Ultra High Voltage Transmission Lines Research Articles

Research on the Protection Scheme of a High-Speed Railway Crossing 1000 KV Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Line

The high-speed railway project and the ultra-high-voltage transmission project represent two crucial components of China’s “new infrastructure”. As the construction of these two projects progresses rapidly, it is inevitable that instances of intersections will occur. Extreme conditions may cause damage to ultra-high voltage transmission cables. When a high-speed train passes by an ultra-high voltage transmission line, it poses a serious safety hazard. To address this issue, engineering examples were utilized to examine the protection structure scheme, protection distance, protection load, and construction procedures when a high-speed railway intersects a 1000 KV ultra-high voltage transmission line. A shed structure form and construction method for the electric power protection were proposed to ensure the safe operation of the high-speed railway while also achieving the safe and rapid construction of the high-speed railway protection structure in the safety zone of the approaching 1000 kV ultra-high voltage transmission line. The results indicated that the protection of high-speed railway crossings and 1000 kV ultra-high voltage transmission lines primarily focuses on line-break protection. The concrete shed structure with a straight wall and a flat roof was designed to meet the requirements of high-speed railway crossings. The line-break protection method enables the construction of an automatic warning protection corridor and a complete movable trolley quickly and safely within the safety zone near the transmission line. The implementation effect is, therefore, positive. It can be used as a reference point for other projects of a similar nature.

INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF THE POWER LINES MODELING BASED ON PMU

The article discusses the modeling of power lines based on PMU data to assess the state of overhead lines. Current approaches to solving the problem are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are presented. It has been established that when modeling power lines are traditionally represented in the form of a - circuits scheme, which leads to methodological modeling errors. To reduce the methodological error of modeling, overhead lines (OHLs) can be presented in the form of equations with distributed parameters, which allows for maximum accuracy. However, distributed line equations contain hyperbolic functions and reduce performance in real-time simulations. Based on this, it is noted that the selection of an adequate mathematical model of overhead lines with the appropriate accuracy of synchronized vector measurements in real time when assessing the state of power lines is an important stage of modeling. The article discusses overhead line models using equations with distributed parameters, a -circuits, an equivalent - circuits and chain -circuits depending on the number of links. The results of calculating the mode based on the modeling accuracy using the example of a 500 kV overhead line are presented, as well as the results of comparing various equivalent circuits. It is shown that when modeling overhead line modes based on the results of PMU measurements, representing power lines as chain circuits with links 50 km or less in length is appropriate, since it makes it possible to obtain a model accuracy that is adequate to the PMU measurements. Methodological errors in modeling ultra-high voltage transmission lines using the equations of long lines have been studied. The obtained results can be used for monitoring, analysis and operational management of the electric power system

Simulation Analysis of Corona Pulse Propagation along the Line Based on an Actual Transmission Line

Abstract In the partial discharge test of the shunt reactor of the ultra-high voltage transmission line, the corona discharge caused by high voltage interferes with the test. To further study the propagation rules of the corona pulse on the line side in the transmission line during the ultra-high voltage partial discharge test, based on the parameters of an actual transmission line, the ATP-EMTP electromagnetic simulation software was used for modeling. The propagation rules of corona pulses in the transmission line were analyzed in detail through the simulation model. As the propagation distance increases, different frequency components show different degrees of attenuation. The higher the frequency is, the faster it attenuates.

Meteorological Characteristics of a Continuous Ice-Covered Event on Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines in Yunnan Region in 2021

Yunnan plays a pivotal role in transmitting electricity from west to east within China’s Southern Power Grid. During 7–13 January 2021, a large-scale continuous ice-covering event of ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines occurred in the Qujing area of eastern Yunnan Province. Based on ERA5 reanalysis data and meteorological observation data of UHV transmission line icing in China’s Southern Power Grid, the synoptic causes of the icing are comprehensively analyzed from various perspectives, including weather situations, vertical stratification of temperature and humidity, local meteorological elements, and atmospheric circulation indices. The results indicate a strong East Asian trough and a blocking high directing northern airflow southward ahead of the ridge. Cold air enters the Qujing area and combines with warm and moist air from the subtropical high pressure of 50–110° E. As warm and cold air masses form a quasi-stationary front over the northern mountainous area of Qujing due to topographic uplift, the mechanism of “supercooling and warm rain” caused by the “warm–cold” temperature profile structure leads to freezing rain events. Large-scale circulation indices in the Siberian High, East Asian Trough, and 50–110° E Subtropical High regions provided clear precursor signals within 0–2 days before the icing events.

