Ultra Harmonic Research Articles

Leakage current characteristics and ageing assessment technology of roof arrester under ultra harmonics overvoltage

The large leakage current of the roof arrester caused by the high-frequency resonant overvoltage on the high-speed train occurs intermittently, which will cause the arrester to overheat locally. In this work, the overheating issue of the arrester under Ultra Harmonics Overvoltage is studied. Then, the relationship between the active power and the voltage (including amplitude and frequency) of the arrester is investigated, and the impact mechanism of the harmonic voltage on the overheating fault of the arrester is analysed based on experiments in this work. It is found that the total leakage current of the arrester is proportional to the amplitude and frequency of the applied voltage. The internal resistance of the arrester is independent of the amplitude of the voltage, but it will decrease with the increase of the frequency. The main reason that leads to thermal breakdown of the arrester valve under high-frequency harmonic voltage is the heating power elevation of the arrester valve. The research study can provide theoretical basis and data support for the design, type selection and monitoring of the high-speed train roof arrester.

On the Development of a Novel Contrast Pulse Sequence for Polymer-Shelled Microbubbles.

Contrast agents are routinely used in ultrasound examinations. Nonlinear ultrasound imaging techniques have been developed over decades to enhance the contrast between the tissue and the blood pool after the injection of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). In this study, we introduce a new contrast pulse sequence, CPS4. The CPS4 combines pulse inversion (PI), subharmonic (SH), and ultraharmonic (UH) techniques to remove propagation distortion while capturing the unique SH and UH responses from UCAs. The novel CPS4 and conventional PI, SH, and UH techniques were used to detect the presence of a research-grade, thick-shell, polymer microbubble in a tissue-mimicking flow phantom. The contrast-to-tissue ratios (CTRs) obtained from the applications of all techniques were compared. The results show that the highest CTR of approximately 16 dB was obtained using CPS4, which was superior to the individual reference techniques: PI, SH, and UH techniques, in all scenarios considered in this study.

The effect of 220 kHz insonation scheme on rt-PA thrombolytic efficacy in vitro

Ultrasound-enhanced recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) thrombolysis is under development as an adjuvant to ischemic stroke therapy. The goal of this study was to design a pulsed ultrasound (US) exposure scheme that reduced intracranial constructive interference and tissue heating, and maintained thrombolytic efficacy relative to continuous wave (CW) insonation. Three 220 kHz US schemes were evaluated, two pulsed insonation schemes (15 cycles, 68 µs pulse duration, 33% or 62.5% duty cycle) and an intermittent CW insonation scheme (50 s active, 30 s quiescent) over a 30-min treatment period. An in silico study using a finite-difference model of transcranial US propagation was performed to estimate the intracranial acoustic field and temperature rise in the skull for each insonation scheme. In vitro measurements with flow were performed to assess thrombolysis using time-lapse microscopy. Intracranial constructive interference was not reduced with pulsed US using a pulse length of 15 cycles compared to intermittent CW US. The 33.3% duty cycle pulsed US scheme reduced heating in the temporal bone as much as 60% relative to the intermittent CW scheme. All insonation schemes promoted sustained stable cavitation in vitro and augmented thrombolysis compared to rt-PA alone (p < 0.05). Ultraharmonic (UH) and harmonic cumulative energy over a 30 min treatment period was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the intermittent CW US scheme compared to either pulsed US scheme. Despite the difference in cavitation emissions, no difference was observed in the clot lysis between the three US schemes. These findings demonstrate that a 33.3% duty cycle pulsed US scheme with a 15-cycle burst can reduce bone heating and achieve equivalent thrombolytic efficacy as an intermittent CW scheme.

A simple method to analyze the super-harmonic and ultra-harmonic behavior of the acoustically excited bubble oscillator

The bubble oscillator is a highly nonlinear system, which makes it difficult to generate a comprehensive understanding of its oscillatory behavior. One method used to investigate such complex dynamical systems is the bifurcation analysis. Numerous investigations have employed the method of bifurcation diagrams to study the effect of different control parameters on the bubble behavior. These studies, however, focused mainly on investigating the subharmonic (SH) and chaotic oscillations of the bubbles. Super-harmonic (SuH) and ultra-harmonic (UH) bubble oscillations remain under-investigated. One reason is that the conventional method used for generating bifurcation diagrams cannot reliably identify features that are responsible for the identification of SuH and UH oscillations. Additionally, the conventional method cannot distinguish between the UHs and SHs. We introduce a simple procedure to address this shortcoming. In this method, the maxima of the bubble oscillatory response were selected and plotted alongside the traditional bifurcation points for the corresponding control parameter. Results show that depending on the control parameters the conventional method or the method of maxima may miss intricate details of the oscillations. In order to have a comprehensive knowledge on the rich dynamics of the system, the two methods should be employed side by side. Through plotting the two bifurcation structures in tandem, the oscillatory behavior of the bubble was analyzed with more detail, and stable SuH and UH bubble oscillations were investigated. Based on this new analysis, the conditions for the generation and amplification of UH and SuH regimes are discussed.

A modified Wilkinson power divider with ultra harmonic suppression using open stubs and lowpass filters

In this paper, a modified 1 GHz Wilkinson power divider with ultra harmonics suppression is proposed. In the presented divider, three open stubs are used at three ports of divider and two compact low-pass filters are used as quarter-wavelength transmission lines paths. The proposed divider shows excellent specifications and suppresses significant number of unwanted harmonics (2nd–30th) with high attenuation, which features the ultra wide stopband bandwidth. To the best knowledge of the authors, the proposed divider shows the widest harmonics rejections band, compared to recent power dividers. The achieved size of the fabricated divider is only 34.6 mm × 31.2 mm (0.14 λg × 0.13 λg).

