Ultrasound Cavitation Research Articles

Response of Irritable Bowel Syndrome to Abdominal Fat Reduction

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the response of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) among patients having central obesity to reducing abdominal fat using Focused Ultrasound (cavitation) in addition with aerobic exercise as well as a low calorie, low-FODMAPs diet. Methods: A total of 60 individuals, between the ages of 20 and 45, who were diagnosed with both irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as well as abdominal obesity, having a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 30 to 39.9 kg/m², were divided into two groups of similar size by a random assignment process. Group A were given focused ultrasound cavitation accompanied by moderate aerobic exercise and a low calorie, low-FODMAPs diet over a period of three months, whereas Group B (control group) were given moderate aerobic exercise and a low calorie, low-FODMAPs diet only. Assessments of total body fat, abdominal fat, severity of IBS, as well as quality of life related to IBS were conducted prior to and after the study period. Results: Overall body fat mass, abdominal fat mass, IBS severity, and IBS quality of life were all significantly improved in both groups. All evaluated variables showed a highly significant improvement in favor of the study group when comparing the two groups. Conclusion: Focused Ultrasound (cavitation) in addition with aerobic exercise as well as a low calorie, low-FODMAPs diet cause more improvement of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and quality of life.

Hardware treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract in acute respiratory viral infections

Acute respiratory viral infections are among the most common diseases affecting the health of the population and often leading to complications from the upper respiratory tract. Medical treatment of acute respiratory viral infection is often complemented by hardware therapies that help reduce the risk of complications and accelerate recovery. This paper describes modern hardware methods for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections, including low-frequency ultrasound cavitation, photochromotherapy, ultraviolet irradiation and UHF therapy. The clinical efficacy was evaluated in comparison with drug-based approaches. The possibilities of using these methods both in medical institutions and at home using the MULTILOR device were also investigated. Data analysis has shown that the use of hardware treatment methods significantly reduces the severity of symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections, shortens the duration of the disease and reduces the risk of complications. It is important to note that devices such as MULTILOR allow for treatment at home, increasing the availability of therapy. Hardware treatment of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) of the upper respiratory tract is a promising direction in modern medical practice, due to its proven effectiveness, safety and variety of technologies used. The inclusion in therapeutic regimens of such methods as low-frequency ultrasonic cavitation, ultraviolet irradiation (UVF), as well as UHF therapy, allows not only to significantly accelerate the regression of clinical symptoms, but also prevents the development of complications often associated with acute respiratory viral infections. The combined effect of these methods contributes to a significant reduction in symptoms, improvement of the condition of the mucous membranes and prevention of disease recurrence.

Mechanically Induced Green Targeted Conversion of Ammonia Nitrogen to N2: Based on Cavitation Effects and ROS Oxidation.

Addressing the mounting challenge of ammonia nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems necessitates the selective oxidation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrogen gas, a pivotal aspect of eco-friendly nitrogen removal processes. Ultrasound cavitation, renowned for its capacity to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), has garnered considerable attention in environmental remediation. This study reveals a highly synergistic mechanism in ultrasound coupled stirring (US-ST), establishing optimal coupling conditions through sound field monitoring and quantification of ROS. In comparison to ultrasound treatment alone (US), the sound pressure amplitude significantly increased from ±18 to ±30 kPa in US-ST, markedly reducing the cavitation nucleation threshold and augmenting the steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radicals (HO•) by 13-fold. Further, with appropriate charge transfer conditions enabled by the acoustoelectric characteristics of the passive film on stirring paddles, the concentrations of superoxide (•O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) elevated to 9.54 × 10-10 M and 8.43 × 10-13 M, respectively. Under the regulation of 500 rpm stirring vortex, a maximum sonochemical efficiency of 6.5 × 105 mg J-1 was achieved. In the context of domestic wastewater, ammonia nitrogen degradation was achieved through the oxidation and thermal dissociation effects of US-ST. The concentration decreased from 27.5 to 3.4 mg/L after 2 h, with an impressive N2 selectivity of 96.8%. This study elucidates the targeted conversion mechanism of ammonia nitrogen in US-ST, introducing an emerging water treatment technology propelled by mechanical energy.

