Ultrasonic Velocity In Liquids Research Articles

Measurement Method of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquid and Solid Using Continuous Wave Signal

The measurement principle of ultrasonic velocity in liquids and solid with the continuous wave signal is suggested using a transmission line model of the ultrasonic system. The measurement system, including network analyzer, ultrasonic transducer, backing, sample and reflector, is successfully configured to evaluate the ultrasonic velocity by the S-parameter. Experiments with liquid and solid samples show agreement between our method and the correlation method within 4 m/s. The features of our method are also discussed.

Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement Using Optical Beam Deflection

A newly designed apparatus for measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids based on the optical beam deflection technique is constructed. This method relies on the phase-sensitive detection of the optical deflection angle. The apparatus is suitable for measurements in the frequnecy range from 5 MHz to 75 MHz. In this study, application of this apparatus to water and diisobutylphthalate is described.

High pressure vle in petroleum fluids: Acoustical and visual experimental determination. comparison with data deduced from a number of E.O.S.

Abstract An apparatus for the measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids at high pressures (up to 90MPa) is briefly described. It was used to determine liquid-liquid transitions and vapour-liquid phase boundaries in synthetic mixtures and petroleum fluids. The experimental results were confirmed using a transparent sapphire high-pressure cell. The experimental vapour-liquid equilibria were compared to those calculated from cubic equations of state, in order to emphasize the practical limitations involved in predicting the bubble point of such mixtures.

Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquid Using a Modified Ultrasonic Correlation System Under Low S/N Condition

A new ultrasonic measurement system introducing techniques of cross-correlation and signal averaging for the accurate measurement of the ultrasonic velocity in liquid is described. Improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 35 dB can be readily attained by averaging the correlation output with the new system which uses a S & H circuit and computer-controlled A/D converter. The usefulness of the S/N improvement for the measurement system under various S/N conditions is verified through the experiments.

High-accuracy differential measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids

An improved technique for measuring very accurately the difference in sound velocity between two liquids is described. The technique, which can be used over a frequency range from 1 to 100 MHz, uses a differential cell that is completely submerged in a thermostatically controlled fluid and a phase-sensitive detection scheme accurate to 2x10(-4) signal periods. Measurements of the velocity difference between water and dilute NaCl solutions (3x10(-5) to 6.6x10(-4) M), accurate to +/-0.02 cm s(-1) (relative accuracy 1 part in 10(7)), are presented.

Determination of ultrasonic velocity in liquids using optical diffraction by short acoustic pulses

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Three-transducer differential phase-shift method for the measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids

A new method for determining ultrasonic velocity (500 kHz) is described. Differential phase shift measurements are made with a three-transducer cell to a precision of ± 0.2%. Calibration data are given for aqueous solutions of NaCl and with mixtures of water and tertiary butyl alcohol.

Laser Visualization of Ultrasonic Phase Gratings

We report a very simple device for directly visualizing ultrasonic phase gratings, which can be used for very accurate measurements of ultrasonic velocity in liquids. The results are very good and useful for teaching purposes and scientific researches.

Comments on “Interferometric Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids—Effect of Diffraction” [S. V. Subrahmanyam, V. Hyder Khan, and C. V. Raghavan, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 46, 272–274(L) (1969)

Sound-speed dispersion in interferometers is attributable to multimode waveguide effects involving the lateral or radial boundary and not simply to free-field diffraction. The empirical equations which have been used for comparison with recent measurements are shown to correspond to special cases of a general theory.

Interferometric Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids—Effect of Diffraction

The effect of diffraction on Sound-velocity measurements in liquids was studied in the low frequency range, 0.6 to 3.0 MHz, using a single-crystal interferometer. The excess velocity ΔC over the plane-wave velocity C was found to follow the relation ΔC/C = 3.2λ32/2π2dD12 where λ is the wavelength, d the beam diameter, and D is the distance from the source at which measurements were made. The diffraction effects are 3.2 times the values envisaged theoretically [from Bass and Williams cited in H. J. McSkimin, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 33, 539 (L) (1961)].

