Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometer Research Articles

In-vitro Anti-bacterial and Anti-cancer activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. leaf Extract Induced Silver Nanoparticles – A study of Characterization Cum Evaluation

Silver nanoparticles were combined with Ocimum Tenuiflorum L. green and purple (Krishna Tulasi) assortments using a single advance that was eco-friendly. Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform Infra-red, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscope was used to describe the particle nature of integrated AgNps (EDX). A variety of modifications confirmed the nanoparticle arrangement and UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to quantify the Surface Plasmon retention band. In the FTIR, the presence of the aromatic ring's C-H vibration is comparable to the presence of flavonoids and carbonyl gathering in the C-O stretch vibration. The inserted silver nanoparticles can clearly be seen under an SEM microscope, and the particles are estimated to be between l and 100 nm in size. The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectra demonstrate the nanomaterial’s quality. Union is traditional and viewed as proficient as far as response time as well as practicality. The combined nanoparticles were exposed to Anti-microbial and Anti proliferative investigations by in-vitro strategies and showed a portion of the subordinate movement against specific microbes and cancer cells.

Cytotoxic activities of metallic nanoparticles biosynthesized using plant extracts and pure compounds from Cephalaria species

Green nanotechnology has been focused on new concepts and fundamental research to produce nanoparticles in high rates and low risks by the use of different sources such as microorganisms and plants. Due to the several constituents in secondary metabolites, plants play an important role in nanomaterial synthesis known as ecofriendly methods which acquired important potential in different studies. The current work aimed to synthesize different silver and zinc-based nanoparticles using Cephalaria tchihatchewii via phytobiological methods involving metallic solutions, organic extracts, and isolated compounds. Sixteen types of nanoparticles were determined in between 50 and 297 nm as diameter and characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The cytotoxic activities of nanoparticles were evaluated against human lung cancer (A549), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), prostate cancer (PC3), and healthy lung (CCD-34Lu) cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide MTT assay utilizing doxorubicin as a positive control. Against PC3 cells, the cytotoxic activity of silver nitrate and loganin-AgNPs show significant inhibition with IC50 values of 2.39 ± 0.16 and 7.84 ± 1.21 respectively compared with doxorubicin (12.99 ± 1.57 µg/mL). A moderate inhibition activity was observed for Zinc sulfate, elmalienoside-B-AgNPs, methyl glycoside-AgNPs, and luteolin-7-O-glycoside-AgNPs with IC50 values of 22. 27± 0.18, 11.59 ± 0.82, 12.43 ± 0.37 and 13.26 ± 1.63 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibition activity against human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 was significantly reported with silver nitrate (2.25 ± 0.62 µg/mL), and elmalienoside-B-AgNPs (11.48 ± 0.46 µg/mL) compared with doxorubicin (11.61± 0.68 µg/mL). The cytotoxicity activities, make Cephalaria tchihatchewii plant a suitable candidate in different biopharmaceutical usages especially in anticancer activities. This study will provide a clear perspective on nanoparticles containing green synthesized pure compounds and the reaction mechanism of their activities.

On the diverse utility of Cu doped ZnS/Fe3O4 nanocomposites.

The global water crisis is a growing concern, with water pollution from organic dyes being a significant issue. Photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and renewable method for removing organic pollutants from wastewater. The study synthesized innovative (2.5, 5 and 10 wt%) Cu doped zinc sulfide/iron oxide nanocomposites using a sonochemical method, which have versatile applications in adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. The nanocomposites underwent comprehensive characterization using powder X-ray diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky analysis. The synthesized samples demonstrate strong adsorption ability to remove RhB and MB dyes. Afterward, we evaluated their capability to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under UV light exposure. The greatest photocatalytic efficiency was noticed when employing a UV-C lamp in combination with the 10 wt% Cu doped ZnS/Fe3O4 nanocomposite as photocatalyst (98.8% degradation after 60 min irradiation). The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model can be used to describe the pseudo first order kinetics of RhB dye photodegradation. The calculated ban gap values are 4.77, 4.67, and 4.55 eV, for (2.5, 5 and 10 wt%) Cu doped ZnS/Fe3O4, respectively. Furthermore, 10 wt% Cu doped ZnS/Fe3O4 showed good recyclability, with a degradation rate of 89% even after five cycles. Consequently, prepared samples have outstanding photocatalytic activity and can be used as useful adsorbents in water purification.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation, and Interaction of Emodin Alkyl Azoles with DNA and HSA.

