Ultrasonic Pictures Research Articles

Reconstructing the Photoacoustic Image with High Quality using the Deep Neural Network Model

The range of diagnostic equipment has been widened and improved by the quick development of biomedical research technologies. The creation of multifunctional instruments that become essential for biomedical operations has been discovered by several research organizations to be made possible by optical imaging, acoustic image analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging. One of the most crucial tools is hyperspectral photoacoustic (PA) imaging, which combines optical and ultrasonic technology. In this study, the reconstruction of the PA pictures employs a new deployment of deep learning methods. This enabled us to train and evaluate our deep-learning approach under several imaging situations in addition to firmly establishing the contextual information. This study presents an optimization approach that blends multispectral optical acoustic imaging with detailed transfer learning-based diagnostic imaging. The particle swarm-convolutional neural network (PS-CNN) technique aims to reconstruct and categorize the presence of cancer using ultrasonic pictures. In image processing, the technique of bilateral filtration (BF) is commonly employed to remove noise. Additionally, the biological images are separated using portable LED Net frameworks. It is also possible to employ a feature extraction technique with the PS optimization methodology. Last but not least, biological images employ a CNN model to assign suitable classification. Using a standard dataset, the PS-CNN technology’s efficacy is confirmed, and testing findings revealed that it performs superior to other methods.

Standardized sonographic examination of pediatric elbow injuries is an effective screening method and improves diagnostic efficiency

IntroductionPositive role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric elbow injuries were confirmed by many papers but no comprehensive, standardized method has been developed for daily clinical practice. The aim of our prospective diagnostic study was to prove the efficacy of a five point sonographic point of care method for detecting different pediatric elbow fractures or dislocations. MethodsBetween 2016 January and 2017 March 365 children (age 1–14) with suspected closed elbow injury were enrolled in our study. Sonographic point of care examination was carried out by a properly trained resident and two orthopedic surgeons immediately after physical survey. We used a standardized five point sonographic examination. Two plane x-rays were made following sonography according to protocol. Utility of sonographic pictures were analyzed by a radiologist. Cases with images which have not met with standard requirements were excluded. In those cases when primary x-rays were negative and/or any of the ultrasound planes showed positive findings, radiography was repeated after 4 weeks of injury. If we detected callus formation the fracture was considered occult. Cases with images which have not met with standard requirements were excluded. Ultrasonic pictures, evaluation sheets and x-ray results were compared. ResultsOut of the 365 cases we identified 165 with positive findings (45, 2%) by primary x-rays. Distribution of the different injuries were the following: Radial condylar fractures, (n = 29) supracondylar humeral fractures (n = 84 proximal radial fractures, (n = 19) proximal ulnar fractures, (n = 7) fractures with joint dislocations (n = 3) joint dislocations without fractures, n = 2 medial epicondyle fractures (n = 14) fracture combinations (n = 7) We did not find injuries in this series that we could not categorize into these groups. Evaluating the abnormal sonographic dorsal fat pad sign (FPS) as a sole parameter for fracture detection we found sensitivity: 0, 97, specificity: 0,97, positive predictive value: 0,97, negative predictive value: 0,97 Evaluating the effectivity of the four cortical planes we calculated sensitivity 0, 85 specificity 0.96 positive predictive value: 0. 95 negative predictive value 0.87. The overall values of the five planes were the following: specificity0.97 sensitivity 1, positive predictive value 0.97 negative predictive value: 1 Interrater agreements on the cortical plane abnormality were considered good at two examiners and very good at one examiner. (Kappa = 0.79, 0, 81, 0, 79) Agreements on differentiation of elevated, normal fat pad) or lipohaemarthrosis in sonographic pictures were very good in all cases. (Kappa = 0,83, 0,86,0,82) While identification of any displacement or dislocation was possible in 96%, of all cases(n = 59)the exact determination of the type of the injury was possible in only 70,3% (n = 116) ConclusionsUsing the five point ultrasonic examination provides enough information for excluding or confirming the presence of any pediatric elbow fractures or dislocations. The method is quick, simple and can help in the immediate differentiation of the severity of injuries. Sonographic lipohaemarthrosis seems to be more sensitive than elevated fat pad sign for the detection of potential occult fractures. Positive cases should be cleared by x-rays because the exact nature of the fractures are not identifiable only by ultrasound.

