Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Method Research Articles

Optimization of the Parameters Influencing the Antioxidant Activity and Concentration of Carotenoids Extracted from Pumpkin Peel Using a Central Composite Design

It has been discovered that the peel of a pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), regarded as a waste product of pumpkin processing, has significant amounts of carotenoids and other antioxidants. This study aims to identify the most effective extraction parameters for an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method to extract the total carotenoids (TCs) and assess the antioxidant activity (AA) of pumpkin peel. To determine the effects of the extraction time, temperature, and material-to-solvent ratio on the recovery of TCs and AA, a response surface methodology utilizing the central composite design (CCD) was used. The extraction temperature (6.25–98.75 °C), extraction duration (13.98–128.98 min), and solvent ratio (0.23–50.23 mL) were the variables studied in the coded form of the experimental plan. The carotenoid concentration varied from 0.53 to 1.06 mg/g DW, while the AA varied from 0.34 to 7.28 µM TE/g DW. The findings indicated that the optimal extraction parameters were an 80 °C temperature, a 10 mL solvent ratio, and a 100 min extraction time. The study confirmed that the optimum extraction conditions resulted in an experimental TC yield of 0.97 mg/g DW and an AA of 7.25 µM TE/g DW. Overall, it should be emphasized that the extraction process can be enhanced by setting the operating factors to maximize the model responses.

Environmental Fate and Dietary Risk Assessment Associated with Triafamone, Ethoxysulfuron and Their Metabolites in Rice Ecosystem

ABSTRACT Triafamone and ethoxysulfuron are ALS inhibitor herbicides belonging to sulfonamide and sulfonylurea group of herbicides used for control of weeds in rice ecosystem. Considering the environmental risk of these herbicides, the fate of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron was assessed to understand the best use of these herbicides. Degradation studies were carried out under field conditions in direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) at an application rate of 67.5 and 135 g ha−1 and adsorption-desorption studies were carried out using batch equilibration technique. Residues of triafamone, ethoxysulfuron and their metabolites were extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction method from soil and rice grain samples and liquid liquid extraction from straw samples and quantified using HPLC. Degradation half-life (DT50) of triafamone varied from 13.02–20.93 and 12.09–14.67 days under DSR and TPR conditions, respectively while for ethoxysulfuron DT50 ranged from 11.71–15.64 and 9.90–12.19 days. Among both the herbicides, triafamone was more persistent in the soil and at harvest, concentrations of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron in soil and rice were below the acceptable limit (<0.01 mg kg−1) imposed by principal regulatory agencies. Appearance and persistence of studied metabolites corroborated the degradation of parent molecule. Hazard quotient (HQ) of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron was 0.0013 and 0.000657 suggesting that application of these herbicides was safe for use in rice. Triafamone and ethoxysulfuron had a transient effect on soil biochemical and microbiological parameters depending on herbicide dose and moisture conditions. Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) was 1.81 and 1.06 µg1–1/ng−1ml1/n for triafamone and ethoxysulfuron, respectively. GUS index for triafamone and ethoxysulfuron were 1.4 and 2.0 indicating low and moderate mobility, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that ethoxysulfuron has higher leachability than triafamone. Low to moderate persistence, adsorption and leaching of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron and transient ecological impacts on soil microorganisms may pave the way for safe and efficient weed control in rice cultivation.

NADES-based extraction optimization and enrichment of Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside from Rhododendron arboreum Sm.: Kinetics and thermodynamics insights

Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (Cy3-gal) is the most widespread anthocyanin that has been found to be applicable to nutraceutical and pharmaceutical ingredients. Nevertheless, the process of separation and purification, susceptibilities to heat, and pH inactivation present some limitations. In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method were briefly studied, and the recovery of Cy3-gal from Rhododendron arboreum was highlighted. The NADES, consisting of choline chloride and oxalic acid (1:1), was screened out as an extractant, and single-factor experiments combined with a two-site kinetic model were employed to describe the extraction process. Further, the work investigated ultrasound-assisted adsorption/desorption to efficiently purify Cy3-gal using macroporous resins. The optimal extraction conditions to attain maximum Cy3-gal yield was 30% water in a 50:1 (mL/g) solvent-to-sample ratio, 11.25 W/cm3 acoustic density, and 50% duty cycle for 16 min of extraction time. Under these conditions, the results revealed 23.07 ± 0.14 mg/g of Cy3-gal, two-fold higher than the traditional solvents. Furthermore, of the different resins used, Amberlite XAD-7HP showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher adsorption/desorption capacities (12.82 ± 0.18 mg/g and 10.97 ± 0.173 mg/g) and recovery (48.41 ± 0.76%) percent over other adsorbents. Experiments on the degrading behavior (40–80 °C) of the recovered Cy3-gal were performed over time, and the first-order kinetic model better explained the obtained data. In conclusion, the study asserts the use of ultrasonication with NADESs and XAD-7HP resin for the improved purification of Cy3-gal from the crude extract.