Research on resistance detection robot for UHV tension insulator string

Insulator inspection robots can realize automatic and rapid inspection of insulators of ultra-high voltage transmission lines, which is an important guarantee equipment for the continuous safe operation of the national power grid. Aiming at the needs of ultra-high voltage insulator string inspection, an insulator robot is designed to realize efficient and stable insulator string motion and insulator detection, and the main work includes proposing a new insulator string motion robot configuration and realizing its string motion and inspection functions in the form of a physical prototype. It has been proved that the robot has a large motion load and strong motion performance, and can be adapted to the complex working conditions consisting of a variety of insulators within a certain size range.

Nonlinear Performance of Steel Tube Tower in Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines under Wind Loads

As complex, statically indeterminate structures, transmission towers are subject to complex forces and are usually simplified into truss structures that only consider the effects of axial force. When the load and deformation of a tower are small, it is reasonable to carry out analysis according to the linear elasticity theory. However, the height of an ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission tower is significantly large, meaning that the calculation result according to the current elastic analysis method often has a large deviation from the actual stress of the structure. With the influence of the bending moment at the end of the member, a numerical model is established considering the influence of geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity in this paper. The stress distribution characteristics and development law of UHV transmission towers in linear and nonlinear stress states are analyzed and studied. The real tower test and elastoplastic ultimate bearing capacity analysis show that the elastoplastic analysis is closer to the actual tower. The UHV steel pipe tower designed according to the linear elasticity and small deformation theory has a large safety margin under the design load, resulting in a significant waste of materials. Under the action of heavy load, the tower exhibits strong nonlinearity, and the influence of geometric and material nonlinear factors should be fully considered when designing the structural components in UHV transmission towers.

Detection of decomposed gases in SF6 surge arrester contaminated conditions in ultra-high voltage transmission lines based on Ta-doped defective h-BN nanosheet: A DFT study

SF6 surge arrester on ultra-high voltage transmission lines plays a critical role in the entire power transmission system. They not only protect electrical equipment from the dangers of high transient over voltages, but also bear the responsibility of maintaining the safety and stability of the transmission lines. Detecting the decomposed gases under polluted conditions inside SF6 surge arresters is of paramount importance. In this paper, based on extensive investigations and the application of density functional theory and 2D materials, we conducted a study on the detection of decomposed gases (HF, H2S, SOF2) in SF6 surge arresters for ultra-high voltage transmission lines under polluted conditions using Ta-doped defective h-BN nanosheets gas sensor. Revealing the adsorption and sensing mechanisms of these target gases on h-BN sensors through band structure, density of states, projected density of states, and differential charge density analysis. The results showed that Ta metal particle modification significantly improves the electronic activity of defective h-BN, substantially reducing the band gap values from 4.560 eV to 0.153 eV and 0.912 eV in the B atom and N atom defective oping systems. Meanwhile, Ta-doped defective h-BN exhibits strong selectivity and sensitivity to three decomposition components, with the adsorption capability ranking as SOF2 > H2S > HF, all of which are physical chemisorption types. Furthermore, in terms of various adsorption parameters, defective h-BN’s adsorption ability far surpasses other materials, offering broad prospects for practical applications. The results of this work contribute to the development and application of Ta-doped defective h-BN sensors for the detection of decomposed gases inside SF6 surge arresters under polluted conditions.