A compact and low-frequency drive ultrasound transducer for facilitating cavitation-assisted drug permeation via skin.

Low-frequency sonophoresis has emerged as a promising minimally invasive transdermal drug delivery method. However, effectively inducing cavitation on the skin surface with a compact, low-frequency ultrasound transducer poses a significant challenge. This paper presents a modified design of a low-frequency ultrasound transducer capable of generating ultrasound cavitation on the skin surfaces. The transducer comprises a piezoelectric ceramic disk and a bowl-shaped acoustic resonator. A conical slit structure was incorporated into the modified transducer design to amplify vibration displacement and enhance the maximum sound pressure. The FEM-based simulation results confirmed that the maximum sound pressure at the resonance frequency of 78 kHz was increased by 1.9 times that of the previous design. Ultrasound cavitation could be experimentally observed on the gel surface. Moreover, 3 min of ultrasound treatment significantly improved the caffeine permeability across an artificial membrane. These results demonstrated that this transducer holds promise for enhancing drug permeation by generating ultrasound cavitation on the skin surface.

In vitro experimental study on interventional ultrasound-mediated microbubble cavitation lithotripsy

Abstract Ultrasound-mediated microbubble cavitation lithotripsy as a new minimally invasive approach has received great attention for the treatment of urinary stones. However, the attenuation of ultrasonic waves in human tissues and stone displacement during lithotripsy are two key issues limiting the development of this technology. In this paper, a method of interventional ultrasound-mediated microbubble cavitation lithotripsy is proposed, which can realize the in-situ delivery of ultrasonic waves and microbubbles. A piezoelectric ultrasound transducer with the center frequency of 461 kHz and output peak to peak acoustic pressures of 3.2 MPa is fabricated, and microbubbles with the concentration of 1.33×109/ml are synthesized. An extracorporeal experiment platform is built and in vitro tests of ultrasound mediated microbubble cavitation lithotripsy are conducted by using microbubbles with different concentrations and water. The results show that the proposed interventional ultrasound-mediated microbubble cavitation lithotripsy is an efficient method for the fragmentation of ureteral stones. The maximum mass reduction of the stone is 9.4 mg within 30 minutes of treatment under the combined action of ultrasound with the peak-negative pressure of 1.6 MPa and center frequency of 461 kHz and microbubbles with the concentration of 3.325×107/ml. The research results will provide a technical basis for further optimization of subsequent tentative schemes, in vivo experiments with animals and future clinical applications.

Bioactive Nanotherapeutic Ultrasound Contrast Agent for Concurrent Breast Cancer Ultrasound Imaging and Treatment.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis. The use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) is inevitable in CEUS. However, current applications of UCAs primarily focus on enhancing imaging quality of ultrasound contrast rather than serving as integrated platforms for both diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings. In this study, a novel UCA, termed NPs-DPPA(C3F8), is innovatively prepared using a combination of nanoprecipitation and ultrasound vibration methods. The DPPA lipid possesses inherent antiangiogenic and antitumor activities, and when combined with C3F8, it functions as a theranostic agent. Notably, the preparation of NPs-DPPA(C3F8) is straightforward, requiring only one hour from raw materials to the final product due to the use of a single material, DPPA. NPs-DPPA(C3F8) exhibits inherent antiangiogenic and biotherapeutic activities, effectively inhibiting triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) angiogenesis and reducing VEGFA expression both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, NPs-DPPA(C3F8) enables simultaneous real-time imaging, tumor assessment, and antitumor activity. Additionally, through ultrasound cavitation, NPs-DPPA(C3F8) can overcome the dense vascular walls to increase accumulation at the tumor site and facilitate internalization by tumor cells. The successful preparation of NPs-DPPA(C3F8) offers a novel approach for integrating clinical diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.

