Ukrainian Thinkers Research Articles

Spiritual Quest of Ukrainian Thinkers of the 16th – Early 17th Centuries in the Context of the Doctrine of Theosis

Purpose. The main purpose of this research is to analyse and study the development of individual spirituality within the context of theosis doctrine in the religious-anthropological studies of Ukrainian philosophers from the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century. Theoretical basis. The basis of the research is determined by modern methodological approaches to examining the correlation between philosophical and religious visions regarding the representation of views on deification among representatives of contemporary global philosophical-religious thought, as well as among representatives of Ukrainian religious-philosophical thought of the 16th and early 17th century. Originality. The paper analyses the unique views of Ukrainian thinkers on the role of theosis in shaping individual spirituality. Conclusions. The spiritual development of individuals, according to contemporary religious-philosophical authors and Ukrainian thinkers from the 16th to the 17th centuries, consists of self-discovery and moral growth as a means of approaching God. This serves as the basis for understanding human sanctity and life purpose, where the path to God is linked with renouncing worldly desires and striving for union with Him. The state of theosis is perceived as a personal experience, a collaboration between humans and God. The primary purpose of asceticism is to attain grace, which leads to the transformation of will. The doctrine of theosis influences the formation of a theocratic idea in culture and expands the understanding of internal experience due to the pursuit of spirituality. Theosis is a transformation of anthropological reality that goes beyond natural limits. This process constitutes a stage of spiritual growth that involves cultivating fear of sin, self-observation, and overcoming passions. One of its key aspects is interpreting closeness to God as cooperation between humans and the Divine, crucial for realizing divine grace. Considering the question of theosis draws attention to the importance of spiritual values and the search for meaning in life, especially in complex and unpredictable circumstances accompanying military conflicts, which Ukraine is currently facing.

Periodization as Decolonization

Abstract This piece argues that a greater understanding of the role of regions in Russian history could lead to different ways of writing Russian history that need not center the state. By including a wider range of intellectual and political actors from the regions, as well as tracing the long connections between them and Ukrainian thinkers, such a history would make regions subjects rather than simply objects. The original post and the significant number of responses provide an important snapshot of the thinking of the field of Russian history about questions related to the territorial integrity of Russia and Ukraine. The responses also deal with related topics concerning the role of indigenous peoples and the processes of colonization in the narrative of Russian history.

Peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the nationalist direction in Galicia in the interwar period (1919-1939) of the 20th century

The article examines the peculiarities of the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the nationalist direction in Galicia during the interwar period. The ideas and specifics of the views of Ukrainian thinkers who formed and developed Ukrainian nationalist thought are considered. It is shown that the struggle of Ukrainian nationalists was aimed at realizing the natural right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination. It is emphasized that it was extremely difficult for Ukrainians to achieve this in practice, because the process of annexation of Western Ukrainian lands was accompanied by a violation of fundamental international obligations of Poland and its current legislation, which were a prerequisite for the consent of the victorious states to temporary (1919) and permanent, with the rights of autonomy (1923) inclusion of Western Ukrainian lands into the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is emphasized that in the 20s, the occupation government began mass polonization in Galicia, which consisted in the artificial colonization of Ukrainian ethnic lands by the Polish population, significant restrictions on Ukrainians in obtaining school education in their native language, persecution of organized public life, etc. The apogee was the so-called pacification, a punitive action to "pacify” Ukrainians, which was carried out from September 16 to November 30, 1930. It was established that repression and mass terror caused acute forms of confrontation in society, which should be considered as an adequate response of Ukrainian nationalists to the efforts of the authorities to oppress the Ukrainian population with violent methods. It is argued that a new stage in the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought of a nationalist direction is largely connected with the figure of Dmytro Dontsov, who formed the basic principles of education of the national elite, defense of national interests and development of national ideology. It has been proven that in the interwar period, nationalist ideas in Galicia penetrated into the popular masses, mastered them and thus significantly changed the character of the Ukrainian people.

Peculiarities of the formation and development of Ukrainian political and legal thought in Galicia after March 14, 1923