Including Shield Wires in the Analysis of Transient Processes Occurring in HVAC Transmission Lines

The article presents an analysis of electromagnetic transient processes in long ultra-high voltage transmission lines, taking into account shield wires. It was shown that EMTP and Matlab/Simulink software are currently widely used in the study of transient processes in power lines. The EMTP software package uses the finite element method when integrating the equation that mathematically models the distributed parameter transmission line. The Matlab/Simulink software uses the d’Alembert method. In both cases, it is not known how the boundary conditions for the partial differential equation that mathematically models the transmission line are determined. The power line is analyzed as a distributed parameter system, described by a second-order partial differential equation. The advantage of the proposed method of calculating the boundary conditions for the abovementioned equation is the use of boundary conditions of the second and third types of Neumann and Poincaré, which allowed us to take into account the mutual influence of shield wires and phase conductors of the line in one power system. On this basis, the methodology for obtaining time domain graphs, spatial distributions, and traveling wave distributions of voltages and currents for phase conductors and line shielding wires is presented. The results of a computer simulation of transient processes when switching on the power line, taking into account controlled phase commutation and under single-phase earth fault conditions, are presented. All calculation results of transient processes presented in the article were obtained exclusively using numerical methods.

Can inter-provincial transmission reduce regional carbon emissions? Evidence from China

Plagued by worsening pollution in load centers along the eastern coastal regions such as Beijing-Tianjin -Hebei, China is reducing local coal-fired power plants in those regions and relying more on inter-regional power transmission. In recent years, China has accelerated the construction of the West-East Electricity Transmission Project and planned and constructed a number of Ultra-high Voltage (UHV) transmission lines. However, how the impact of inter-regional transmission on carbon emissions needs empirical verification. This paper aims to study the carbon emission reduction effect of inter-regional transmission under nested models of the spatial econometric model for panel data. The empirical results show that although the non-dynamic spatial econometric analysis can find the carbon emission reduction effect of inter-provincial transmission, the long-term effect obtained by the dynamic spatial econometric analysis indicates that the inter-provincial transmission can bring about a slight increase in carbon emissions. The inter-provincial power transmission needs to be supported by sustainable share growth of renewable energy to achieve the targeted mitigation of carbon emissions.

Study on the Effect of Anti-galloping Device with Cubic Stiffness and Particle Damping

The galloping of iced conductors is a common disaster of overhead conductors. Most traditional anti-galloping devices lack a nonlinear dynamic vibration absorber; hence, they have a limited anti-galloping effect. In this study, we designed, optimized, and tested an electric power fitting and an anti-galloping device with cubic stiffness and particle damping for ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission lines. We built a nonlinear dynamic model of the coupling galloping system comprising split conductors and anti-galloping devices. The harmonic balance method obtained the steady-state analytical solutions and corresponding averaged equations. The test spans in the laboratory were used to design the test program and equipment. We verified the accuracy of the nonlinear dynamic model and the harvesting effect of the anti-galloping device with cubic stiffness and particle damping. The theoretical and experimental results were highly consistent, and in the range of (0, 2] Hz, the anti-galloping device reduced the galloping amplitude. Therefore, cubic stiffness and particle damping can effectively improve the anti-galloping ability of UHV transmission lines, prolonging their service period.

Effects of Common In-Service Defects of Different Insulators on Radio Frequency Interference Emission from 765 kV Insulators String

Worldwide utilities are preferring Ultra-High Voltage (UHV) transmission lines for transmitting electric power from generating stations to load centres. This long-distance UHV transmission line uses porcelain, glass and composite insulators. Fault-free operation of these insulators is vital to provide reliable service to consumers. Any defects on these insulators may lead to outages and affect the reliability of the supply system. To ensure reliability, utilities are continuously monitoring the condition of transmission line insulators. Nowadays in addition to providing reliable and quality power to the consumers, the utilities are keen on measuring and reducing The Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) from transmission lines. Under normal operating conditions, the RFI of the insulator string may be less than the specified limit. However, evolving inservice defects and deposition of pollutants on the surface of the insulator may increase the RFI level, sometimes it may exceed the specified limit also. This higher emission may affect the operation of nearby other electronic equipment. In this present work, an attempt is made to measure and compare RFI from healthy and defective 765 kV single I suspension string in the shielded indoor laboratory. It was observed that defects and pollutants deposited on insulators have induced corona/spark or gap discharges at the operating voltage level, which in turn increases the intensity of RFI.

The impact of ultra-high voltage projects on carbon emissions in China.

