ULV Malathion Research Articles

Pollinator biological traits and ecological interactions mediate the impacts of mosquito-targeting malathion application

Mosquito adulticides are perceived by the public as detrimental to nontarget arthropods, contributing to declines of native and beneficial insects. However, the actual impact of adulticides on nontarget arthropods in nature needs to incorporate biological and ecological elements. Here, we investigated the effect of biological/behavioral traits (butterfly roosting at different heights, roosting in sites underneath foliage, bumblebee hive usage) and interactions (parasitism, predation) of pollinators (butterflies and bumblebees) that could mediate the impacts of malathion application in manipulative semi-field experiments in Florida, USA. Roosting height from the spray route had a significant negative relationship with mortality of butterflies treated with ULV malathion, with high survival at the highest roosting height (7 m), but butterflies roosting among vegetation did not have higher survival. Bumblebees with hive access had significantly higher survival than bumblebees without hive access. Host plants treated with ULV malathion significantly reduced parasitism of monarch eggs by Trichogramma platneri, but increased predation of monarch caterpillars by Polistes paper wasps. These data provide insight into the realistic impacts of adulticide applications on pollinators in nature which will enable mosquito control districts to better limit nontarget effects of adulticide treatments and may help to address concerns related to potential nontarget effects.

Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control with Selected Insecticides, 1997

Abstract A small-plot trial was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of selected insecticides in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) complex on cotton. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plots were planted 9 May and were 4 rows X 100 ft on 40-inch centers. All plots had Temik 15 G (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) applied in-furrow at planting. Prior to trial initiation, plots were oversprayed for cutworms on 6 Jun (Karate 1 EC at 0.025 lb [AI]/acre); boll weevils on 9, 13, 18 Jun and 3 Jul (Vydate C-LV at 0.25 lb [AI]/acre); BW/TBW on 27 Jun (Baythroid 2 EC at 0.03 lb |AI]/acre), and 11 Jul (Karate 1 EC at 0.03 lb [AI]/acre); and for aphids on 17 Jul (Provado 1.6°F at 0.047 lb [AI]/acre). Insecticide test materials were applied on 14, 21, 28 Jul, 5 and 14 Aug in 5.9 gal total spray solution/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart (2 noz-zles/row). Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Infestations of BW/TBW larvae and square damage were monitored on 17, 24, 31 Jul, and 7 Aug by examining 25 squares/plot. Following the trial, all plots were oversprayed for BW/TBW on 22 Aug with Karate 1 EC plus Curacron 8 EC at 0.028 + 0.75 lb [AI]/acre. Boll weevil eradication sprays with weekly applications of ULV Malathion (12 oz product/acre) were begun the week of 18 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 7 Oct.

Efficacy of Selected Insecticide Mixtures for Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1997

Abstract Thirteen treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) complex on cotton. Plots were planted 9 May and were 4 rows X 100 ft on 40-inch centers. All plots had Temik 15 G (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) applied in-furrow at planting. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Prior to trial initiation, plots were oversprayed for cutworms on 6 Jun (Karate 1 EC at 0.025 lb (AI)/acre); boll weevils on 9, 13, 18 Jun and 3 Jul (Vydate C-LV at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre); BW/TBW on 27 Jun (Baythroid 2 EC at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre), and 11 Jul (Karate 1 EC at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre); and for aphids on 17 Jul (Provado 1.6°F at 0.047 lb (AI)/acre). Test materials were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticide treatments were applied on 15, 22, 29 Jul, 5 and 14 Aug in 5.9 gpa at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart (2 nozzles/row). Infestations of BW and TBW larvae and square damage were monitored on 18, 25 Jul, 1 and 11 Aug by examining 25 squares/plot. Following the trial, all plots were oversprayed for BW/TBW on 22 Aug with Karate 1 EC plus Curacron 8 EC at 0.028 + 0.75 lb (AI)/acre. Boll weevil eradication sprays with weekly applications of ULV Malathion (12 oz product/acre) were begun the week of 18 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 7 Oct.