The development of Ukrainian political and legal thought in the western Ukrainian lands after March 14, 1923 is considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of formation, the contribution of thinkers and politicians to its content is analyzed. It is emphasized that the activities of such scientists as K. Levytskyi, S. Dnistryanskyi, V. Starosolskyi, S. Tomashivskyi, V. Kuchabskyi, S. Rudnytskyi and others are decisive for the legal opinion of the Ukrainian people, whose scientific works were fundamental for its development from in view of the fact that they formed legal awareness and political culture in Western Ukrainian society, awakened Ukrainians to an active political life, and, therefore, influenced the national development of Galicia in its daily dimension.
 It is noted that after the fall of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic and the introduction of Polish administration in Galicia, significant changes took place in Ukrainian political and legal thought, which on the one hand led to the formation of new right-wing organizations, and on the other - to the spread of communist ideology. It is argued that the most massive and organized was the national- democratic direction, whose representatives in their scientific works formulated the concepts of the Ukrainian national state based on the idea of unconditional recognition of the right of state self-determination of Ukrainians on their ethnic territory on the basis of national democratic traditions and the theory of the right of peoples to self-determination .
 It is emphasized that the theoretical works of Ukrainian thinkers were the methodological base on which Ukrainian political and legal thought developed in Galicia during the period under study. According to Academician S. Dnistryanskyi, the dominant factor in the process of national creation should be the formation of the national consciousness of the Ukrainian people in the way of creating effective public institutions, and only then - the logical and natural acquisition of state independence. It was a legal and most realistic plan of the struggle for the restoration of Ukrainian statehood, because the legislation of the Second Commonwealth did not prohibit the activities of public structures.
 In view of this, the article highlights the role of scientific, cultural and educational, pedagogical, sports, cooperative societies and unions, the clergy and socio-political organizations as leaders of the national state and law-making in Galicia, which de facto replaced the functions of national state bodies and helped Ukrainians to feel like nationally conscious citizens and to choose the right to their own statehood.

THE PROBLEM OF THE VALUE SYSTEM AND THE VALUATION CATEGORY IN THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

The value theory, which was formed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, emphasises that evaluation establishes value relations between the subject and the object and leads to different approaches in linguistic philosophical systems. In view of this, the article aims to analyse the emergence and formation of the value system and the valuation category in the history of Ukrainian linguistic and philosophical thought. The object of study is the main works of Ukrainian thinkers and philosophers from the Kyivan Rus period to the nineteenth and first third of the twentieth century, which deal with linguistic axiological problems. The subject of the article is an analysis of the contribution of Ukrainian philosophers to the theory of the value system. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of linguists in the origins of problems related to the nature of the relationship between language and the world around us, with human consciousness and thought. It is emphasised that axiological concepts (system of values, evaluation) were at the centre of Ukrainian philosophical thought, occupying a leading place in the works of thinkers and philosophers such as Metropolitan Hilarion, I. Vyshensky, H. Skovoroda, I. Franko, P. Yurkevych, O. Potebnia, and D. Chyzhevsky. The focus of the research is on the concept of value system and evaluation categories, which are reflected in language structures according to the value parameters of the objective world (good/bad, positive/negative, own/other, etc.). Prospects for further research are seen in the study of the valuation category in the linguistic and pragmatic and linguistic and cultural aspects.

Lesia Ukrainka: Ukrainian National Identity Against the "Russian Ukrainians" Dichotomy

Purpose. The article is dedicated to the research of Lesia Ukrainka’s correspondence, journalistic and literary-critical articles concerning the problem of national identity as a factor in overcoming the "Russian Ukrainians" dichotomy. Achieving this purpose involves solving the following tasks: 1) to reveal the poetess’s views on the essence and social manifestations of worldview fluctuations in the life activities of the Ukrainian elite at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries; 2) outline her strategy for overcoming cultural "inter-words" in the individual and society. Theoretical basis. The author applies the existential discourse of Foreignness by G. Marcel, criticism of Christianity by F. Nietzche, the theory of the nation by F. Meineke, typology of patriotism by A. Valitsky, the phenomenology of the relationship between the Self and the Other by J. Kristeva, the typology of the Stranger by B. Waldenfels, the ideas of D. Dontsov, O. Zabuzhko, S. Varetska, S. Matsenka, D. Melnyk, Y. Tarasiuk. Originality. The author proves that Lesia Ukrainka is one of the first among Ukrainian thinkers who critically considers the issue of dichotomy in the worldview and life world of "Russian Ukrainians" of the early twentieth century – One’s own and Others’, stopping in the uncertainty of one’s belonging to Russian or Ukrainian culture, rejection of national self-identification. Conclusions. The ways to overcome this dichotomy, alienation from the values of Ukrainian culture, betrayal, and collaborationism, Lesia Ukrainka sees, firstly, awareness of the cultural difference of Ukrainians, that is, the spiritual and psychological incompatibility of the Ukrainian national identity with the Russian one. Secondly, the need for an effective volitional separation from others and the political struggle for unification into the Ukrainian nation as a social and culturally self-sufficient collective self, worthy of a free dignified existence and recognition by other nations of the world.