The inter-regional ultra-high voltage (UHV) projects are crucial for power systems. Carbon emissions associated with the power sector cannot be ignored. In this paper, based on the panel data of 198 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2019, a multi-period difference-in-difference model is developed for the first time to examine the impact of UHV projects on carbon emissions. Empirical results show that UHV projects increase overall carbon emissions. This impact can also be achieved through the mechanisms of the scale of power generation and the level of economic development. Heterogeneity research demonstrates that the carbon emissions issue of UHV projects is more significant in cities with low levels of economic development and a large proportion of secondary industries. Extensibility research shows that UHV projects have a more significant impact on carbon emissions in power-sending cities than that in power-receiving cities. The more clean power the UHV transmission lines transmit, the less impact on carbon emissions. This study not only enhances our understanding about the impact of UHV projects on carbon emissions, but also provides inspiration for the low-carbon pathway transition.

Hazards and Treatment of Collapsible Loess Foundation on Ultrahigh Voltage Transmission Lines

With the development of ultrahigh voltage transmission line construction in northwest China, an increasing number of overhead transmission lines are crossing the loess regions. Ensuring the stability of electricity transmission towers and mitigating the risk of collapse are crucial prerequisites for the construction of transmission lines. Taking the 750 kV demonstration electricity transmission line in Guanting–Lanzhou East as an example, representative loess samples were selected for compression and collapsing sensitivity tests. Four foundation treatment schemes were designed, and the wetting deformation characteristics were investigated through numerical simulation of the rainfall infiltration process. Corresponding optimisation schemes were proposed. The collapsing process was divided into four stages through laboratory collapsing tests. The relationship function between saturation and the Duncan–Chang model parameters of loess was established, which was introduced into the finite element model to consider the rainfall infiltration process. The analysis of the displacement field, and loess saturation field with time after rainfall infiltration for the four schemes showed that adding a lime-stabilised soil cushion layer and waterproof layer to the inclined column foundation had the best effect. Given that the design scheme needs to consider safety and economy, the thickness of the cushion layer was optimised, thereby reducing the use of lime-stabilised soil by 20%. Research findings provide meaningful guidance for the design of transmission tower foundations in loess areas.

Amplitude Based Pilot Protection for Transmission Line

Abstract: Distance protection and differential protection schemes are the two primary types of protection schemes employed in gearbox line protection today. However, industrial practice has shown that commonly used gap prevention techniques are limited in tripping speed and selectivity. The timing of the samples in each of the two relays located at the gearbox line terminals also affects the differential protection mechanism. On the other hand, pilot safety schemes using only the communication link to exchange local decision-making about fault conditions are not affected. These method include protection of Extra High Voltage (EHV) and Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission lines. Synchronization of time. The problem of creating a fast and accurate fault detection system for the safety of EHV/UHV transmission lines, which is crucial in present power systems, is the subject of this master's thesis. The protection method described in this thesis is the foundation for the detection and analysis of waves travelling wave along transmission at fault initiation. This method compares the arrival of the first traveling waves at both ends of the protected line with respect to direction. This will establish whether the fault is located in the safe zone or not. Based on high voltage transmission network safety requirements a suitable phase sequence algorithm is developed to control single phase tripping. Finally, through simulations conducted in the MATLAB environment, practical design concerns for incorporating the newly proposed protection algorithm into a numerical relay unit are investigated.

Experimental Study on the Transient Electric Shock Characteristics Between Metal Sheds and the Human Body Near Ultrahigh Voltage Alternating Current Transmission Lines

With the development of ultrahigh voltage (UHV) transmission lines in China, line corridors are becoming increasingly limited, and the lines pass closer to inhabited areas and the occurrence probability of induced electric shocks are increased. The research on transient electric shock and human sensory is essential due to the displeasure and complaints of people on electric shock. In this article, a real-size metal shed was established near a 1000-kV UHV alternating current (ac) transmission line, and the induced voltage and transient current characteristics were studied when the human body was in contact with the shed. Then, the amplitude and pulsewidth of the transient electric shock current were investigated, and the associations between discharge energy and sensation were established. The research found that transient electric shock is the most serious when the grounded human body contacts the insulated shed, and the imparted electric shock energy reaches 25 mJ. When the body and the shed are grounded, there is no electric shock sensation. When the insulated human body is in contact with the insulated shed, the electric shock sensation is intermediate, and women's perceptions of pain are more intense. The results provide references to transient electric shock protection for power transmission lines.