This study aimed to overcome the growing antibiotic resistance. Moreover, the new series of emodin alkyl azoles were synthesized. The novel emodin alkyl azoles were synthesized using commercial emodin and azoles by alkylation. The NMR and HRMS spectra were employed to confirm the structures of novel prepared compounds. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the prepared emodin compounds were studied by the 96-well plate method. The binding behavior between emodin 4-nitro imidazole compound 3c and S. aureus DNA was researched using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Furthermore, fluorescence spectrometry was used to explore the interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). The in vitro antimicrobial results displayed that compound 3c gave relatively strong activities with MIC values of 4-16 µg/mL. Notably, this compound exhibited 2-fold more potent activity against S. aureus (MIC = 4 µg/mL) and E. coli (MIC = 8 µg/mL) strains than clinical drug Chloromycin (MIC = 8 and 16 µg/mL). The UV-vis absorption spectroscopy showed that 4-nitro imidazole emodin 3c could form the 3c-DNA complex by intercalating into S. aureus DNA, inhibiting antimicrobial activities. The simulation results displayed that the emodin 3c and DNA complex were formed by hydrogen bonds. The spectral experiment demonstrated that compound 3c could be transported by human serum albumin (HSA) via hydrogen bonds. The molecular simulation found that the hydroxyl group and the nitroimidazole ring of the emodin compound showed an important role in transportation behavior. This work may supply useful directions for the exploration of novel antimicrobial agents.

The Structural Characteristics of Sustainable Nanomelanin Derived from Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Natural melanin is a sustainable and environmentally friendly pigment. The structural properties of melanin are of great significance for its functional applications. In this study, the preliminary composition and structure of melanin extracted from the induced cultures of Lasiodiplodia theobromae were qualitatively characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrophotometer, elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results showed that the secreted melanin contained many functional groups such as hydroxy groups, alkanes and aromatic rings, which belonged to benzoquinone structure and aliphatic structure. The melanin secreted by Lasiodiplodia theobromae can be identified as a type of allomelanin. This research work is expected to provide a reference for the application of melanin in various fields in the future.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of CaO Nanoparticles using Hen Eggshells and its Impact on Biomass Concentration, Chlorophyll-a and Lipid Content of Chlorella sp.

Biodegradable wastes e.g. the outer cover of a boiled hen egg generally haphazardly discarded by humans in different locations of the country and generates problems for the local creatures. Although different researchers reported different methods to utilize the waste through the nanotechnological approach. Here, green synthesis of calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles from the hen eggshells was carried out and characterized them by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV). Further application of the synthesized nanoparticles was done on Chlorella sp. to investigate the impact on algal growth, lipid and chlorophylls. Synthesized CaO nanoparticles were applied in different concentration (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L–1) and readings were monitored for 20 days. The highest biomass concentration 242.56 mg L–1 was achieved for the nanoparticle concentration of 20 mg L–1 and the lipid content increased up to 35.71% in 20 mg L–1. These results pave the way for enhanced algal biofuel production.

Precursor-concentration-controlled Morphology of TiO2 Nanorod/Nanoflower Films for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Investigating Their Growth Mechanism