К ВЫБОРУ РАСТВОРА ДЛЯ КАВИТАЦИИ В КОМПЛЕКСНОМ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ПОСЛЕРОДОВОГО ЭНДОМЕТРИТА

Relevance. Postpartum endometritis is an infectious and inflammatory process in the endometrium with possible involvement of the myometrium. The main components of the treatment of the disease are antibiotic therapy and removal of necrotic contents of the cavity of the postpartum uterus. From the point of view of caring for the organ, ultrasonic cavitation looks preferable. To increase its effectiveness, various solutions with antiseptic, immunomodulatory or other properties can be used. Aim. The purpose of our study was a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the use of various liquids during ultrasonic cavitation in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Materials and methods. 80 patients with mild and moderate severity of the disease were examined and treated. The patients were divided into 4 groups of 20 women: 1) patients of the 1st group received treatment according to the clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2) patients of the 2nd group underwent ultrasound cavitation of the uterine cavity using 0.9% sodium chloride solution; 3) patients of the 3rd group underwent ultrasound cavitation followed by additional irrigation of the uterine cavity 0.25% sodium deoxyribonucleate solution; 4) ultrasound cavitation of the uterine cavity was performed in patients of the 4th group using 0.9% furacilin solution. Results. On the 7th day of treatment for postpartum endometritis, all patients showed an improvement in well-being and objective indicators. At the same time, incomplete reduction of uterine soreness during palpation by the 7th day in patients of the 1st and 3rd groups led to an increase in bed days in these groups. In patients of group 1, there was a slower dynamics of blood parameters such as leukocyte count, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The degree of reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-10 was the lowest in group 1 and the highest in group 4. The bed day turned out to be the smallest in group 4 and the largest in group 1. Conclusions. Ultrasound cavitation of the uterine cavity significantly increases the effectiveness of complex therapy of postpartum endometritis and shortens the duration of treatment of patients, enhances the positive effect of ultrasonic cavitation by using 0.9% furacilin solution in a dilution of 1: 5000 as a cavitation liquid. Irrigation of the uterine cavity with a solution of sodium deoxyribonucleate does not significantly affect the healing process.

Accelerated sonochemical fabrication of MIn2S4 (M = Zn, Mg, Ni, Co) for ultra-high photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production

Ternary metal sulfide (MIn2S4) by virtue of large extinction coefficient, suitable band gap and stability, has been proposed as a candidate for photocatalytic synthesis hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, MIn2S4 is conventionally synthesized by solvothermal method that is generally characterized by tedious operational steps and long reaction time. In this work, four sonoMIn2S4 (M = Zn, Mg, Ni, Co) were successfully prepared by sonochemical method within 2 h. These as-synthesized sonoMIn2S4 delivered much high-efficient photocatalytic H2O2 generation. Particularly, the sonoZnIn2S4 presented H2O2 production rate of 21295.5 μmol∙g−1∙h−1 in water/benzylalcohol system, which is 3.0 times that of ZnIn2S4 prepared by solvothermal method. The remarkably improved photocatalytic performance of sonoZnIn2S4 might be due to the multiple defects and fast electron-hole pair separation caused by ultrasound cavitation effect. Other metal sulfide photocatalysts with high performance were efficiently fabricated by facile sonochemical technology as well. The sonochemical method realized the rapid preparation of metal sulfide photocatalysts and efficient production of H2O2, which benefits to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including SDG-7 and SDG-12.

Effect of Electro-Acupuncture versus Ultrasound Cavitation on Leptin Hormone in Females with Insulin Resistance

Effect of Electro-Acupuncture versus Ultrasound Cavitation on Leptin Hormone in Females with Insulin Resistance