REFLECTION OF THE "THREE WORLDS" CONCEPT OF GRIGORY SKOVORODA IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL LYRICS OF ARSENY TARKOVSKY

The article is devoted to the reflection of the "three worlds" concept of Grigory Skovoroda in the philosophical lyrics of Arseny Tarkovsky, who considered the Ukrainian thinker his spiritual teacher. His religious and mystical concept provides for the mutual harmonious interaction of the macrocosm (Universe), microcosm (man) and the symbolic world of the Bible. Using the example of selected poems, the artistic content and poetic structure of images of macro- and microcosm are analyzed. The spatial element of the chronotope in Tarkovsky’s poetry is very revealing. In some cases, it directly correlates with the category of the microcosm. One of its most representative manifestations is the space of the steppe. It retains all the signs of a traditionally self-sufficient geographic landscape with its characteristic realities, and at the same time appears as a universal spiritual space that imparts a sense of inner freedom. The holistic spatial perspective of the macrocosm unfolds both horizontally (steppe and other topoi) and vertically: from the earth to the sky and further to the stars. Tarkovsky’s microcosm, like Skovoroda’s, has a religious and ethical connotation. It is represented by highly suggestive images of a lyrical hero, who gazes intently at the world around him, feeling an integral part of it. Not only is the microcosm likened to the macrocosm, but the great world is organically humanized in the process of active interaction. Tarkovsky’s awareness of the harmonious relationship between the Universe and the man is often realized through biblical contexts, both evident and concealed.

Бретонські національно-культурні рухи XIX – першої половини XX століття в оцінках Михайла Драгоманова та Ольґерда-Іполита Бочковського

The article deals with the views of two Ukrainian thinkers, Mykhailo Drahomanov and Olğerd-Ipolyt Bochkovsky, on the contemporary nation-building processes which took place in the Breton society. The aim is to reveal the main opinions of Drahomanov and Bochkovsky regarding the course of linguistic and cultural movements in Brittany. The authors briefly characterize the three waves of the Breton linguistic and literary movement, and dwell in detail on the analysis of two Ukrainian historiographical sources. Mykhailo Drahomanov’s first article «The Neo-Celtic and Provençal Movement in France» of 1875 was a detailed political study of the first Emsav, of which Drahomanov was a contemporary. The second article, «Young Brittany and Neo-Breton activism», 1932, belongs to the Ukrainian sociologist and historian Olgerd-Ipolyt Bochkovsky and is the result of a detailed analysis of the Breton national-cultural movement of the first half of the 20th century up to the time of writing the article, comparing it with the 1st Emsav of the 19th century. Both thinkers, reflecting on the course of the Breton national and cultural revival, first of all payd attention to measures for the revival of the language and the promotion of Breton-language literature. Drahomanov leaded to the idea that national literature would be the fundamental basis for building national identity. Bochkovsky, among whose ideological inspirations was Drahomanov, also emphasized the measures taken by his Breton contemporaries to improve the language and polish, modernize and elevate literature. Being a supporter of nation-building «from the elites down», he welcomed a similar strategy of the Breton Gwalarn movement – to train educated elites to then influence the entire Breton community through them. The detailed attention of Ukrainian intellectuals to the national and cultural movements in Brittany was caused by the need to find models for the Ukrainian national movement at various stages of its development in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, and also testified to the good awareness of both thinkers regarding current social and political issues and local events in European countries.

Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko: the problem of intellectual inheritance in modern understanding

The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the inheritance of the worldview of Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko based on the historiographical tradition and creativity of the two thinkers. The research methods are personalistic, comparative-historical and historical-typological. Sources of the article: intellectual heritage of outstanding Ukrainian thinkers and works of modern Ukrainian historiography. The main results are that the author considered the significance of the work of Hryhoriy Skovoroda on the formation of the personality of the Ukrainian poetic genius Taras Shevchenko, delved into the problem of the continuity of the Ukrainian intellectual tradition, traced the hereditary connection of the creative output of the two mentioned intellectuals, which binds the late baroque, pre-romantic, romantic and realistic heritage of Ukrainianness into a single axis. It is shown that Ukrainian national historiography of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries did not yet make the intellectual heritage of Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko the subject of her research, but began to understand these figures within the limits of one typological intellectual series, in the context of two different but adjacent stages of Ukrainian national and cultural revival. It is indicated that the problem of comparative analysis of two geniuses of Ukrainian culture was not considered a priority in Soviet historiography. It is proved that modern Ukrainian historiography lays the foundation for understanding the intellectual legacy of H. Skovoroda and T. Shevchenko, typologically common and distinctive features of two outstanding representatives of Ukrainian intellectual thought are shown. Concise conclusions. Based on the analysis of the works of Ukrainian authors and the work of these two great Ukrainians, there are reasons to say that the work of H. Skovoroda had a certain influence on T. Shevchenko, who at one time got acquainted with the legacy of his predecessor, although not in full. However, one should not exaggerate this influence due to the fact that two Ukrainian figures lived and worked in adjacent, but different historical periods: H. Skovoroda – a bright representative of the late Ukrainian baroque, and T. Shevchenko – an outstanding representative of Ukrainian romanticism and realism. Despite the differences in linguistic and literary aspects, peculiarities of self-awareness, these titans of Ukrainian culture formed one intellectual axis, the fundamental foundations of which were anthropology and сhristocentrism; desire for freedom (will); to the emancipation of the individual through dignity, reason, love; to the establishment of a more harmonious and fair society (for H. Skovoroda, this is the idea of the «Mountain Republic», and for T. Shevchenko – the idea of a «free, new family») based on a humanistic, philanthropic principle; awareness of one's, Ukrainian, love for one's native land and denial of the Russian, autocratic, despotic and tyrannical principles of building society. The spirit of universal human values, Ukrainian-loving and people-loving beginnings in the life and work of H. Skovoroda influenced the formation of the humanistic and national outlook of T. Shevchenko. The practical significance of the article is that this intelligence may be of interest to historians, young scientists and students in the process of studying the intellectual history of the «Ukrainian 19th century». The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the intellectual heritage of H. Skovoroda and T. Shevchenko. Scientific novelty in the comparative and typological understanding of the creative heritage of the mentioned Ukrainian thinkers. Type of article: theoretical.