The application of ultrasound in intravertebral anesthesia

Background Ultrasound imaging technology is a kind of visible technology.It has been gradually used in intravertebral anesthesia.Objective To introduce the features and advantages of the use of ultrasound in intravertebral anesthesia,and summarize its current applications.Content To elaborate ultrasonic pictures of spine,procedures and advantages of ultrasound application,the application of real-time ultrasound and application of ultrasound in children.Trend Ultrasound is very practical in intravertebral anesthesia and it makes the anesthesia more secure and accurate. Key words: Ultrasound; Intravertebral anesthesia; Clinical application

Estimation of beef marbling in the Longissimus muscle with computer image analysis of ultrasonic pictures of the Iliocostalis muscle area

This study investigated an objective method for estimating beef marbling using ultrasonic images of the Iliocostalis muscle and the Lomgissimus muscle area sections. Thirty-one Japanese Black cattle steers were used in this study. The end of the left side shoulder blade bone was scanned using an ultrasonic device. Ultrasonic images were captured of the Longissimus muscle area and that around the Iliocostalis muscle area. Twenty items were measured in the two images using computer image analysis software. The level of beef marbling was measured according to the Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) for carcass grading, and the percentage of ether-extractable fat content in the Longissimus muscle (EE). The difference in the gray level between the Iliocostalis muscle and intermuscular fat (X10) was used to estimate the BMS and the EE, which were highly correlated (r(2) = 67.72% and 61.30%). An equation was developed using four parameters from the two ultrasonic images, which could estimate the BMS (r(2) = 85.88%). This equation could also estimate the EE (r(2) = 68.98%). The equations used to estimate beef marbling were based on one to four parameters that included X10. Thus, ultrasonic images of the Iliocostalis muscle area section are important for estimating beef marbling.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cross‐linked Carboxymethyl Potato Starch Ether Gels

AbstractHydrogels were synthesized by cross‐linking of potato starch (PS) with dichloroacetic acid (DCA) in the presence of monochloroacetic acid (MCA) to form etherified carboxymethyl starch (CMS) gels, to be used for ultrasonic medical examinations. By etherification cross‐linked CMS‐hydrogels can be produced, that are stable in contrast to the in the long‐term unstable esterified gels, that were presented in the last paper. The rheological benchmarks for the CMS‐hydrogels were set in comparison with synthetic ultrasonic gels. Gels with potato starch contents in the reaction batch ranging from 12.5% to 20% showed the best compliance with the benchmark parameters. The DS values of these CMS‐hydrogels vary from 0.42 to 0.49, increasing with decreasing amount of starch in the reaction mixture. The free swelling capacities (FSC) vary between 77 g/g for the 12.5% PS‐gel and 34 g/g for 20% PS‐gel, the turbidities of the samples being in the range from 14.5 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) (12.5% PS) up to 20.5 NTU (20% PS). The variation of the PS fraction in the reaction mixture showed that with an increased amount of PS in the reaction batch the number of cross‐links of the CMS‐gels increases, too. At a higher number of cross‐links the swelling capacity is reduced and the concentration needed to form stable hydrogels is greatly increased. Thus a hydrogel of a polymer concentration of 5 mass‐% from a 12.5% PS batch was produced, that showed the best accordance with the rheological benchmark parameters such as gelatinization time, visco‐elastic and pseudoplastic properties and long‐term stability. The ultrasonic pictures taken with this CMS‐gel were not different from those taken with the synthetic gels. This hydrogel was then subjected to long‐term‐stability measurements performed over one year and to rheological temperature cycle tests. The tests showed that the long‐term stability of the gels is sufficient for their use as ultrasonic gel.

Evolution of echocardiography.

The evolution of echocardiography has been interesting and dramatic. The technology has grown and has become an integral part of the practice of cardiology. As with all technology, there are advantages and disadvantages. The principal disadvantage is the fact that education and training are imperative to provide high-quality examinations and proper interpretations. In addition, many of the diagnoses are still qualitative and subjective. The principal advantage is the amazing versatility of this technology. The wealth of information that can be provided both noninvasively with a transthoracic examination and invasively with either transesophageal or intravascular ultrasound is tremendous. The anatomic and physiological data provided frequently give definitive diagnoses. If performed properly and for the right reason, this test should be very cost effective and should be a major asset in the coming era of medical cost containment. There are many technological advances that should enhance this information. With technology such as digital recordings, it is hoped that the clinicians will have better access to these data and will be more comfortable in interacting with this important diagnostic tool.

ULTRASONIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF NONINVASIVE CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST

Seven cases of noninvasive carcinoma of the breast and 8 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component were clinicopathologically studied to determine the possibility of ultrasonic diagnosis. Both patient groups showed similar clinical features. Palpation of noninvasive carcinomas resulted in benign diseases such as mastopathy and fibroadenoma, but that of intraductal-predominant carcinomas turned out malignant in half of them. Ultrasonic diagnosis indicated malignancy for only one case of noninvasive carcinoma (diagnosing rate of 25%), versus for 2 cases (40%) of in intraductal-predomi nant carcinoma. In both groups, tumors ranged from around 1cm to the maximum of nearly 10cm in size, were not associated with lymph node metastasis and were in Stage I according to tn(N)m classification. The longest survival period of 6 years was noted in both groups, and there have been no recurrence in all patients. Both groups revealed almost similar ultrasonic pictures which could not be differentiated from each other. These pictures were characterized by ill-defined, inner echos in variety, and relatively low echoic tumor with small ratio of the length-to-breadth. From these findings, all patients of both groups can be possible candidates for limited operation, however, some question would be still remained in terms of the necessity of limph node dissection and extent of resection in breast conservation procedure.