Current aspects of the treatment of combat surgical trauma

Objective. The history of providing assistance to victims with gunshot wounds dates back more than one century, but nevertheless surgical treatment of gunshot wounds is still relevant to this day. High-quality primary surgical treatment of a gunshot wound is the key to a speedy recovery of the patient (N.I. Pirogov). The pathogenesis of gunshot wounds determines the specific tactics of surgical treatment. Gunshot wounds are zonal in nature. According to the results of morphological studies, it can be concluded that a significant part of the changes in the zone of molecular concussion of the wound canal are reversible, and the complexity of pathogenesis and the lack of reliable criteria for assessing the condition of tissues does not exclude the possibility of leaving areas with reduced viability in the wound after treatment. For maximum effect during surgical treatment of gunshot wounds, non-viable tissues should be removed with minimal damage to viable ones. To meet these requirements, it is often impossible to visually assess the boundary between damaged and parabiotic tissues objectively intraoperatively. The use of modern physical methods of wound wrapping and preparing them for plastic closure, such as low-frequency ultrasound, hydrosurgical methods and VAC therapy allows you to radically clean the wound surface with minimal damage to viable tissues and perform plastic closure operations on soft tissue defects at an early date.Purpose of a study: to improve the methods of primary surgical treatment in patients with combat surgical trauma using low-frequency ultrasound.Material and methods. Our study is based on the analysis of the treatment results of 93 patients aged 10 and 70 years old. All patients had combat surgical trauma of various etiology and localization. Of these, 36 (38.7%) patients in main group underwent ultrasound cavitation of the wound canal and wound defects during primary surgical treatment (PST), followed by primary or primary delayed plastic surgery within a period not exceeding 48 hours after PST. Methods of plastic wound closure were both flaps with axial circulation and autodermotransplantation. In the remaining 57 (61.3%) patients of comparison group, primary surgical treatment was not performed, or was performed at the stages of evacuation, with further conservative treatment. Upon admission to the clinic, he underwent secondary surgical treatment, opening of purulent lumps, as well as staged necrectomies, while wound plastic surgery was performed after wound cleansing and was mainly represented by autodermotransplantation.Results. It was revealed that in the main group, the treatment time of patients in the main group was reduced by 2 times compared with the comparison group (16.3 and 34.2 bed days, respectively). The effectiveness of engraftment of autodermotransplants was evaluated according to V.I. Petrov's scheme. Lysis of autodermotransplants was noted 1.9 times less frequently in the main study group. It was also noted that there were no purulent complications in main group, unlike comparison group – 20.6%, the number of marginal necrosis was 2.6% in main group and 22.4% – in comparison group, lysis of autodermotransplanates in main group was 7.8%, in comparison group – 13.8%.Conclusion. This study allows us to conclude that the advantage of using ultrasonic cavitation during the usual surgical treatment of gunshot wounds followed by primary or primary delayed plastic surgery.

Effect of ultrasonic vibration treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Cu-TiB2 composites

The distribution of second-phase particles is crucial to the mechanical properties of particulate reinforced copper matrix composites (PRCMCs). Ultrasonic vibration treatment (UVT), as an effective technique to disperse second-phase particles in metallic melts, has been extended to treat PRCMCs using a SiAlON sonotrode. In this study, systematic experiments have been conducted to explore the effect of UVT on the microstructures and mechanical properties of in situ Cu-TiB2 composites. The results indicated an optimal duration of UVT for 3 min, featured by an improved distribution of TiB2 particles and superior mechanical properties of the as-cast composite. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation exhibited significant increases of 15.7%, 18.1%, and 36.1%, respectively, compared to the as-cast Cu-TiB2 composite without UVT. Furthermore, these experimental composites were subject to rolling deformation. The results once again demonstrated that the as-rolled Cu-TiB2 composite, treated with UVT for 3 min, stood out as the best. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of the as-rolled Cu-TiB2 composite were 459 MPa, 422 MPa, and 7.0%, respectively. Based on the microstructural observation, the mechanism underlying the UVT-induced enhancement of mechanical properties was discussed in terms of the non-linear effects of ultrasound cavitation on liquid metals. This work can provide a strategy for producing high-performance PRCMCs through UVT.

Bacteria-driven nanosonosensitizer delivery system for enhanced breast cancer treatment through sonodynamic therapy-induced immunogenic cell death