The effect of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of frosted figs pectin

Ultrasound has been widely used in industry due to its high energy and efficiency. This study optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process of frosted figs pectin (FFP) using response surface methodology (RSM), and further investigated the effect of ultrasonic power on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of FFPs. The UAE method of FFP through RSM was optimized, and the optimal extraction process conditions, particle size of 100 mesh, pH value of 1.95, liquid–solid ratio of 47:1 (mL/g), extraction temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 65 min, were obtained. The extraction rate of FFP under this condition was 37.97 ± 2.56 %. Then, the four FFPs modified by ultrasound were obtained by changing the ultrasonic power. Research had found that ultrasonic power had little effect on the monosaccharide composition, Zeta potential, as well as the thermal stability and appearance structure of the four FFPs. However, ultrasonic power had a significant impact on other properties of FFP: as the ultrasonic power increased, the DM% and particle size decreased continuously, while the total carbohydrate content increased. Meanwhile, ultrasonic power also had a significant impact on antioxidant activities of FFPs. From the research results, it could be seen that different ultrasonic power had certain changes in its spatial structure and properties, and the structural changes also affected the biological activity of FFP. The study of the effects of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of FFP lays the foundation for the development and application of FFP in food additives and natural drug carriers.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of pectin from Actinidia arguta Sieb.et Zucc (A. arguta) extracted by ultrasonic.

Pectin was extracted from Actinidia arguta Sieb. et Zucc (A.arguta) using the ultrasound-assisted acid method and the single acid method. The physicochemical properties, structure, and antioxidant properties of two different pectins were investigated. The results showed that the extraction yield of the ultrasound-assisted acid method is higher than that of the single acid method. The molecular structure of A. arguta pectin extracted by the ultrasound-assisted acid method belongs to a mixed structure of RG-I and HG-type domains. Through structural feature analysis, the ultrasound-assisted extraction pectin (UAP) has a more branched structure than the single acid-extracted pectin (SAP). The SAP has a higher degree of esterification than the UAP. The physical property results show that the viscosity, solubility, and water-holding capacity of the UAP are better than those of the SAP. The antioxidant test results show that the hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing powers of the UAP are superior to those of the SAP. This study shows the composition, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of A. arguta pectin extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method to provide a theoretical basis for its application as an antioxidant and other food additives in the food industry.

Application of a portable ion chromatograph for real-time field analysis of nitrite and nitrate in soils and soil pore waters

Real-time monitoring of nitrite and nitrate is crucial for maintaining soil health and promoting plant growth. In this study, a portable ion-chromatograph (IC, Aquamonitrix) analyser, coupled with a field-applicable ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, was utilised for in-field determination of nitrate and nitrite in soils. This is the first application of this type of analyser to soil nutrients. On-site analysis of soil from a local sports field showed 94.8 ± 4.3 μg g−1 nitrate, with LODs of 32.0 μg g−1 for nitrate and 5.4 μg g−1 for nitrite. The results were in close agreement with those obtained using a conventional lab-based IC. Relative standard deviations (%RSDs) for soil analysis using Aquamonitrix were consistently below 10%. The obtained average recoveries of samples spiked with nitrite were 100% and 104% for the portable IC and conventional IC, respectively. Furthermore, to assess the suitability of portable IC for samples with high organic matter content, various natural organic fertilisers were extracted and analysed. The results showed 16.2 ± 0.7 μg g−1 nitrite and 28.5 ± 5.6 μg g−1 nitrate in sheep manure samples with LODs of 2.0 μg g−1 for nitrite and 12.0 μg g−1 for nitrate. The portable IC system was further demonstrated via real-time on-site analysis of soil pore-water acquired using a portable battery-based ceramic pore-water sampler. A continuous increase in nitrate concentration over time was observed (from 80 to 148 μg mL−1) in the soil pore-water in a vegetable garden four days after heavy rain. Unlike conventionally sampled natural waters, 7-day storage of the studied pore water samples revealed no changes in nitrate concentrations. An average of 558 ± 51 μg mL−1 nitrate was detected in the soil pore-water samples analysed on a spinach farm, immediately after irrigation.