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been considered as one of the most promising photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Therefore, numerous efforts have been devoted to improving its PEC water splitting performance. In this study, TiO2 nanorod/nanoflower (NRF) films with controlled morphology were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates by following a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The TiO2 NRF films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. FE-SEM showed that the TiO2 films are composed of a simultaneous growth of a primary layer of TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) and a second layer of TiO2 nanoflowers (NFs). The proposed growth mechanism highlighted the influence of precursor concentration on nucleation sites, affecting the preferred crystallographic plane growth of rutile TiO2 and nanorod alignment on the FTO substrate. Intriguingly, TiO2 NRF films prepared with 1.0 mL of titanium butoxide exhibited a maximum photocurrent density of 3.58 mA.cm−2 at 1.23 V versus (vs.) the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), along with a maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.69%. The enhanced photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency were attributed to the optimum thickness in the range of 4.52-7.31 µm, which caused the film to be formed with a unique morphology of the primary layer with well-vertically aligned nanorods and the second layer of flowers consisting of numerous rods stacked on top of one another. This study demonstrates the importance of designing semiconductors with 1D nanorod/3D nanoflower structures as high-performance photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Green Seaweed: Characterisation and Antibacterial Evaluation

This study investigates the Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) seaweed-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis process of silver nanoparticles was monitored over time with the help of an Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and further characterisation studies were also performed. Differential Light Scattering (DLS) measurements revealed a mean particle size of approximately 103.5nm and a mean zeta potential value of -57.5mV for AgNPs. The spherical shape and size of the AgNPs were confirmed through High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging, while Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis provided insights into the elemental composition. The concentration of AgNPs was estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The antibacterial potential of AgNPs was evaluated against both gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) using the agar well diffusion method. From the results, AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and S. typhi among all the tested concentration levels (25, 50, 75 and 100μl).

Determination of Sulphur Dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control

Air pollution control is a safe method for achieving a sustainable environment and can be accomplished by adequately monitoring pollutants that pose significant environmental risks. The combustion of sulfur-containing petroleum products has been a major concern for several decades. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining sulfur levels in refined petroleum products such as Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual-Purpose Kerosene (DPK). It also investigated the air quality implications of sulfur levels and estimated the contribution of the refinery’s products to sulfur dioxide air emission. Fuel samples were collected from the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) in Nigeria and analyzed using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Sulfur levels were determined at 425 nm wavelength, and sulfur dioxide air emission were estimated for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016 using the emission factor approach. The densities of PMS, AGO, and DPK were 0.77 kg/l, 0.832 kg/l, and 0.82 kg/l respectively. The levels of sulfur in PMS, AGO, and DPK were 2.007 x 10<sup>-4</sup> %, 6.970 x 10<sup>-5</sup> wt%, and 4.233 x 10<sup>-5</sup> wt% respectively from UV-Vis technique and 0.016, 0.087 and 0.029% respectively for EDXRF technique were found below the sulfur limit of 0.015 %, 0.005 % and 0.015 % for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.15wt% for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively. The annual sulfur dioxide emissions were obtained for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016. The results from UV-VIS were observed to have the highest SO<sub>2</sub> emission of 0.1718 tons for PMS in 2011, 0.2593 tons in 2010 for AGO, and 0.0974 tons for DPK in 2010, while the lowest emission was observed to be 0.029 tons for PMS in 2015, 0.0362 tons in 2015 for AGO and 0.0181 tons for DPK also in 2015. The results from EDXRF technique were observed to have the highest SO<sub>2</sub> emission of 13.6939 tons for PMS in 2012, 323.6881 tons for AGO in 2010, and 66.7147 tons for DPK also in 2010, while the lowest emissions for PMS, AGO and DPK were all observed in 2015 to be 2.3122, 45.1872, and 12.4182 tons respectively. The study concluded that the refinery complied with the set requirements.

Detection of Tetrahydrocannabinol in Commercial Consumables: A Survey-Based Study with Real Time Samples

The study aimed to detect the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in commercial consumables, specifically focusing on real-time samples. The study highlights the widespread use and cultivation of cannabis, with various compounds such as THC and Cannabidiol (CBD) present in the plant. THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects, while CBD is non-intoxicating and may have therapeutic benefits. The study also discusses the legal and social acceptance of cannabis across countries and regions. The study emphasizes the need for analysing street samples of pan-masala and other tobacco-containing orally consumable products for the presence of cannabis alkaloids, as they are often used as a concealment step for selling and purchasing cannabis. The experimental details include using chemicals and solvents from commercial sources, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates and an Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer for detecting THC. The study used Dragendroff (DD) and Fast Blue B (FBB) reagents to identify THC. The THC quantities detected were 15.32 µM, 29.2 µM, 7.15 µM, and 5.3 µM respectively in the collected sample.

