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission (hereinafter - the Mission), in particular, the one established for Ukraine, and the limits of the Mission's powers under the UN Charter, UN General Assembly resolutions, and international agreements between UN agencies and Ukraine. Therefore, the relevance of this article is beyond doubt. It has been established that the purpose of the Mission is to facilitate cooperation between the Government of Ukraine and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (hereinafter - OHCHR)[2] and it plays the role of a subsidiary mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms within the UN. The conclusions of the mission will undoubtedly serve as a convincing additional evidence base for Ukraine in international judicial and other bodies in protecting its interests and establishing the guilt of the Russian Federation for actions committed against our country.

UN Security Council Membership as a Litmus Test for Slovenia’s Commitment to R2P

ABSTRACT Slovenia, a small state, was actively involved in the formation of the Responsibility to protect (R2P) and continuously supports the principle through its own normative development (such as in the 2015 Declaration on Foreign Policy of the Republic of Slovenia and its Foreign Affairs Strategies) and by regular appointment of its R2P national focal points, which provide relevant domestic capacity to actively promote R2P’s operationalization domestically, regionally, and at the global level, most prominently within the UN. Several regional European R2P Focal Points Meetings and six biennial academic interdisciplinary conferences on R2P have been organized in Slovenia, providing opportunities to enhance its capacity to lead a well-informed active advocacy for R2P. Moreover, in July 2020 Slovenia supported the first standalone HRC Resolution on the Fifteenth anniversary of the R2P. In April 2022, Slovenia was among the 83 cosponsors of the UN General Assembly Resolution on Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council. Now, with Slovenia’s election as a non-permanent UN Security Council member for the period 2024–25, an important opportunity has arisen to use accumulated knowledge and experience and strive for efficient operationalization of R2P, including through peace operations. The aim of this paper is to discuss Slovenia’s relationship with the R2P, including during Slovenia’s candidacy for the non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council, and to suggest possible future developments.

Current Issues of Peace and Security Taking Into Account Aggressive Policy of the Russian Federation

This article examines the issue of violation of the principle of territorial integrity (integrity) or political independence of states from 1946 to 2022. The approach is based on the study and understanding of domestic and foreign literary sources, statistics, legal acts. So, the historic, comparative, formal juridical and prognostic methods will be used. Russia gained the status of an independent entity in the international arena immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Almost immediately, it began to show signs of aggression. To promote its geopolitical ambitions, it uses gaps in international law, information and psychological measures, corruption, mercenaries, collaborators, blackmail, the law of force, and tries to rewrite history. The course of military conflicts involving Russia in Moldova, Chechnya, Georgia, Syria and Ukraine shows that the scale of violations of international treaties, human rights and the rules of warfare has increased in line with the strengthening of its military capabilities. During the hostilities on the territory of independent Ukraine, Russia showed a complete list of signs of aggression, as defined by UN General Assembly Resolution 3314 (XXIX) of December 14, 1974. This shows that before the armed attack on Ukraine, the aggressor was convinced that it could not be brought to justice and punished. It also hoped that his next victim would not be able to receive international political, economic, military and social assistance. Some actions of Russia in the international arena have signs of state terrorism. During the last ten years, a fascist regime has formed in Russia. The abuse of the veto did not lead to the expulsion of the aggressor country from the UN SC.
 To stop Russia’s aggression and prevent similar developments in the future, the issues of improving international law, bringing to justice the political and military leadership of the republic of Belarus and Russia, improving the UN Charter, the powers of the UN General Assembly, depriving Russia of the right to participate in peacekeeping operations.

Sustainable Development Goals and International Law: A Critical Assessment

This article investigates the implications of adopting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across various domains of international law. With 17 goals and 169 targets, the SDGs are firmly embedded in international law, aligning with commitments in diverse legal instruments. The exploration in the article emphasizes the interplay between international law and global priorities, highlighting the necessity to capitalize on this connection for sustainability. In examining how the SDGs become integrated into the post-2015 development agenda, the article scrutinizes the normative importance of the obligations outlined for states in the SDGs, taking UN General Assembly Resolution 70/1 into consideration. Additionally, the article delves into the potential of the SDGs to coordinate international institutions for sustainable development and how international law serves as a normative framework for their implementation.