Evaluation of volatile components from the tuber, fibrous roots, bud, stem and leaf tissues of Bletilla striata for its anti-colon cancer activity.

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f., a medicinal plant in the Orchidaceae family, is mainly found in East Asia and has extensive pharmacological activities. Plant's volatile components are important active ingredients with a wide range of physiological activities, and B. striata has a special odor and unique volatile components. Yet it has received little attention, hindering a full understanding of its phytochemical components. Employing the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, the volatile components of B. striata's fibrous root, bud, aerial part and tuber were extracted, resulting in yields of 0.06%, 0.64%, 3.38% and 4.47%, respectively. A total of 78 compounds were identified from their chemical profiles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), including 45 components with the main compounds of linoleic acid (content accounting for 31.23%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.53%), and octadecanoic acid (9.5%) from the tuber, 34 components with the main compounds of eicosane, 2-methyl- (28.42%), linoelaidic acid (10.43%), linoleic acid (4.53%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (6.91%) from the fibrous root, 38 components with the main compounds of pentadeca-6,9-dien-1-ol (9.29%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11%), eicosane,2-methyl- (23.43%), and linoleic acid (23.53%) from the bud, and 27 components with the main compounds of linoelaidic acid (5.97%), n-hexadecanoic acid (15.99%), and linolenic acid ethyl ester (18.9%) from the aerial part. Additionally, the growth inhibition activity against colon cancer HCT116 cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining and fluorescence intensity analysis. The volatile extracts exhibited significant growth inhibitory efficacy against HCT116 cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 3.65, 2.32, 2.42 and 3.89mg/mL in the SRB assay, and 3.55, 2.58, 3.12 and 4.80mg/mL in the MTT assay for the root, bud, aerial part, and tuber, respectively. Notably, treatment with the aerial part extract caused morphological changes in the cells and significantly raised the intracellular ROS level. In summary, the chemical profiles of the volatile components of B. striata were revealed for the first time, demonstrating a certain tissue specificity. Additionally, it demonstrated for the first time that these volatile extracts possess potent anti-colon cancer activity, highlighting the importance of these volatile components in B. striata's medicinal properties.

Effect of Extraction effectivity of Senna alata L. Leaves on the Total Phenolic, Antioxidative, Antimicrobial and Antigoat Activity

Phytochemicals from natural product such as part of plants have been widely used as a potential source of herbal medication due to their bioactivity. Ketepeng cina (Senna alata L) is a small shrub that lives in tropical and subtropical regions and commonly used as medicinal plant to cure various diseases from infectious microbes. The current research was aimed to evaluate the extraction effectivity of Senna alata L leaves and the influence of the parameter to the total phenolic content, antioxidative, antimicrobial and antigout activity. Extraction of Senna alata L leaves was conducted by several methods, i.e maceration, ultrasonication and hot water extraction. The study revealed that each method give different yield of extraction and the most effective among those method is maceration, which produce highest yields of extracts (19.4%). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method also resulted in high yield but lower than that of maceration. The maceration method increases the yield by about 170% compared to hot water method. The extracts obtained from maceration method contain highest content of total phenolic (278.39mg GAE/g dry mass), thus demonstrate highest antioxidant activity (IC50 25.68mg/L), but lowest anti uric activity (reducing uric acid level by 85.25%). Maceration method was able to increase total phenolic content by about 128% and improve antioxidant activity by about 41%, compared to hot water method. However, UAE was excellent in producing phytochemicals which were responsible in anti uric activity, thus have the highest percentage in reducing UA level (90.72%), or increases by about 6.4%. compared to hot water method.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction to enhance the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from Commiphora gileadensis leaves