Laboratory Evaluation Of Dose And Manner Of Pickup Of Spinosad On The Migratory Grasshopper, 1995

Abstract Using a spray tower to simulate aerially applied liquid sprays, three doses of Spinosad (a bacteria derived product) were each applied to grasshoppers and pots of growing grass separately on 7 Sept. For each dose, untreated grasshoppers were confined on treated grass, treated grasshoppers were confined on untreated grass and treated grasshoppers were confined on treated grass. Untreated grasshoppers were confined on untreated grass as a control. Grasshoppers treated with Fyfanon ULV (malathion) were confined on grass treated with Fyfanon as a standard for comparison. All spray treatments were applied at an equivalent total volume of 32 fluid oz/acre. Spinosad treatments were applied in distilled water and Fyfanon was diluted and applied in oil. The study design consistedof 10 replicates per treatment. Each replicate consisted of a caged pot of grass containing five fourth instar grasshoppers. Pots were 4 inches X 4 inches square with a 9 inch high cage attached and contained grass approximately 4 inches high at time of treatment. Caged grasshoppers were held at 78°2±°F and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). Dead grasshopperswere removed from the cages and mortality recorded daily.

Low Rates of Orthene for Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, 1979

Abstract A 75% water-soluble powder formulation of Orthene 75S was applied at 0.094, 0.063, 0.031 lb ai/acre to contiguous 40 acre mixed grass range land plots, approximately 13 miles northeast of Wheatland, Wyoming on June 28 and 29, 1979. Each dose was applied in water at 1 qt/acre and replicated 4 times. Three 40 acre plots of 8 fluid oz/acre of ULV Malathion and four 40 acre untreated control plots were used for comparison. All doses were applied at 40 psi pressure with a Piper Brave, PA-36-350 PC turbocharged aircraft using (18) 8002 nozzles for orthene plots and (12) 8001 nozzles for malathion plots. All nozzles were rotated 30° aft. Applications were made at 120 mph and at a height of 30 ft. The swath widths for orthene and malathion were 60 and 75 ft, respectively. Pre and post application grasshopper densities were ascertained by counting grasshoppers in (40) 0.1m rings, separated from each other by at least 5m, at the center of each plot. Pre treatment counts were taken 24 hr prior to treatment and post treatment counts were conducted 48 hr and 12-13 days following treatment. Rings were left in place throughout the test. The above species were in the 4rd instar through adult stage of development and comprised approximately 80% of the population. Pre count densities ranged from 6.75 to 26.25 grasshoppers/m2 in treated plots and from 4.75 to 12.25/m2 in control plots with a total pre count density mean of 14.41/m2. Data were converted to 0.825 times (percent mortality + 21) and the angular transformations of these values were analysed as a randomized block design with one missing malathion measurement. Forty sweeps were taken in each plot to determine grasshopper species frequency.

Effects of some ULV Mosquito Abatement Insecticides on Honey Bees12

Specimens of Apis mellifera L. were caged at measured distances and placed at random locations in cages and as bee colonies in Maryland communities receiving ULV malathion, pyrethrum, and naled sprays for control of adult mosquitos. ULV and conventional mist blower applied dilute malathion resulted in extensive losses of caged bees except at 300-m distance. Night application ULV malathion had no discernible effect on the bee colonies nor did the other 2 ULV formulations. Day application of either conventionally diluted or ULV malathion resulted in consistent losses to bee colonies in communities receiving adult mosquito sprays.

Lygus Spp.: Damage to Beans by Reducing Yields, Seed Pitting, and Control by Varietal Resistance and Chemical Sprays12

Feeding damage by Lygus hesperus Knight, L. elisus Van Duzee, L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), and L. disertus Knight to beans in Washington reduced yield and caused pitting or scarring of the bean seed. Amount of damage varied between varieties of beans and year of tests probably because of climatic conditions. Control of Lygus on beans was effective for several weeks after treatment with dimethoate and ethion. Trichlorfon and ULV malathion also gave control, but both had relatively shorter periods of effectiveness.

Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, Three Forks, Montana, August 1976

Abstract Three experimental ULV formulations were applied to 10-acre plots in 30-foot swaths with a modified John Blue Low Volume Sprayer (John Blue Company, Huntsville, Al) mounted on a 3/4 ton 4-wheel drive truck. One material, an encapsulated formulations, was diluted 25% with water to insure proper flowage through the pressurized spray system; the other two formulations and the ULV malathion standard were sprayed undiluted. Tests were replicated 4 times. Mortality was determined at 3- and 7-day intervals by counting with a pointer the number of insects in twenty-five 1-yd2 (visual) samples per plot. The species listed above comprised 58, 21, 11, 8, and 2 percent of the infestation, respectively.