Thrombolytic efficacy and cavitation activity of rt-PA echogenic liposomes versus Definity exposed to 120-kHz ultrasound

Echogenic liposomes can be used as a vector for co-encapsulation of the thrombolytic drug rt-PA and microbubbles. These agents can be acoustically activated for localized cavitation-enhanced drug delivery. The objective of our study was to characterize thrombolytic efficacy and sustained cavitation nucleation and activity from rt-PA-loaded echogenic liposomes (t-ELIP). A spectrophotometric method was used to determine the enzymatic activity of rt-PA released from t-ELIP and compared to unencapsulated rt-PA. The thrombolytic efficacy of t-ELIP, rt-PA alone, or rt-PA and the commercial contrast agent Definity® exposed to sub-megahertz ultrasound was determined in an in vitro flow model. Ultraharmonic (UH) emissions from stable cavitation were recorded during insonation. Both UH emissions and thrombolytic efficacy were significantly greater for rt-PA and Definity® over either rt-PA alone or t-ELIP with equivalent rt-PA loading. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of t-ELIP was significantly lower than free rt-PA. When the dosage of t-ELIP was adjusted to compensate for the lack of enzymatic activity, similar thrombolytic efficacy was found for t-ELIP and Definity® and rt-PA. However, sustained ultraharmonic emissions were not observed for t-ELIP in the flow phantom.

Cavitation thresholds of contrast agents in an in vitro human clot model exposed to 120-kHz ultrasound.

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) can be employed to nucleate cavitation to achieve desired bioeffects, such as thrombolysis, in therapeutic ultrasound applications. Effective methods of enhancing thrombolysis with ultrasound have been examined at low frequencies (<1 MHz) and low amplitudes (<0.5 MPa). The objective of this study was to determine cavitation thresholds for two UCAs exposed to 120-kHz ultrasound. A commercial ultrasound contrast agent (Definity(®)) and echogenic liposomes were investigated to determine the acoustic pressure threshold for ultraharmonic (UH) and broadband (BB) generation using an in vitro flow model perfused with human plasma. Cavitation emissions were detected using two passive receivers over a narrow frequency bandwidth (540-900 kHz) and a broad frequency bandwidth (0.54-1.74 MHz). UH and BB cavitation thresholds occurred at the same acoustic pressure (0.3 ± 0.1 MPa, peak to peak) and were found to depend on the sensitivity of the cavitation detector but not on the nucleating contrast agent or ultrasound duty cycle.

Research on the Nonlinear Hysteretic Response Characteristics of Intelligent Vibratory Roller under Horizontal Excitation Mode

This paper introduced Bouc-Wen model to describe the elasticoplastic deformation of compacted soil on horizontal excitation, converts it to a direct polynomial expression using Taylor Expansion based on one order approximation. A 2-def dynamic model was established in terms of the simplified Bouc-Wen model. According to the first order approximation, the equivalent damping coefficient and equivalent stiffness coefficient were deduced through the harmonic linearization method. By means of numerical simulation, during the beginning of compaction ultra harmonics occur in drum, its spectrums present in addition to the fundamental wave only rich odd harmonics. With the increase of soil density during the compaction process, the slipping of the drum on the soil surface may be induced, the drum occurs from periodic motion to quasi periodic motion, its response spectrums and hysteretic loop would change along with the excitation amplitude-frequency changes. In theory the conclusion of the article is valuable to ensure the compaction quality and improve compaction efficiency.

Chemodynamical models of barred galaxies

The use of chemodynamical simulations of disc galaxies calibrated in B and K bands allows us to compare the location of Ultra Harmonic Resonance (UHR) and corotation (CR) with photometrically estimated bar lengths. We apply several observational criteria to determine bar lengths. We show that the minimum of ellipticity located just outside the bulk of the bar is correlated with CR whereas the location of UHR can be approximated using the end of the position-angle plateau of bar isophotes. We give evidence that the classification of slow/fast bars, based on the ratio = R CR /R bar could increase from 1 (fast bar) to 1.4 (slow bar) just by a change of method.

Chemodynamical models of barred galaxies

The use of chemodynamical simulations of disc galaxies calibrated in B and K bands allows us to compare the location of Ultra Harmonic Resonance (UHR) and corotation (CR) with photometrically estimated bar lengths. We apply several observational criteria to determine bar lengths. We show that the minimum of ellipticity located just outside the bulk of the bar is correlated with CR whereas the location of UHR can be approximated using the end of the position-angle plateau of bar isophotes. We give evidence that the classification of slow/fast bars, based on the ratio = R CR /R bar could increase from 1 (fast bar) to 1.4 (slow bar) just by a change of method.

The length of stellar bars in SB galaxies and N-body simulations

We have investigated the accuracy and reliability of six methods used to determine the length of stellar bars in galaxies or N-body simulations. All these methods use ellipse fitting and Fourier decomposition of the surface brightness. We have applied them to N-body simulations that include stars, gas, star formation, and feedback. Stellar particles were photometrically calibrated to make B and K-band mock images. Dust absorption is also included. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of each method, the effects of projection and resolution, as well as the uncertainties introduced by the presence of dust. The use of N-body simulations allows us to compare the location of Ultra Harmonic Resonance (UHR or 4/1) and corotation (CR) with measured bar lengths. We show that the minimum of ellipticity located just outside the bulk of the bar is correlated with the corotation, whereas the location of the UHR can be approximated using the phase of the fitted ellipses or the phase of the m=2 Fourier development of the surface brightness. We give evidence that the classification of slow/fast bars, based on the ratio R = Rcr/Rbar could increase from 1 (fast bar) to 1.4 (slow bar) just by a change of method. We thus conclude that one has to select the right bar-length estimator depending on the application, since these various estimators do not define the same physical area.