Biogenic carbon quantum dots from marine endophytic fungi (Aspergillus flavus) to enhance the curcumin production and growth in Curcuma longa L

In this study, we have investigated the effect of carbon quantum dots (FM-CQDs) synthesized from marine fungal extract on Curcuma longa to improve the plant growth and curcumin production. The isolated fungus, Aspergillus flavus has produced a high amount of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.025 mg g-1), when treated with tryptophan. CQDs were synthesized from the A. flavus extract and it was characterized using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The synthesized CQDs were excited at 365 nm in an UV–Vis and the HR-TEM analysis showed approximately 7.4 nm in size with a spherical shape. Both fungal crude extract (FCE) at 0–100 mg L−1 and FM-CQDs 0–5 mg L−1 concentrations were tested on C. longa. About 80 mg L−1 concentration FCE treated plants has shown a maximum height of 21 cm and FM-CQDs at 4 mg L−1 exhibited a maximum height of 25 cm compared to control. The FM-CQDs significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments such as total chlorophyll (1.08 mg g−1 FW) and carotenoids (17.32 mg g−1 FW) in C. longa. Further, antioxidant enzyme analysis confirmed that the optimum concentrations of both extracts did not have any toxic effects on the plants. FM-CQDs treated plants increased the curcumin content up to 0.060 mg g−1 by HPLC analysis. Semi quantitative analysis revealed that FCE and FM-CQDs significantly upregulated ClCURS1 gene expression in curcumin production.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effects of Silver-Copper Nanoparticles Obtained by Green Synthesis Against Streptococcus mutans.

Ag-Cu NPs were synthesized using a green chemical method and characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (U-vis) spectrophotometer, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. mutans was determined using the broth microdilution method, while the antibiofilm effect was assessed by the crystal violet method. The synthesized Ag-Cu NPs demonstrated antimicrobial activity with an MIC of 128 µg/ml, significantly inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation by up to 94% at a concentration of 256 µg/ml. Characterization studies confirmed the successful synthesis of Ag-Cu NPs with spherical morphology. These findings highlight the potential of Ag-Cu NPs as a novel approach for combating dental caries by targeting S. mutans biofilms. Further research is warranted to explore their safety and efficacy in clinical settings.

Microstructure and optical properties of β-Ga2O3 thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition

β-Ga2O3 has attracted extensive attention in the fields of optoelectronics and high-power electric devices due to its excellent electrical properties and thermal stability. Growth of epitaxial β-Ga2O3 films with good crystallinity is challenging since it is difficult to effectively control the impurities in the films. Here, β-Ga2O3 thin films were epitaxially grown on MgO (100) substrates via pulsed laser deposition system. The microstructure and optical properties of the β-Ga2O3 thin films were systematically characterized by combining high-resolution X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer and advanced transmission electron microscopy. Effects of the growth temperature and O2 partial pressure on the crystallinity, valance states of Ga ions and band gap of the β-Ga2O3 thin films were investigated. The light absorption wavelength of the β-Ga2O3 thin films ranges from 220 nm to 260 nm, which is close to the theoretical value. The epitaxial orientation between β-Ga2O3 film and MgO substrate is β-Ga2O3 (100) [02¯1] // MgO (100) [010]. A thin layer of γ-Ga2O3 exists in the interfacial region.

Development, Validation, Identification and Estimation of Quinoline Yellow in the Levodopa and Carbidopa Pharmaceutical Combined dosage form by Ultra violet Visible Spectrophotometer

A simple, cost-effective, précised, accurate and robust Ultra Violet spectrophotometric method [1, 2 ] has been developed for the Identification and estimation of Quinoline Yellow in the Levodopa and Carbidopa tablet dosage forms. It is used as a colourant in the pharmaceutical tablet’s dosage form. UV scan of Quinoline yellow was taken from the entire UV range of 200 to 800 nm. From the spectrum, maximum absorption was observed at 414nm (λmax) for the Quinoline Yellow. Method was found to be specific with no interference due to blank and placebo, The method was linear with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.999, and Accuracy was in the range of 98.3 to 101.3, In the robustness study employed for standard and sample preparation showed no impact on the results, by deliberate changes proves method is robust and can be utilized for regular analysis. Method validation was performed with reference to ICH guidelines Q2R1.

