The pressure-preserving controller is the key component of deep in situ pressure-preserving coring (IPP-Coring). With increasing drilling depth, the environmental temperature and pressure increase accordingly. However, due to the strength and sealing problems of pressure-preserving controllers, the coring pressure is generally lower than 70 MPa. Establishing a high-temperature and ultrahigh-pressure test system is highly important for improving the strength and sealing performance of pressure-preserving controllers. This paper introduces a high-temperature and ultrahigh-pressure test system for deep IPP-Coring controller performance analysis. The device includes six parts: an auxiliary air source system, a pressurization system, a temperature control system, a hydraulic system, a data acquisition and electrical control system, and an ultrahigh-pressure vessel. The test system can reconstruct a 150 °C and 200 MPa in situ environment and simulate and test the movement state of the corer and the stability of the pressure-preserving action trigger of the pressure-preserving controller in the deep IPP-Coring process. To verify the performance of this test system, saddle-shaped pressure-preserving controllers made of four different materials were subjected to pressure tests under normal-temperature and high-temperature conditions. The results showed that the ultimate pressure-bearing capability of the pressure-preserving controller greatly varied between normal-temperature and high-temperature conditions. The pressure-preserving ability and sealing performance of the pressure-preserving controller decreased significantly at high temperature, and the pressure-preserving controller exhibited significantly different sealing failure characteristics due to material differences. This study is important for progressing the extraction and evaluation of deep reservoir resources.