Effects of a Wide-area Application of ULV Malathion on Leafhoppers in Alfalfa12

Beginning in 1968, a 16 (4×4) mi2 area of Dawson County, Nebr., was sprayed in August for 3 consecutive years with ULV malathion. Leafhoppers in alfalfa were monitored as nontarget organisms. Scaphytopius acutus (Say) was suppressed from one growing season into the next. All other major species, Aceratogallia uhleri (Van Duzee), Balclutha neglecta (DeLong and Davidson). Empoasca fabae (Harris), and Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal) recovered within 2–4 wk following treatment.

Population Suppression of Western Corn Rootworm by Adult Control with ULV Malathion12

ULV malathion (9.7 oz AI/acre) was applied by air to a 16 square mile area during August of 1968, 1969, 1970. Adult Diabrotica virgifera LeConte populations were reduced the following season by 39, 54, and 72%. No economic infestations occurred in the treated area the year following any application. Postspray migration of beetles was very limited but adult migration during the peak emergence period the following season contributed to repopulation of the treated area. Migration and fecundity appear to be density-dependent factors which favor increases under low populations. Area suppression does not appear economically feasible, but adult control in individual fields may be an acceptable alternative to soil insecticides applied for larval control. A model was developed for timing treatments against adults; treatments between Aug. 1–15 should result in adequate population suppression to prevent damage the following season. Mid-August population levels of 1.0 beetle/plant were an acceptable economic threshold for determining the need for control measures.

Tarnished and Alfalfa Plant Bugs in Alfalfa: Population Suppression with ULV Malathion

ULV malathion (9.7 oz AI/acre) was applied to a 16 mi2 area in August 1968, 1969, and 1970 for western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, adult control. Nontarget insects in alfalfa, also treated, were monitored. Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), was reduced 89–98%. Survival of eggs and adult migration resulted in rapid reinfestation of the treated area in 1969 and 1970; adult migration alone was important in 1968. Alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), was reduced 96–98%. Repopulation following the 1969 and 1970 treatments was by development from eggs surviving the treatment. The 1969 treatment resulted in lower populations in the treated area through 3 generations the following year. Migration appeared to be a factor in repopulation only following the 1968 treatment, which failed to reduce the 1st generation the next year. Timing of alfalfa harvest during nymphal development is equally effective in population suppression.

Drift of Terrestrial Arthropods in an Irrigation Canal Following a Wide-Area Application of DLV Malathion1

Numbers of arthropods drifting in an irrigation canal were recorded at, 30-min intervals during and after an upstream application of ULV malathion. Flower-visiting and parasitic Hymenoptera were the first insects to increase; a bimodal drift pattern resulted from an interruption in the spray application. Diptera exhibited a delayed response but the numbers collected, especially Paracantha culla (Wiedemann), suggest high susceptibility. Ants occurred in large numbers over a long period, but mortality was probably low. Miridae and Cicadellidae were probably more susceptible than Orthopterlt and adult Odonata, but had similar delayed drift patterns. Tetragnathidae were the most, and Thomiscidae the least, susceptible spiders.

The Residual Toxicity to Aulocara elliotti of ULV Malathion Extended with Polyester Resin12

Vegetation from rangeland aerially sprayed with ULV malathion, malathion + Laminac® EXP-154-2 polyester (4:1), and malathion + plaskon® 9407 polyester (8:1) was clipped and fed daily to caged grasshoppers, Aulocara elliolli (Thomas). Mortality that resulted when grasshoppers started receiving sprayed vegetation the day of spraying and evey day until mortality ceased was between 93 and 99% with no significant difference between malathion formulations. When feeding of sprayed vegetation was delayed, mortality dropped at a rate of ca. 7% per day’s delay. Although inclusion of polyester solutions in the malathion reduced insecticide droplet size, residual insecticidal effectiveness was ot decreased. To the contrary, the malathion + Plaskon 9407 mixture produced significantly greater mortality than malathion alone when grasshoppers were started on grasses that were sprayed 6 or 7 days previously. No masking of insecticidal effectiveness was observed.