An evaluation of antimicrobial potency of silver nanoparticles synthesised from Fusarium sp.

Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has caught the interest of scientists due to the environment friendly synthesis approach which yields metallic nanoparticles with antimicrobial potency. In the present study silver nanoparticles were produced using a green method with the assistance of Fusarium sp. fungal cell filtrate and their antimicrobial potency was explored. The silver nanoparticles depicted a surface plasma resonance of 434 nm when run in the Ultra Violet–Visible Spectrophotometer. The functional group present in the nanoparticles were investigated using an Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared where –OH, C–H, amide I and amide II functional groups were notable. The morphology and crystallinity of the produced silver nanoparticles was investigated with the help of a Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Diffraction. The X-ray diffraction results revealed that the nanoparticles were crystalline in nature with a face centred cubic structure and a crystallite size of 38.5 nm. The Scanning Electron Microscope revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical with sizes ranging between 3 to 43 nm. Antimicrobial studies of the synthesised silver nanoparticles were conducted at different concentrations (1 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM and 100 mM) against disease causing microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the results showed that at a concentration of 1 mM there was no inhibition but as the concentration was increased to 20 mM and 100 mM, there was a notable inhibition with the maximum inhibition zone being 17 ± 0.6 mm.

Antibacterial Effect of Nanoparticles Synthesized from Ficus exaseprata (Sandpaper Leaves)

The eco-friendly, cost effectiveness, and the less toxic nature of synthesized green nanoparticles to the environment have become a global attraction to many studies. The study aim to synthesize Silver (Ag) nanoparticles from Ficus exasperata (Sandpaper leave) leaves and to determine its antimicrobial effect on bacteria isolates. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized from the plant extracts using standard extracting techniques and their presence was verified and confirmed using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer. A prepared series of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions were mixed with the plant extracts at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) to a total volume of 20ml in a text-tube. The test tubes were rapped with aluminum foil and heated in a water bath at 60OC for 3 hours and allowed to cool and analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The UV-Vis spectra confirmed the different concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) that produced Ag nanoparticles and their average size was more than 50nm and less than 100nm. The mixture of the leave extract was tested for its antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. The results showed that the growth of the different bacteria was inhibited by the extracts containing silver nitrate on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and not on Bacillus cereus using Ficus exaseprata nanoparticles. Statistical evaluation showed that zones of inhibition on the three bacteria produced by the aqueous leave extracts containing different concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO3¬¬) precursor was significantly different from the silver nitrate (AgNO3) precursor. It were observed that the higher the concentration of the silver nitrate (AgNO3) the greater the zone of inhibition. It can be concluded that Ficus exaseprata leave extracts dope with silver nanoparticles, can produce antimicrobial effects on some microorganisms.

Contribution of extractives to the bark color of Caesalpinia sappan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of Caesalpinia sappan (sappan wood) bark extractives by analyzing color change of the bark after extraction and the color of the extracts with several color measurement methods. Successive extraction was performed with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and hot water. Color change of the bark was measured using CIELab color system and the extracts were analyzed with Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer, total phenolic content (TPC), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the highest change on the bark color after methanol extraction with the Δa* and Δb* values of -2,53 ± 0,60 and -3,64 ± 1,20 respectively. Also, methanol extract showed the highest total phenolic content (860,24 ± 30,19 mg GAE/g). In addition, the Ultraviolet-Visible is analysis showed a peak at 478 nm in the hot-water soluble extract and two peaks in the methanol soluble extract at 396 nm and 478 nm. Hydroquinone was detected as one of the major compounds by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in the methanol soluble extract. It was suggested that the color of Caesalpinia sappan (sappan wood) bark as well as the deep red coloration of its extract might be contributed by multiple phenolic compounds contained in the methanol extract with hydroquinone as its precursor. Therefore, it is also a potential source for coloring matter.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye by Using Different Nanoparticles