Bird pecking damage risk assessment of UHV transmission line composite insulators based on deep learning

AbstractHere, a method for assessing the risk of bird pecking damage of composite insulators in ultra high voltage (UHV) lines is proposed using electric field (E‐field) simulation and deep learning. The distribution of E‐field on composite insulators is analysed via numerical simulation for different damage locations and damage sizes. Then, using the defective images of composite insulator strings captured in real inspection environments, the corresponding annotation image data set is constructed according to the finite element calculation results of E‐field under different damage conditions, and through the application of the YOLOX deep learning neural network, the risk assessment of the damage caused by bird pecking of insulators for UHV lines is conducted. Furthermore, to prevent overfitting of YOLOX with small‐scale images, transfer learning, as well as data enhancement, are applied to the YOLOX training process. According to the results, the mean average precision (mAP) of the model is 0.79, indicating that it is capable of high accuracy recognition, provides guidance for operation and maintenance personnel.

Research on Live overhaul Method and Equipment for V-hanging Insulator String of Medium Phase Bridge Shape Cross Bear in 500kV Transmission Line

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines are important for electricity transmission. Medium phase bridge shape cross bear is a special structure; No tool can be used to replace the V-hanging insulator string with live power. In view of this problem, the live overhaul method of V-hanging insulator string of medium phase bridge shape cross bear in 500kV transmission line is invented, the security is analyzed, and the developed equipment is simulated and tested. The results of the research show that it can meet working conditions and accelerate working efficiency, which is important for the kind of maintenance.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Steel Tubes in Transmission Towers at Various Inflow Conditions

With the extensive construction of ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines, the fatigue damage of steel tube members caused by vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in tubular towers has received growing attention. Although some progress has been made in the research of the VIV of steel tubes in uniform flow, there is still relatively scarce research on the VIV of steel tubes at various inflow conditions. In this paper, a series of wind tunnel tests are conducted to investigate the VIV of the steel tube subjected to uniform, turbulent, and oblique flows. Three turbulence intensities (Iu = 5.9%, 9.7%, and 12.6%), and four yaw angles (α = 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°) are considered. The results show that the VIV response of the steel tube in the in-line (IL) direction is negligible compared to that in the cross-flow (CF) direction. The displacement amplitude gradually decreases as the turbulence intensity increases, accompanied by a more unstable response. For the inclined steel tube, the VIV maximum amplitude almost remains constant when α ≤ 20°, while it sharply decreased in the case of α = 30° and α = 40°. Furthermore, it was found that the so-called independent principle is applicable for α ≤ 10°.

Operational modal analysis of two typical UHV transmission towers: A comparative study by fast Bayesian FFT method

The ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission tower is currently the most advanced transmission tower in the world. The UHV transmission line is mainly composed of tangent towers and tension towers with different structural forms. This is interesting from a dynamic point of view, since the two typical structures may behave differently in terms of dynamic characteristics. In this study, a comparative study on operational modal analysis (OMA) of these two typical UHV transmission towers under ambient test is carried out by a fast Bayesian FFT method. Prior to the test, the selected frequency bands of modeling are determined by the sensitivity analysis. A structural health monitoring (SHM) system is installed on the towers during the maintenance period to monitor the acceleration response. The dynamic properties of the towers are obtained by the recently developed fast Bayesian FFT method and compared, the accuracy approximation of the Bayesian approach is verified by frequency domain information reconstruction. Furthermore, the damping ratio results as well as other voltage levels are compared with different nations codes. It is found that the stiffness of the tension tower is relatively higher than that of the tangent tower. The first-mode damping ratio results of tower in all directions exceeds 2.59% and the vertical cross-arm direction of tension tower reaches 4.54%. The research results can provide a reference for the wind resistance design for UHV transmission tower, and can be used in model updating in the future works.

Analysis of transient electromagnetic processes in the ultrahigh voltage transmission line during two-phase short circuits

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