Temperature Variation of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids

Temperature Variation of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids

A CW Phase System for Measurement of Small Changes of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids and Gases

A continuous radio-frequency signal is applied to a sending transducer located at one end of a pipe containing the sample fluid. The frequency and the pipe length are chosen to result in an attenuation of at least 60% so that reflected waves are reduced to negligible proportions. The phase angle between the voltage driving the sender and the voltage produced by a receiver transducer located at the other end of the pipe is measured by means of a phasemeter having a full-scale sensitivity of 1.8°. A system presently in use operates at 20 MHz, with a pathlength of 1 in. in water. The resolution at twice noise level is 0.4-cm/sec change in sound velocity. As a result of the “foldover” characteristic of the phasemeter, it is possible to measure phase changes of thousands of degrees without ambiguity and without sacrifice in resolution.

Precision interferometer for measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids in the frequency range 1–17 Mc/s: Ilgunes, V., et al. Akusticheski Zhurnal, 10, No. 1, p. 54 (1964)

Precision interferometer for measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids in the frequency range 1–17 Mc/s: Ilgunes, V., et al. Akusticheski Zhurnal, 10, No. 1, p. 54 (1964)

Study of Temperature Variation of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids at Low Temperatures

The temperature variation of ultrasonic velocity has been studied in a number of liquids down to the temperatures of -100°C by extending the fixed-path double-crystal interferometer for such a type of study. Non-linear variation of ultrasonic velocity with temperature has been observed in some cases near the melting point. A relation has been proposed between melting point T m and d V / d T and is tested using the data for organic liquids, associated liquids and molten metals. New relations between the melting point T m and the temperature coefficients of ultrasonic velocity, density and adiabatic compressibility following the theoretical relations of Nomoto are obtained and are examined in the light of the experimental data.

A Relation between Ultra-sonic Velocity and Latent Heat of Vaporization

SEVERAL attempts have been made by different investigators to find the relation between ultra-sonic velocity in liquids and the physical properties. One such relation has been obtained by Rao1 empirically. Recently, Kishimoto and Nomoto2 have obtained a relation between temperature coefficient of ultra-sonic velocity and boiling point of a liquid. In this communication we present a new relation between ultra-sonic velocity and latent heat of vaporization.

Study of Temperature Variation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Some Organic Liquids by Modified Fixed-Path Interferometer Method

A simple, rapid, and accurate method of determining temperature coefficient of ultrasonic velocity in liquids is presented. The method is based on a modification of the fixed-path double-crystal interferometer. Temperature variation of ultrasonic velocity in a few organic liquids have been studied by employing this method.

Fixed Path, Variable Frequency Acoustic Interferometer

A fixed path, variable frequency acoustic interferometer is described that is particularly suited for measuring ultrasonic velocities in liquids as a continuous function of temperature and pressure of the medium. The interferometer contains two clamped crystals: one, a low intensity ultrasonic source; and the other, a fixed, parallel reflector. The frequency of excitation, supplied from a frequency generator, is varied, and cyclic changes in input impedance are detected in an impedance bridge circuit. Crystal resonance is avoided. The interferometer, addition to the usual advantages of a fixed path system over a variable path one, operates at very low power levels; hence, it avoids problems occasioned by high intensity pressure waves. Frequency, the measured variable, is one that can be precisely measured with comparative ease. The complete equivalent network for either the fixed or variable path interferometer is presented, from which the operation of the fixed path, variable frequency system is derived. The effect of crystal backing impedance is discussed, and the characteristics of the interferometer are shown to be those of a double crystal interferometer having infinite backing impedance. The velocity of sound in water is measured between 25 and 53°C in the frequency range of 600 to 800 kc. At 25.0°C the measured velocity is 1496.8±0.3 meters/second, and the temperature coefficient is +2.7 meters/second °C.

Investigation of ultrasonic velocities in liquids by a new method

The principle and the experimental details of the new method of determining ultrasonic velocities in transparent liquids along with a brief description of the crystal holder designed to suit this method are given. Ultrasonic velocities determined for about ten common liquids are tabulated along with those obtained previously by different methods. The main features of this method are briefly discussed.

A New Precision Method for the Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocities in Liquids

SEVERAL methods1 are available for the determination of ultrasonic velocities in liquids, of which the liquid film method2 offers many advantages. The new method presented here enables a rapid determination of ultrasonic velocities with a high degree of accuracy.

Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids and Liquid Mixtures

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