BackgroundSonodynamic therapy (SDT) has shown promise as a non-invasive cancer treatment due to its local effects and excellent tissue penetration. However, the limited accumulation of sonosensitizers at the tumor site hinders its therapeutic efficacy. Although nanosonosensitizers have improved local tumor accumulation through passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR), achieving sufficient accumulation and penetration into tumors remains challenging due to tumor heterogeneity and inaccurate targeting. Bacteria have become a promising biological carrier due to their unique characteristic of active targeting and deeper penetration into the tumor.MethodsIn this study, we developed nanosonosensitizers consisting of sonosensitizer, hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME), and perfluoro-n-pentane (PFP) loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanodroplets (HPNDs). These HPNDs were covalently conjugated onto the surface of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) using carbodiimine chemistry. EcN acted as an active targeting micromotor for efficient transportation of the nanosonosensitizers to the tumor site in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. Under ultrasound cavitation, the HPNDs were disrupted, releasing HMME and facilitating its uptakes by cancer cells. This process induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell apoptosis and immunogenic cell death (ICD) in vitro and in vivo.ResultsOur bacteria-driven nanosonosensitizer delivery system (HPNDs@EcN) achieved superior tumor localization of HMME in vivo compared to the group treated with only nanosonosensitizers. This enhanced local accumulation further improved the therapeutic effect of SDT induced-ICD therapeutic effect and inhibited tumor metastasis under ultrasound stimulation.ConclusionsOur research demonstrates the potential of this ultrasound-responsive bacteria-driven nanosonosensitizer delivery system for SDT in TNBC. The combination of targeted delivery using bacteria and nanosonosensitizer-based therapy holds promise for achieving improved treatment outcomes by enhancing local tumor accumulation and stimulating ICD.Graphical

Enhanced cavitation dose and reactive oxygen species production in microbubble-mediated sonodynamic therapy for inhibition of Escherichia coli and biofilm

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging antibacterial therapy. This work selected hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) as the sonosensitizer, and studied the enhanced inhibition effect of Escherichia coli and biofilm by microbubble-mediated cavitation in SDT. Firstly, the influence of microbubble-mediated cavitation effect on different concentrations of HMME (10 µg/ml, 30 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml) was studied. Using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as an indicator, the effect of microbubble-mediated cavitation on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by absorption spectroscopy. Secondly, using agar medium, laser confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the effect of microbubble-mediated cavitation on the activity and morphology of bacteria was studied. Finally, the inhibitory effect of cavitation combined with SDT on biofilm was evaluated by laser confocal microscopy. The research results indicate that: (1) Microbubble-mediated ultrasound cavitation can significantly increase cavitation intensity and production of ROS. (2) Microbubble-mediated acoustic cavitation can alter the morphological structure of bacteria. (3) It can significantly enhance the inhibition of SDT on the activity of Escherichia coli and its biofilm. Compared with the control group, the addition of microbubbles resulted in an increase in the number of dead bacteria by 61.7 %, 71.6 %, and 76.2 %, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of the biofilm decreased by 27.1 %, 80.3 %, and 98.2 %, respectively. On the basis of adding microbubbles to ensure antibacterial and biofilm inhibition effects, this work studied the influence of cavitation effect in SDT on bacterial structure, providing a foundation for further revealing the intrinsic mechanism of SDT.

The Role of Ultrasound Cavitation Combined with Alcalase Enzyme in Improving the Structural and Antioxidant Attributes of Sulfated Polysaccharide from Yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) Skin

ABSTRACT Alcalase enzyme (1 mg) and ultrasound (400 W) at 0–20 min were applied to obtain sulfated polysaccharides from yellowfin skin. Applying 15 min ultrasound resulted in a 0.12% increase in the rate of recovery yield. The intact structure of polysaccharides was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscope. Ultrasound improved the thermal behavior of sulfated polysaccharides by affecting their microstructure, as analyzed by DSC. The color characterization (L*, a*, and b*) of ultrasound-treated samples was found to be superior compared to the control. Applying 15 min led to 16% and 9% enhancing DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities along with improving ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the polysaccharide.

Ultrasound-Mediated Technique for Facilitating Collagen Recovery from Yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) Skin: Insight into the Structure, Functional and Antioxidant Specification

ABSTRACT The highest yield (34%) and imino acid (18.7%) of collagen were obtained from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) skin using 20 min ultrasound. The collagen was identified as type I collagen according to the results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and its structure remained intact, proved by ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Collagen solubility was superior in acidic and low salt environments. Ultrasound cavitation for 20 min improved collagens’ emulsifying (EAI: 78.8 m2/g and ESI: 110.3 min) and foam properties (FA: 151.8% and FS: 133.3%) and water holding capacity (51.9%) by enhancing internal hydrophobic interactions and surface hydrophobicity. 20 min ultrasound resulted in desirable DPPH (61.1%) and ABTS (53.1%) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (0.078 ABS).