The “ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)” method was utilized in this work to assess how different process parameters affected the yield and recovery of phenolic compounds from the leaf of Commiphora gileadensis, which is one of the medicinal plants with a variety of biological functions. Its leaf is used for a various of therapeutic applications, such as the treatment of bacterial infections, inflammation, and wound healing. The “One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT)” approach was employed to examine the impacts of various UAE process parameters on the process of extraction, which include time of extraction, sample/solvent ratio, ultrasonic frequency, and solvent (ethanol) concentration. The extracts were then investigated for the presence of several phytochemicals using analytical techniques such as “Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS)” and “Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)” studies. The findings showed that the maximum extraction yield, the total phenolic content (TPC), and the total flavonoids content (TFC) of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. gileadensis using the UAE method were at 31.80 ± 0.41 %, 96.55 ± 2.81 mg GAE/g d.w. and 31.66 ± 2.01 mg QE/g d.w. accordingly under a procedure duration of 15 min, ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz, solvent/sample ratio of 1:20 g/mL, and solvent concentration of 40 % v/v. The leaves extract of C. gileadensis included 25 phenolic compounds that were previously unreported, and GC–MS analysis confirmed their presence. Hence, it follows that the UAE technique can successfully extract the phytochemicals from C. gileadensis for a variety of therapeutic uses.

Chemical Characterization of Honeysuckle Polyphenols and Their Alleviating Function on Ultraviolet B-Damaged HaCaT Cells by Modulating the Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Pathways.

Scientific evidence attests that the epidermis receives excessive ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, triggering the generation of substantial quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupted the delicate equilibrium of oxidation-reduction, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. The historical use of honeysuckle polyphenols (HPs) has garnered our attention due to their efficacy in inhibiting oxidative damage. In this study, HPs were prepared from honeysuckle flowers employing an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method and quantitatively analyzed by a LC-MS/MS, and the mechanisms underlying HPs' antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on a UVB-irradiated HaCaT cell model were systematically investigated. The results showed that HPs had a significant cellular repair effect on UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells (p < 0.001). The mechanism of action indicated that HPs could allow Nrf2 to enter the nucleus by regulating the dissociation of Nrf2 from Keap1, which further increases the activity of downstream proteases (SOD and CAT), increases ROS scavenging, and reduces the intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) level. In addition, HPs could down-regulate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inhibit NF-κB (P65) dissociating from IκBα, resulting in a decrease in NF-κB (P65) entry into the nucleus and a decrease in inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). In addition, four key compounds in HPs, including chlorogenic acid, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and luteolin, were selected to verify the mechanism of HPs repairing UVB damage using molecular docking techniques. The experiment suggested that four key active compounds could effectively occupy the Kelch homologue (Kelch) structural domain of Keap1, competitively bind with Nrf2, and facilitate the promotion of Nrf2 binding, ultimately enhancing the translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus. In addition, four key active compounds could effectively interact with NF-κB (P65) through hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic forces to inhibit its entry into the nucleus. In summary, HPs can effectively repair the damage of HaCaT cells by UVB radiation and can be used to develop health and cosmetic products for the treatment of UV radiation-induced diseases.

Characterization and Anti-Ultraviolet Radiation Activity of Proanthocyanidin-Rich Extracts from Cinnamomum camphora by Ultrasonic-Assisted Method.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was employed to separate Cinnamomum camphora proanthocyanidin-rich extracts (PCEs). This extraction process was optimized by the Box-Behnken design, and the optimal conditions, on a laboratory scale, were as follows: an ethanol concentration of 75%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 24 mL/g, an ultrasonic time of 39 min, and an ultrasonic power of 540 W. Under the obtained conditions, the PCE yield extracted by UAE was higher than that from heat reflux extraction and soaking extraction. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was employed to characterize the phloroglucinolysis products of the C. camphora PCEs, by which epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate were identified as the terminal units; epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate were recognized as extension units. The C. camphora PCEs possessed higher anti-ultraviolet activity in vitro compared with the commercially available sunscreen additive of benzophenone with respect to their ethanol solutions (sun protection factor of 27.01 ± 0.68 versus 1.96 ± 0.07 at a concentration of 0.09 mg/mL) and sunscreens (sun protection factor of 17.36 ± 0.62 versus 14.55 ± 0.47 at a concentration of 20%). These results demonstrate that C. camphora PCEs possess an excellent ultraviolet-protection ability and are promising green sunscreen additives that can replace commercial additives.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, Structural Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Alpinia officinarum Hance.