Revisiting the Content of United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in Shaping and Expanding the International Legal Content of Humanitarian Assistance

Revisiting the Content of United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in Shaping and Expanding the International Legal Content of Humanitarian Assistance

The Road Most Traveled By

Abstract This article applies main path analysis to UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolutions as a novel way to identify what documents and themes have mattered most in the evolution of the organization. Three successive corpora containing all resolutions adopted by the UNGA during its first fifteen, thirty-five, and seventy-three years were analyzed. Results show that the theme of the main path of the first fifteen sessions was Palestine, and peacekeeping/budget for the other two corpora. Three concluding hypotheses are proposed as possible explanations for this finding. Main paths in networks of international norms might be understood as indicators of ongoing issues, as a sign of groundedness, or as residue from preferential attachment. This paper trail reconstructs relevant chapters of the UN’s institutional development and reveals that texts of little fame can nonetheless be at the origin of large bodies of later works, and that jurisprudential density varies across UNGA topics.

Violence against Women: Comparing Female Genital Mutilation and Female Circumcision in Malaysia

The United Nations (UN) General Assembly resolution on 20 December 2012 declared female genital mutilation (FGM) illegal and a violation of women's rights. This declaration was made following the World Health Organization's (WHO) call to eradicate FGM in 1997. The prohibition includes all forms of mutilating, harming, or causing pain to the female genitalia. The female circumcision practice in Malaysia is also categorized as FGM by the United Nations Human Rights (UNHR) at the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 2018. In light of these developments, this qualitative study examines and compares the true nature and concepts of FGM and the female circumcision practice from the perspective of Al-Sunnah Al-Nabawiyyah. Documentation was employed for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The findings reveal a significant divergence between FGM and female circumcision. Female circumcision is more similar to the aesthetic surgery of the female genitalia, known as clitoral hood reduction, which can enhance women's sexuality. In conclusion, female circumcision in Malaysia is not a torturous act that violates women's rights, but rather a safe practice following Islamic law. This study also proposes a comprehensive research initiative aimed at formulating secure and Sharia-compliant protocols for female circumcision.

Myanmar's Rejection Of The United Nations Resolution: Allowed of Not?

Myanmar's Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected the Myanmar Ministry of Foreign Affairs calls for an arms embargo and power struggle by the military in a UN general assembly resolution last February because the resolution was considered based on unilateral accusations and false assumptions, and the resolution was deemed not legally binding. In addition, several Myanmar statements have been adopted by the UN security council, which has the authority as well as resolutions deemed legally binding, such as the prohibition of acts of violence against protesters. In addition, the resolution calls on the military not to commit acts of violence as well as restore the democratic transition. The purpose of this study is to find out whether Myanmar may reject the UN General Assembly resolution or not. The study uses normative legal research with a case approach using qualitative descriptive methods to describe the legal reasons used in Myanmar's rejection of the UN General Assembly resolution and how to apply the principle of pacta sunt servanda in this case. The results show that Myanmar rejects the UN resolution calling for an arms embargo because Myanmar considers that the resolution is not legally binding and based on the pacta sunt servanda. Myanmar should accept the UN General Assembly resolution because it binds an agreement to the parties who made it.

International Obligations Calling for Constitutional Protection of the Right to a Healthy Environment

The international recognition of a universal right to a healthy environment is reaching its pinnacle. At least 156 States have recognised this right through the adoption of international treaties and 161 States have recognised it through their endorsement of UN General Assembly Resolution 76/300. While codified in several regional agreements, the right is not binding on all States through treaty law. The European Convention on Human Rights makes no explicit reference to the environment which might lead to the conclusion that States Parties are under no obligation to implement a right to a healthy environment into their domestic legal systems. However, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights indicates that this right may be a precondition to the enjoyment of other rights safeguarded by the Convention. Furthermore, it may be becoming universally binding as a standalone right under customary international law. This article concludes that various international obligations require States to ensure an explicit or implicit right to a healthy environment and that such a right should enjoy constitutional status. It explains that elements of the right may be implicitly embedded in constitutions even if they have no environmental provisions, as is the case of the Icelandic constitution. However, that is not an appropriate implementation of the standalone right to a healthy environment.

«Aggression» as an imperative norm of international law: genesis of development

The article reveals the essence of «aggression» as an imperative norm of modern international law. Attention is focused on the fact that despite the prohibition of aggression by the imperative norms of international law and its recognition by the international community as an international crime, a universal definition of aggression has not yet been adopted. Consideration of the essence of aggression by analyzing the provisions contained in the UN Charter, the Declaration of Principles of 1970 and the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 require some clarification and expansion. The definition proposed by the UN General Assembly Resolution No. 3314 needs to be confirmed by convention, as the resolutions of the UN General Assembly have the nature of soft law. The provisions of the Resolution can be transformed into customary norms of international law, however, the fact of the transformation of the provisions of this resolution into customary norms at the current stage is debatable and requires additional justification. It is noted that the definition of aggression is also contained in the ICC Statute, however, this statute has been adopted by a relatively small number of states, so these provisions are not mandatory for non-participating states. In addition, the Court has jurisdiction to administer justice and render appropriate judgments only in relation to natural persons. Therefore, today there is an urgent need to adopt a definition of aggression at the universal convention level, which will contribute to the prevention of the international crime of aggression and increase the effectiveness of combating it. It is indisputable that the prohibition of aggression acquires its imperative status through its inherent rationalism and moral authority instead of state consent.