ULTRASONIC DIAGNOSIS OF PHYLLODES TUMOR

During the past six years, we have studied 25 patients with evidence of mammary phyllodes tumors. The following results were obtained regarding the feasibility of ultrasonic examination as an aid in the diagnosis of phyllodes tumors. (1) It was found appropriate to divide ultrasonic pictures of phyllodes tumors into two types, namely “cystic” and “medullary”. The special feature of the cystic type was the cleft-like cyst. (2) Two patients with malignant phyllodes tumors were treated. It was difficult to distinguish between benignancy and malignancy in the ultrasonic picutres of the phyllodes tumors.(3) The true-positive rate of ultrasonic diagnosis of phyllodes tumors was only 60%. (4) The false-negative rate was 40%. Three cases were misdiagnosed as fibroadenoma, six as cancer, and one as intracystic tumor. Thus, it was concluded that, under the present conditions, ultrasonic examination does not appear adequate to aid in the diagnosis of phyllodes tumors.

Characteristic echographic features of circumscribed cancer.

Of 964 amputated breast cancers which had been examined preoperatively by ultrasound and mammography, 147 breast (17.0%) contained macroscopically circumscribed tumors and 596 cases (69.0%) showed infiltrative tumors on examination of the cut surface. It is well known that infiltrative types of cancer show ultrasonic images that usually possess clear cut signs of malignancy, such as jagged augmented boundary echoes and acoustic shadows. On the other hand, circumscribed types of cancer do not usually show such signs, but exhibit lobulated shapes and strong, coarse and non-uniform internal echoes. These latter features are intermediate between those of infiltrative cancers and those of solid benign tumors. As such circumscribed cancers are often difficult to diagnose correctly by ultrasonic techniques. The diagnostic accuracy rates by ultrasound were 88.0% in the infiltrative types and 69.4% in the circumscribed types. The ultrasonic pictures of the 147 cases of such circumscribed tumors are classified and discussed.

Ultrasonic evaluation of fetal ventricular growth.

The ratio of lateral ventricle to hemispheric width was measured in 200 normal pregnancies. Statistical curve fitting was tried to predict normal value and 5 and 95 percentiles. Anatomical sections of fetal head are provided to correlate the ultrasonic pictures. A typical case of application is described.

Ultrasonic scanning of normal and pathologic cadaver kidneys and its interpretation (author's transl)

Under certain circumstances the differentiation between a renal cyst and solid renal tumor or other renal diseases can be so difficult that only ultrasonic scanning might point out the right diagnosis. The theoretical basis for ultrasonic scanning is outlined. Characteristic ultrasonic scanning pictures of a normal kidney, a renal cyst and a renal tumor are presented and described. The normal kidney tissue is usually represented by a well-defined outline. The parenchym contains only a few echos representing blood vessels. The center shows a dense echo pattern corresponding to the hilus. A renal cyst is presented as a round echo-free region. A tumor contains an uncharacteristic echo pattern due to its inhomogeneous structure.

Ultrasonic scanning in the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the upper abdomen

During the last four years, a total of about 2,000 ultrasonic scans of the abdomen, 1,712 of them in the upper abdomen, have been performed at the ultrasonic laboratory, surgical department H, Gentofte Hospital. The experience from the patient material is reviewed, leading to a discussion of the possibilities and limitations in the diagnosis of various pathological conditions in the upper abdomen. It may be said that, in general, an ultrasonic picture can be obtained in the case of space-filling processes, whether solid or cystic tumours, abscesses or haematomas, if these are of an order of magnitude of 2–3 cm or more and if they are not covered by gas-filled intestines. The problems associated with the ultrasonic diagnosis of pathological conditions in the individual organs are reviewed, and in addition to the normal findings, ultrasonic pictures are presented of liver metastases, liver cirrhosis with ascites, hydrops vesicae felleae, gall-stone, pancreatic tumours and pancreatic cysts, splenomegaly, subcapsular haematoma of the spleen, retroperitoneal tumour, aortic aneurysm, renal aplasia, hydronephrosis, renal tumour, renal cyst, phaeochromocytoma, rectus sheath abscess and an intra-abdominal haematoma. In brief, it may be concluded that after a rather prolonged period of training the method has now achieved considerable clinical value in many fields, as a supplement to conventional radiology. Considerable research tasks are still waiting to be solved in this field, before the possibilities of ultrasonic scanning can be fully utilized in medical and surgical diagnosis.

Tomographies acoustiques des processus expansifs intra-crâniens: Résultats préliminaires obtenus chez l'adulte par un appareillage expérimental

The authors report preliminary results obtained by an experimental B-scan echoencephalography apparatus. Having described in detail their technical methods, they discuss the general rules of cerebral tomographic interpretation using this technique. The most constant and characteristic ultrasonic pictures have been obtained from the examination of patients with meningiomas. The detection of the other subtentorial space-occupying lesions is more difficult. The reasons for the variability of the results are analyzed. The recent increase of medical interest in such techniques and the relative success of this experimental method encourage the authors to attempt to find solutions to the various technical problems which arise in this type of investigation in the hope of improving diagnostic accuracy.