Alpinia officinarum Hance, a well known agricultural product in the Lei Zhou peninsula, is generally rich in polysaccharides. In order to enhance the use of A. officinarum Hance polysaccharides (AOP) in functional food, AOP was extracted using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, and the ultrasonic extraction parameters of AOP was optimized. Furthermore, this study investigated the physicochemical and antioxidant activities of AOPs. In addition, the structural properties were preliminarily determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high performance size exclusion chromatography, and a Zetasizer. Ultimately, this study explored the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activities of AOP. The results showed that the optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction parameters were as follows: ultrasonic time, 6 min; ratio of water to material, 12 mL/g; and ultrasonic power, 380 W. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of AOPs was 5.72%, indicating that ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology is suitable for extracting AOPs due to the reduced time and water usage. Additionally, AOPs were purified using graded alcohol precipitation, resulting in three fractions (AOP30, AOP50, and AOP70). AOP30 had the lowest molecular weight of 11.07 kDa and mainly consisted of glucose (89.88%). The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of AOP30 and AOP70 was lower than that of AOP50 in the ability to scavenge the ABTS radical, while a reverse trend was observed in reducing ferric ions. Notably, the antioxidant activities of AOPs were highly correlated with their polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) and Zeta potential. AOP30, a negatively charged acidic polysaccharide fraction, exhibited electron donating capacities. Additionally, it displayed strong antioxidant abilities through scavenging 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radicals and reducing ferric ions. In conclusion, the present study suggests that AOP30 could be developed as an antioxidant ingredient for the food industry.

Characterization and Function Analysis of Soluble Dietary Fiber Obtained from Radish Pomace by Different Extraction Methods.

Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) benefits human health, and different extraction methods might modify the structure and functions of the SDFs. Radish is rich in dietary fiber. To assess the impact of various extraction techniques on the properties and functions of radish SDF, the SDFs were obtained from white radish pomace using alkaline, ultrasonic-assisted, and fermentation-assisted extraction methods. Analysis was conducted on the structure, physicochemical characteristics, thermal properties, and functional attributes of the SDFs. The study revealed that various extraction techniques can impact the monosaccharides composition and functionality of the SDFs. Compared with the other two extraction methods, the surface structures of SDFs obtained by fermentation-assisted extraction were looser and more porous, and the SDF had better water solubility and water/oil holding capacity. The adsorption capacities of glucose and cholesterol of the SDFs obtained from fermentation-assisted extraction were also improved. Wickerhamomyces anomalus YFJ252 seems the most appropriate strain to ferment white radish pomace to acquire SDF; the water holding, oil holding, glucose absorption capacity, and cholesterol absorption capacity at pH 2 and pH 7 have a 3.06, 1.65, 3.19, 1.27, and 1.83 fold increase than the SDF extracted through alkaline extraction method.

ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF DIETARY FIBERS FROM FENUGREEK SEEDS

In this study, soluble and insoluble dietary fibers were extracted from fenugreek (Trigonella-foenum graecum L.) seeds using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method and the fibers were characterized. The effects of the solid–solvent ratio, ultrasonic amplitude and extraction time were investigated using the response surface methodology to obtain the highest total dietary fiber yield. In addition, functional and physicochemical properties of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers such as water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling capacity, glucose adsorption index and ?-amylase inhibition capacity were determined. The optimum process conditions were determined as follows: the solid–solvent ratio of 52.83 g/L, ultrasonic amplitude of 57.86% and extraction time of 24.68 min. At these conditions, insoluble dietary fiber yield was 50.73% and soluble dietary fiber yield was 28.67%. According to the characterization results, insoluble dietary fiber achieved better physicochemical and functional properties compared to soluble dietary fiber.