The Use of ULV Malathion Bait Sprays for the Control of Olive Fly (Dacus oleae Gmel.) by Aerial Applications in Cyprus

AbstractBait spraying at a rate of 1 lit./ha. (0,2 lit. of ULV Malathion at 96%+ 0,8 lit. protein hydrolysate Atropaz) gave positive results in the control of the olive fly and olive moth but was insufficient against the olive weevil. Applications at low and ultra‐low volume were clearly more economical and permitted larger areas to be treated. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of malathion concentrate aerial bait spraying be expanded in Cyprus in the control of olive fly.

Greenbug Control on Grain Sorghum and the Effects of Tested Insecticides on Other Insects1

A new biotype of Schizaphis gramimun (Rondani) caused severe and widespread damage to sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the summer of 1968. Screening tests and refinement of application rate studies were conducted in 1968 and 1969 to determine if compounds used in greeubug control on wheat could be used effectively also against this biotype. The most feasible chemicals, considering both insecticidal and nonphytotoxic properties, were disulfoton, parathion, diazinon, demeton, and ULV malathion. Carbophenothion, although somewhat slower acting, was also usually very effective. Supracide® ( S -((2-methoxy-5-oxo-∆2-l,3,4-thiacliazolin-4-yl) methyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate), while not very effective in the 1968 studies, significantly reduced greeubug populations in the 1969 tests. Most of the insecticides were found to give reductions also in populations of the corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Fall armyworm, Spodoplera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and flea beetle population differences following insecticidal treatments were not significant. Of the beneficial insects monitored, the primary species present were the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, and various parasitic Hymenoptera. In general the more effective the insecticide in controlling the greenbug, the greater its suppressive effect Avas on beneficial insect populations. However, demeton applied at 0.5 lb active ingredient per acre gave satisfactory greenbug control and spared much of the beneficial insect population.

Manner of Pickup of VLV Malathion by Grasshoppers from Aerially Sprayed Rangeland1

Experimental control of an infestation of range grasshoppers with 8 fl oz ULV malathion applied by aircraft was carried out to study the pickup of the toxicant by 3 species, Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder), Amphitornus coloradus (Thomas), and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). Caged grasshoppers were subjected to 5 treatments: (1) sprayed food and soil plus exposure to spray at time of application, (2) sprayed food, (3) exposure to spray at time of application, (4) sprayed soil, and (5) check untreated. A deorum and A. elliotti reacted similarly to the treatments, but A. coloradus exhibited interesting variations. Among caged individuals of A. deorum, treatments 1 and 2 resulted in mortality of 98 and 96%, respectively. 6.5 days after start of the tests; among caged individuals of A. elliotti both of these treatments caused 98% mortality; treatment 3 caused 22% mortality of A. deorum and 15% mortality of A. elliotti; treatment 4 did not differ significantly from the check. Mortality of A. coloradus was 98% in treatment 1 and 89% in treatment 2; no difference in mortality from the check occurred in treatments 3 and 4. The difference in response to treatment 3 by A. coloradus was attributed to difference in behavior; this species rests deep in grass which protects the grasshoppers from falling droplets of insecticide, whereas the other 2 species rest on bare ground. It was concluded that deposits of insecticide on vegetation were the source of most mortality and that the grasshoppers probably ingested the toxicant with their food.

Effect of Droplet Size on Persistence of ULV Malathion and Comparison of Toxicity of ULV and EC Malathion to Tobacco Bud worm Larvae1

This study was undertaken to compare persistence of several droplet sizes of ULV malathion applied to cotton leaves, and to compare the acquisition of malathion by 3rd-in star Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae placed on leaves treated with various sizes of malathion ULV droplets or an Fe formulation. The data indicated that the smaller droplets penetrated the leaf cuticle faster than larger droplets and that a greater percent of the malathion was found in the internal fraction. In addition, it was found that a 0.8-in. simulated rainfall washed off a greater percentage of larger droplets than of smaller droplets. Mortality of larvae placed on cotton leaves treated with the small ULV malathion droplets was higher than larvae on leaves treated with larger ULV droplets or the EC formulations. The short distance between the smaller ULV droplets accounted for the higher mortality. The low mortality of larvae placed on leaves sprayed with larger ULV droplets was due to the ability of the larvae to detect and avoid the droplets. The low mortality of larvae on the EC-treated leaves was due to the drier nature of the malathion on the leaf surface, which was less readily removed by larvae crawling over the leaf. Results indicated that in time a behavioral type of resistance to ULV-applied insecticide could develop.