Evaluating coal pore structure and gas sorption-diffusion behavior alteration induced by ultrasound stimulation using sorbing tests and matrix diffusion modeling

Coalbed methane development has great significance to ensure the safe and efficient coal mining, clean energy supplementation and carbon emission reduction. Ultrasound stimulation can effectively modify the coal pore/fracture structure and change the gas ad/de-sorption process and diffusion kinetics characteristics, thus altering gas production for coal deformations. This study estimated the pore structure damage and gas sorption-diffusion of coal before and after ultrasound stimulation with gas sorption tests and gas sorption-diffusion modeling. The results show that the maximum nitrogen adsorption capacity increases by 181.2%–218.9% in coal after ultrasound stimulation, and the pore volume and specific surface area of the ultrasound stimulated coals are 1.5–2.0 times and 5.6–7.6 times of those of the raw coals, respectively. Ultrasound stimulation (20 kHz) has a significant modification effect on pores with size of 2∼50 nm. Fractal analysis of pore structure indicates that the pore surface roughness reduces after the ultrasound treatment, and the development of coal pores has become more complex, and the pore heterogeneity has increased with ultrasound stimulation. The sorption tests and gas sorption-diffusion modeling indicate that gas sorption and diffusive transportation increases after the ultrasound treatment, especially in the initial period. In the initial pressure boosting stage (0∼0.5 MPa), the cumulative methane adsorption amount increases by 20.94%, the diffusion coefficient K increases by 17.32%, and the gas adsorption constant b increases by 62.66%, which is attributed to the “pore-forming” and “pore-expanding” effect caused by ultrasound vibration and cavitation. Ultrasonic stimulation technology has a special improvement performance on coal seams with poor matrix gas deliverability, which is beneficial for the life cycle production enhancement of coalbed methane wells.

Infiltrating Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsion and Sensitizing Ultrasound Cavitation to Eradicate Biofilms.

Developing strategies for the treatment of bacterial biofilms is challenging due to their complex and resilient structure, low permeability to therapeutics, and ability to protect resident pathogens. Herein, we demonstrate that a polylysine-stabilized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion is favored for penetrating biofilms and sensitizing the cavitation effect of low-intensity ultrasound, resulting in the dispersal of extracellular polymeric substances and killing of the protected cells. Through experiments, we observed a complete penetration of the nanoemulsion in a 40 μm Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and demonstrated that it was induced by the fluidic perfluorocarbon, possibly attributing to its low surface tension. Furthermore, we presented an almost complete antibiofilm effect with a low-intensity ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.75 W/cm2, 5 min) in diverse cases, including cultured biofilms, colonized urinary catheters, and chronic wounds. During the treatment process, the perfluorocarbon phase enhanced the number and imploding energy of ultrasound cavities, thoroughly divided the biofilm structure, prevented biofilm self-healing, and sterilized the resident pathogens. Thus, the penetration and sensitization of the nanoemulsion might serve as a facile and potent strategy for eradicating biofilms in various applications.

Aminated reduced graphene oxide-CuFe2O4 nanohybride adsorbent for efficient removal of imidacloprid pesticide.