Exploring Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Mutingia calabura (Kerukupsiam) Leaf Extract: In vitro Analysis and Molecular Docking Study

Antioxidant activity and antihyperglycemic constituents and of traditional medicinal plants are currently the preferred therapeutic means of treatment and management of diabetes because of the undesired adverse effect of synthetic drugs. Muntingia calabura (Kerukupsiam) leaves and other parts are considered as alternative natural sources of treatment for diabetes. Ultrasonic assisted extraction is a novel approach for extraction of phytoconstituents which gives high extraction yield of bioactive compounds. However, there has been no published information presently on the use of ethanol ultrasonic assisted extraction method for assessment of antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of M. calabura leaves. Hence, the current study aims to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of M. calabura leave extract. IC50 analysis was done to determine the inhibitory concentration and the results obtained from (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay showed IC50 of gallic acid to be 1.008 µg/ml, which is lower than M. calabura leaves extract at 2.5486 (µg/ml), indicating that only small concentration of gallic acid was required to inhibit the free radicals at 50%. However, IC50 analysis for amylase inhibition showed that M. calabura extract had 44.39 µg/ml antidiabetic activity compared to acarbose with 57.1 µg/ml activity. This indicates that M. calabura leaves extract has a better inhibition on amylase activity compared to the acarbose which is a synthetic drug. Further still, in silico study was carried out and the molecular docking result of eight ligands against amylase indicates quercetin had the least binding free energy of -9.1 kcal/mol, indicating the strongest interaction. Using Lineweaver-Burk plot, the results showed a competitive inhibition, hence, it was justified that M. calabura has the potential to manage diabetes and other diseases related to free radicals.

Physicochemical, rheological, antioxidant and immunological properties of four novel non-inulin (poly)saccharides from Asparagus cochinchinensis

The impacts of four extraction techniques, including hot water, ultrasonic-assisted, complex enzyme-assisted and acid-assisted methods, on the morphological, physicochemical properties and bioactivities of Asparagus cochinchinensis (poly)saccharides (EACP, WACP, UACP, and AACP) were investigated and compared. The four samples were mainly composed of glucose, fructose, and galactose with molar ratios of 50.8:22.7:4.4 for WACP, 53.9:26.0:5.3 for UACP, 35.6:14.1:21.4 for AACP and 45.0:15.6:9.0 for EACP, respectively. The rheological result showed that ACPs were non-Newtonian fluids. EACP with high purity (97.65 %) had good DPPH, O2− and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities, and significantly promoted the proliferation of the RAW264.7 cells at low concentration. UACP had good Fe2+ chelating ability, radical (DPPH, O2− and OH) scavenging activities, which might be attributed to the existence of triple-helix structure. AACP had high yield, molecular weight (17,477.2 Da), high crystallinity (23.33 %), and good radical (OH and ABTS+) scavenging activities. All four significantly stimulated the transcript expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as determined by RT-PCR. These results suggest that the exploitation and utilization of non-inulin (poly)saccharides extracted by ultrasonic-assisted, complex enzyme-assisted and acid-assisted extraction methods are potentially valuable as effective and natural immune adjuvants and antioxidants.

Optimization of Ethanol Extraction Technology for Yujin Powder Using Response Surface Methodology with a Box-Behnken Design Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process-Criteria Importance through Intercriteria Correlation Weight Analysis and Its Safety Evaluation.

Here, we aimed to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for Yujin powder (YJP) and evaluate its safety. The ultrasonic-assisted ethanol reflux extraction method refluxing was used to extract YJP. The parameters were optimized through a combination of single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM). The comprehensive Y value score calculated using the content of 13 active ingredients in YJP ethanolic extracts (YEEs) and the yield of the dry extract were used as measuring criteria. RSM with a Box-Behnken design using three factors and three levels was adopted to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP. Finally, acute and subchronic toxicity tests were performed to evaluate its safety. The results revealed the best technological parameters: a liquid-material ratio of 24:1, an ethanol concentration of 69%, assistance of ultrasound (40 °C, 50 kHZ, 30 min), reflux time of 53 min, and reflux temperature of 50 °C. In acute toxicity tests, the maximum administration dosage in mice was 28.21 g/kg, which is higher than 10 times the clinical dosage. Adverse effects in the acute and subchronic toxicity tests were not observed. All clinical indexes were normal. In conclusion, the RSM based on AHP-CRITIC weight analysis could be used to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP and YEEs prepared under the above conditions and ensure high safety.