Russia-Ukraine conflict: An analysis of geopolitical alignments in Asian countries

This article analyzes the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the geopolitics of Asian countries, by assessing changes in their inclination towards neutrality, criticism of Russia, or support for Russia. Despite the abundance of literature on the topic, few publications have focused on the conflict's effects on Asia. Thus, this article provides a unique perspective by offering a comprehensive view of the geopolitical positions of Asian countries, compared to existing research. The article examines the factors influencing a country's foreign policy orientation, including economic, military, and geographical factors. The study evaluates the positions of Asian nations in the conflict by analyzing their voting records in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and UN resolutions. These sources highlight the details of the conflict. The research methodology is qualitative and relies on library research, with a focus on online newspaper sources like CNN, BBC, The Guardian, and Al-Jazeera. These newspaper sources were chosen because of their comprehensive coverage of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and their focus on geopolitical reactions by Asian nations, which are not extensively discussed in other media. The article is also backed by credible sources including the World Bank Group, official government reports, and research papers from various authors. The findings of the study indicate that the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has a significant impact on the domestic and foreign policies of Asian countries.

The Falklands/Malvinas as an Identity Dispute: A Constructivist Analysis of the British and Argentinian Positions

ABSTRACT Why is the Falklands/Malvinas case so prominent in the Argentine political narrative? Why is it almost absent in Britain? How can Britain afford to ignore United Nations General Assembly Resolutions calling for negotiations without the risk of being ostracised by the international community? The key to understanding the dispute lies in looking beyond material factors and examining the ideas behind the actions of the two actors involved. The Falklands/Malvinas case can thus be better examined as an identity dispute; a constructivist analysis highlights how the impasse between Britain and Argentina is the result of their different perceptions of the history of the islands, the international legal principles that apply to the case and the role Britain plays in the world system. Such diverging perceptions, in turn, prevent the parties from settling the dispute.

International and national legal approaches to compensation of environmental damage caused by military actions

The article analyzes international and national legal approaches to compensation for environmental damage caused by military op It is noted that today the world experience of compensation for environmental damage caused by military operations has already been gained. It can serve as a basis for bringing the Russian aggressor to justice for causing huge environmental damage in Ukraine. In particular, the discusses the punishment for losses and damages caused to Kuwait as a result of the Iraqi military invasion and occupation. It is noted that the experience of the Compensation Commission for the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict is used by the Ukrainian side in creating an international register of damages. Ukraine also relies on the approaches to the Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which was created by the United Nations to record the consequences of Israel’s construction of the security wall against Palestine.The analyzes the legal provisions on crimes against the environment that fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. The emphasizes the relevance of ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by our country in the context of the war in Ukraine. The provisions on the protection of the natural environment in the conduct of hostilities, as defined in the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), are considered. The functioning of the Register of Damage Caused by Russia’s Aggression against Ukraine, which was recommended in the UN General Assembly Resolution (2022) and decided to be established at the Council of Europe Summit (2023), is noted.The analyzes a number of regulatory legal acts of Ukraine aimed at identifying (and recording) property damaged and destroyed as a result of hostilities, terrorist acts, and sabotage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, including in the field of ecology.The author concludes that today, both at the international level and in Ukraine, there is a need to finalize the gaps in the legal framework for compensation for environmental damage caused by war.