To remove organic and inorganic agrochemicals from contaminated soil and water, adsorption has been regarded as a viable remediation approach. For the removal of organic pollutants, such as pesticides, cost-effective adsorbents have garnered a lot of interest. These include waste-derived materials, clay composites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), nanocomposites, and biochar-modified materials. In this study, copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) was prepared, characterized, and modified with aminated reduced graphene oxide (Am-rGO) to form a CuFe2O4/Am-rGO nanocomposite for the effective removal of imidacloprid (IMD) from water. The Langmuir isotherm model was used to determine the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (CuFe2O4/Am-rGO), which was estimated to be 13.1 (±1.5) mg g-1. At 0.5 mg L-1 IMD, the adsorbents were able to extract up to 97.8% of the IMD from the aqueous solution. The Freundlich model and the pseudo second-order model agreed well with the experimental data, proving that physisorption and chemosorption both played a role in the sorption process. CuFe2O4/Am-rGO nanocomposite offers high stability and improved reusability due to its improved removal efficiency. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, there was no appreciable reduction in elimination. Additionally, after adsorption tests, IMD can be easily removed after adsorption by an external magnetic field. These showed that Am-rGO had changed the surface of CuFe2O4 to make it easier for IMD to stick to it in aqueous solutions. When used adsorbent is co-processed with ethanol extraction and ultrasound cavitation, it can be regenerated and still work well as an adsorbent. Furthermore, CuFe2O4/Am-rGO demonstrated its environmental safety and ability to continue absorbing IMD across a variety of diverse matrices. As a result, this study demonstrates that CuFe2O4/Am-rGO is a long-lasting, easily prepared, and efficient adsorbent for the removal of IMD as one of the neonicotinoids.

A clean and efficient route for extraction of vanadium from vanadium slag by electro-oxidation combined with ultrasound cavitation

Extracting vanadium (V) from vanadium slag (VS) by the traditional roasting-leaching process has disadvantages of high energy consumption and high poisonous gases emission. In this work, a green and efficient route was developed to extract V from VS without roasting by electro-oxidation combined with ultrasound cavitation (EOUC) intensification in sulfuric acid solution. The leaching parameters (e.g., leaching temperature, sulfuric acid concentration, anodic current density, ultrasound power, liquid to solid ratio, leaching time and particle size) were optimized. The leaching mechanism was explored by comparing the leaching behavior and mineralogical evolution of the direct sulfuric acidic leaching (DSL), electro-oxidation-assisted sulfuric acidic leaching (EOSL), ultrasound cavitation-assisted sulfuric acidic leaching (UCSL) and EOUC methods. The results show that introducing electric field strengthens the ultrasound cavitation effect on slag particles in sulfuric acid solution. Under the optimum parameter of EOUC method, the leaching rate of V from VS is as high as 94.64 %. Using EOUC method can open the silicate-wrapped structure of the spinel, increase pore volume of VS from 0.00127 cm3 g−1 to 0.01124 cm3 g−1, decrease slag particle size from 26.8 μm to 16.4 μm and improve specific surface area from 0.508 m2 g−1 to 10.855 m2 g−1, which significantly accelerate V leaching process. The exposed spinel was oxidized by both electrochemical route and chemical route, forming a mixture of V3+ ion and VO2+ ion after leaching.

Magnetically separable new Fe3O4@AgZr2(PO4)3 nanocomposite catalyst for the synthesis of novel isoxazole/isoxazoline-linked 1,2,3-triazoles in water under ultrasound cavitation

In this work, we report a novel magnetically separable Fe3O4@AgZr2(PO4)3 as heterogeneous nano-composite catalyst for the one-pot four-step cascade sulfonylation/Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/azidation/click reactions in water under ultrasound cavitation. This strategy appears to be suitable for obtaining new analogues of isoxazole/isoxazoline-linked 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in sustainable way starting from propargyl or allyl alcohol/sulfonyl chloride/oximes/sodium azide/and terminal alkynes. The effects of ultrasonic probe position as well as vessel shape on the chemical reaction were investigated. Three different types of 25 mL glass vessels were used in this study: round-bottomed flasks, erlenmeyer flasks and pear-shaped flasks. The heterogeneous nanocomposite was synthesized by supporting magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on AgZr2(PO4)3 material (Fe3O4@AgZr2(PO4)3). The crystalline nature and purity of the catalyst were characterized using various techniques, including FT-IR, EDX, and XRD. Dispersity and morphology were characterized by SEM analysis. The findings indicate that Fe3O4 particles ranging in size from 50 to 75 nm were evenly distributed on the surface of AgZr2(PO4)3. The use of an aqueous reaction medium, the simple and inexpensive recovery of the catalyst by the application of an external magnet and the high and constant catalytic efficiency over at least five consecutive cycles make this protocol more interesting from an operational point of view. All synthesized products 6a–j and 7a–f were prepared in excellent yields (86–95 %) in short reaction time (2.25h). Their structures were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS and HPLC analyses.