Zinc sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) were produced through a straightforward and cost-efficient chemical co-precipitation technique, intended for use in the photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue (MB) dye, both under ultraviolet and visible light exposure. To evaluate the synthesized nanoparticles, various analytical tools including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were employed. The XRD analysis confirmed the cubic symmetry of the synthesized NPs. SEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles tend to aggregate, forming clusters of nanoparticles. TEM analysis illustrated that the ZnS nanoparticles exhibit a spherical morphology with uniform size distribution. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis exhibited a vibrational peak at 616 cm-1. The degradation of methyl blue was investigated using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer as part of the study.

An evaluation of the pharmacological responses of metal nanoparticles derived from aqueous extract of Caralluma adscendens R. Brown var. Bicolor

Nanomaterials employed in nanomedicine have the potential to function as both diagnostic and therapeutic tools for individuals. Over the past few decades, significant efforts have been made to synthesize a range of metal nanoparticles through the utilization of different plant extracts. Caralluma adscendens R. Brown var. bicolor leaves (CABL) extract was employed in this study as a reducing/capping agent for the synthesis of gold/silver nanoparticles (CABL@AgNPs/CABL@AuNPs) and explore their pharmacological properties. The successful synthesis of CABL@AgNPs and CABL@AuNPs was confirmed through the observation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 439 and 522 nm using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis). High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques were employed to evaluate the shape, size, and chemical composition of the as-synthesized CABL@AgNPs and CABL@AuNPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of metal ions and the stability of metal nanoparticles generated using plant extract. An evaluation was performed to assess the antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of the prepared aqueous CABL extract, CABL@AgNPs, and CABL@AuNPs through the implementation of the disc diffusion technique. The results demonstrated that CABL@AgNPs exhibited greater efficiency when compared to both CABL extract and CABL@AuNPs. The dose-dependent nature of antimicrobial activities was clearly demonstrated through the results of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory experiments. The wound healing activity of the prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using a variety of techniques, including MTT assay, fluorescence staining test, and in vitro scratch assay. The wound-healing capacity of prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using an in vitro scratch assay with Fibroblast L929 cells. The impact of nanoparticles at the IC50 concentration range was analysed through a fluorescence staining experiment and MTT assay to determine toxicity levels. The environmentally friendly approach of current study shown that both nanoparticles have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents for treating different illnesses.

Optical characterization and dispersion analyses of plasma polymerized methyl acrylate thin films

This work reports the structural characteristics, surface morphology, linear and nonlinear optical properties of 110 to 225 nm thick plasma polymerized methyl acrylate (PPMA) thin films. X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the amorphous nature of the films. Field emission scanning electron micrographs of the films display cluster-based surface morphology. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the chemical structural changes in the films. The optical properties were studied based on the absorbance, transmittance, and reflectance spectra measured by an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer within the wavelength ranges from 200 to 800 nm. The direct optical band gap and Urbach values are increased from 3.66 to 3.83 eV and 0.28 to 0.45 eV, respectively with increasing film thickness. The extinction coefficient and refractive index were evaluated, and discussed a correlation between the refractive index and the optical bandgap. The real and imaginary dielectric constants, volume/surface energy loss functions and skin depth were deduced. The oscillator energies and parameters were analyzed using the concept of Wemple-DiDomenico and Sellmeier models, respectively for a single oscillator. Static linear refractive index for the studied films exhibits normal dispersion behavior with film thicknesses and satisfied Moss, Ravindra-Gupta, and Herve-Vandamme rules. The linear susceptibility, third-order nonlinear susceptibility and the non-linear refractive index are considerably reduced from 0.20, 29.5 × 10−14 esu, and 5.89 × 10−12 esu with increasing optical band gap energies. The outcomes from the analyses of PPMA demonstrated their potential for usage in electronic, optoelectronic, and non-linear device applications.