Optimization and Kinetics Extraction of Natural Dyes from Henna Leaves (Lawsonia inermis L.) with Ultrasonic Assistance

The Lawson dye contained in the leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. has a red-orange color, which can be used as a fabric dye. The solvent is ethanol because it can attract flavonoid compounds bound to Lawson. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method is employed to enhance the extraction process by breaking down cell walls, thereby facilitating a more rapid extraction of the desired solute. This study investigated the effects of material-to-solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and extraction time. The research results were analyzed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to determine the yield of Lawson extract. The Face-Centered Composite Design (FCCCD) method was applied to this study to obtain optimal analysis results and extraction conditions. The independent variables in this study were the ratio of ingredients to solvent (0.02-0.06 g/g), ethanol concentration (20-60%), and extraction time (5-15 minutes). The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at a ratio of 0.02 g/g, an ethanol concentration of 60%, and an extraction time of 15 minutes, with a predicted model yield of 15.417%. The actual yield under these conditions was found to be 15.4934%. Furthermore, the extraction kinetics model was analyzed to study and predict the optimal Lawson extraction results. Extraction kinetics calculations were carried out using first-order and second-order based on the Lagergren equation. The most suitable extraction kinetic model is second-order with a determinant coefficient value, or the value of R2 is 1, which indicates that the order kinetic model equation represents the actual conditions.

Parrotia persica as a Potential Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds: Optimization of Extraction Parameters and Biological Activity Assay

Parrotia persica is one of the endemic plants in Iran and belongs to the Hamamelidaceae family. A wide range of biological activities of this plant have been attributed to several phenolic compounds. In this study, the phenolic bioactive compounds extraction from P. persica leaves was performed using conventional and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques through the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the best extraction conditions and reach the maximum amount of phenolic compounds. The central composite design (CCD) was conducted for the optimization of four extraction parameters, including extraction time, alcohol concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, and temperature. The coding of parameters was performed as an independent variable at five levels. Quantitative and qualitative assessments were achieved by using HPLC, LC-MS, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. According to the results, UAE was chosen as the best method with the optimal extraction values: 15 min as an extraction time, 40% alcohol portion in solvent, solvent-to-solid ratio equal to 30 : 1, and 25°C for temperature. In this regard, it was found that the similarity of experimental to predicted findings was 98.7% for the phenolic content and 94.9% for the mass extract in the UAE method. The findings showed a good similarity between the experimental and predicted values, and no significant changes were observed between the real and theoretical results. In addition, our finding revealed that the optimum extraction yield was 28.5% for the mass extract in the UAE optimization process. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity by DPPH assay indicates that the extract which was obtained using UAE in optimum condition, proposed remarkable antioxidant activity (IC50 29.86 μg·ml−1). Moreover, the cytotoxic assay was performed against PC-3 cancer cells, and it was found that the optimized extract using UAE has a promising cytotoxic activity (IC50 10.4 μg·ml−1) without toxicity toward normal cells. Since there is a possibility to use P. persica as one of the commercial herbal sources, the optimized extraction models could be utilized for scaling up the phenolic compound extraction from P. persica leaf.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, analysis and identification of water extract of propolis

Apis mellifera is one species of bee that produces propolis, a resin-based product. Propolis extraction using ultrasonic assistance is being widely studied. Using water as a solvent is a challenge to capture the bioactive components of propolis. This research aimed to determine the physicochemical quality resulting from the processing of propolis extract from Central Java by ultrasonics using water as a solvent at different temperatures and times. Raw propolis is extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method at low, medium, and high temperatures. Raw propolis is extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method at low, medium, and high temperatures. The study used nine treatments with three replications. The extraction time was carried out for 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The study used nine treatments with three replications. The results of the analysis showed that propolis extraction at different temperatures and times had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), with an average of 6.7–13.3%, 1.10–2.21 mg GAE/mL, and 0.07–0.32 mg QE/mL, respectively. Propolis extraction at different temperatures and times had no significant effect on tannin content, pH, and antioxidant activity. Regarding yield, TPC, TFC, and tannin content values, it was determined that extracting at high temperatures for 30 minutes produced the best results. High temperatures and long timespans are used for the best chance of collecting bioactive components.