International Legal Support of Gender Equality in the Context of Climate Change

Introduction. Gender equality and human rights in the context of overcoming climate change is one of the key and debated topics at the annual UN Climate Conferences. The climate crisis creates social in justice between different population groups and has the greatest impact on the lives of vulnerable groups. Women, compared to men, are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change that limit their rights and opportunities. It is also worth noting that there is a widespread trend of feminization of poverty in the world, which means that poverty is increasing among women more than among men. In addition, women are under represented in international decision-making bodies related to climate change. This, above all, only confirms the lack of adequate support for womenʼs initiatives in climate decision-making. The aim of the article. The purpose of the research is to clarify the essence of gender equality and the peculiarities of its international legal support in the context of climate change based on the study of scientific works by reputable scholars and international legal acts. Results. Climate change is one of the major global problems of humanity, which is directly related to gender equality. As a result of climate change, women and men facenew challenges that affect the realization of their rights in the current environment.Women are more vulnerable to climate change and have fewer opportunities to adapt to it. The international community has faced a difficult task to eliminate the imbalance between the ability of women and men to realize equal rights in the context of climate change. Unfortunately, only a few of the international human rights instruments cover the issue of gender equality in the field of environmental protection, especially in the context of climate change. In addition, they donʼt enshrine the right to a safe, clean and sustainable environment, which is one of the main environmental human rights. The realization of this right is extremely important in the context of climate change. Conclusions. Thus, the issues of ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the context of climate change are not properly regulated ininternational law or in the national law of Ukraine. Certain aspects of gender equalityin the context of climate change are reflected in General Recommendation №37 to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992, the Beijing Declaration of 1995, the Paris Agreement of 2015, UN General Assembly Resolution 70/1«Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development» and the Escazu Agreement of 2018. The solution to one of the global problems of humanity depends on the adoption of significant climate decisions that must take into account the gender principle. To date, the extent of womenʼs participation in shaping international climate policy is insufficient. That is why they must represent their governments internationally on equal terms with men, participate in the work of international organizations and in decision-making in the field of climate change. In turn, the needs of both women and men should be taken into account when developing strategic programs and measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change. As a future EU member, Ukraine is trying to integrate a gender component into environmental policy, especially in the area of climate change, by fulfilling its European integration commitments. Key words: gender equality, discrimination, climate change, human rights,sustainable development.

The global health and care worker compact: evidence base and policy considerations

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, and recognising the sacrifice of health and care workers alongside discrimination, violence, poor working conditions and other violations of their rights, health and safety, in 2021...

The UN - African Union Partnership on the Women, Peace and Security Agenda: Frameworks, Policies and Strategies

A strong partnership between the United Nations (UN) and the African Union (AU) is essential to achieve strategic convergence, coherence and effective solutions to Africa’s complex peace and security challenges. This article analyzes the key challenges in the UN - AU partnership for peacekeeping, including the UN - AU frameworks, policies and strategies in implementing the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda to establish equal, full and constructive participation of women in the peacekeeping process. The authors identify key challenges in the UN - AU partnership for peacekeeping and assess the effectiveness of the mechanisms and tools of this partnership in the field of maintaining peace and security. The implementation of the WPS agenda in Africa in 2003-2022 is discussed in detail. The empirical basis for the research was drawn from the UN peacekeeping website database, official AU documents, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions, and AU and UN statistics on the gender composition of key UN peacekeeping missions during the period under review. This study employs quantitative methods of assessment and comparative analysis of UN and the AU statistics on women’s participation in African peacekeeping from 2003 to 2022. It focuses on the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) as a case study. The article concludes that there is a direct link between the deteriorating security situation in Africa, the effective implementation of the WPS agenda, and the level of strategic partnership between the UN and the AU.

Street Renaming as a Means of Symbolic Insult and a Diplomatic Slap in International Relations

This article finds that states can use street renaming as an act of retaliation against other international actors (states and international organizations). Specifically, it shows how states can employ street renaming to symbolically insult and thus diminish their opponent’s sense of self. After situating the practice of retaliatory street renaming within the study of emotions in international relations (IR), and symbolic insults in diplomacy, in particular, the article surveys a multitude of cases in which states used street renaming to humiliate and defy other international actors. To further substantiate this thesis, the article then delves into one illustrative case: Israel’s 1975 decision to rename all streets carrying the name of the United Nations ‘Zionism Street’ in response to UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, which determined that ‘Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination’. The article concludes by calling for more scholarly attention to street renaming and other symbolic acts in IR. La dénomination des rues comme insulte symbolique et gifle diplomatique en relations internationales

The Right to Safe Drinking Water in International Law and in Slovenia’s legal framework and implementation

According to the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, a total of 2.1 billion people globally lack access to safe, readily available water at home. Given the rapid population growth, demand for water has been consistently on the rise, while its available quantity has been decreasing due to its unsustainable use. Despite widespread international support for the recognition of the right to safe drinking water, which was also demonstrated by the adoption of the UN General Assembly Resolution on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation in 2010, progress achieved at international and national levels reveals significant remaining challenges, including huge inequalities between and within countries in accessing basic water services. In Slovenia, drinking water supply, for which data on water quality are available, is provided to almost 90% of the population, and in 2016, Slovenia amended its Constitution and explicitly included the universal right to drinking water (Article 70a). This article discusses the existence and normative content of the right to safe drinking water, both in international and Slovene legal contexts. Furthermore, it critically accessed the adequacy of legal protection of access to safe drinking water and analysed Slovenia9s obligations in relation to this right. Hence, in addition to looking into the normative content of the right, it also discusses whether the desired effects are already recognizable in practice, particularly focusing on the situation in Slovenia. The article also includes some de lege ferenda proposals, which competent authorities might wish to consider when further developing a normative framework or concrete policy measures.