Greek Content in the Work of Hryhorii Skovoroda: Intertextual Dimensions or Artistic Bilingualism of the Author?

The purpose of the article is to raise a question on reasons for the availability of Greek content in the work of the great Ukrainian thinker Hryhorii Skovoroda and on the functions of bi-/ multilingualism of his texts. The relevance of the study is based on the contradiction between the objective need to reveal the phenomenon of artistic bilingualism and the features of his polycode text caused by verbal and cogitative activity of his creative bilingual personality. The author of the article concludes that the emergence of texts of bi-/polylingual personalities is preceded by a change in their worldview and the formation of a new culture and language space. Thus, the implementation of the linguistic and worldview approaches of Hryhorii Skovoroda is based on the old Ukrainian literary and written tradition of the late 16th–18th centuries, guarded within the walls of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. Exploring the artistic models of the writer’s world, the researcher focuses on the definition of intertextual connections, in particular on the fact of intertextuality. In the article the phenomenon of bilingualism is discussed contextually and correlates with the problem of intercultural contacts and influences.

Multitude of Images of Hryhorii Skovoroda in the Works of Kyiv Theological Academy Teachers and Students (19th – early 20th Century)

This is the first article recreating the full history of research on the Ukrainian philosopher Hryhorii Skovoroda made by students and teachers of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. The analysis highlights the qualitative diversity of research interpretations of Skovoroda’s figure and his creative work in cultural, historical, and biographical contexts, while identifying common features that unite those different scientific perceptions. The article demonstrates that the academic research interest in Skovoroda’s heritage was both due to the desire to introduce this little-known at that time figure of the Ukrainian thinker by creating a variety of attractive images, and to prove that idealistic direction prevailed in local philosophy since the beginning of its formation. Disclosing the multilayered structure of interpretations of Skovoroda present in the scientific studies of theological academic researchers, enabled the author to show simultaneous unity and diversity of theoretical and methodological approaches found within the national academic interpretational field and determined by different philosophical, scientific, cultural, educational, and sociopolitical priorities of researchers.

ORIGINALITY AND DISTINCTNESS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF HRIHORIY SKOVORODA

The article analyzes the assessment of the philosophy of Hrihoriy Skovoroda, which does not fit into the traditional historical and philosophical image, based on the method of philosophizing of the Western European philosophy of the New Age. The reasons for different, often mutually exclusive, versions of the interpretation of the Ukrainian thinker's philosophy are determined. It is proved that the philosophy of H. Skovoroda is a unique example of syncretism of the original philosophical system and his own life position in. At the core of H. Skovoroda’s of world understanding is "eternal philosophy" as wisdom. The aspiration of G. Skovoroda was not the discovery of some new principles or the creation of an original and in some ways significantly different from all other philosophical system, but familiarization with the higher truths of being for their practical implementation in everyday lifeIt is shown that the philosophy of H. Skovoroda opens before us a holistic vision and perception of everything that exists, which is lacking not only for modern people, but also for modern "professional philosophy". The power and significance of the original creative heritage of the thinker for Ukrainian philosophy is revealed in the context of the ideas of antheism, cordocentrism and deep existential motives.

The philosophy of the heart of Hryhoriy Skovoroda: a pedagogical view of the teachings of the outstanding Ukrainian thinker

The article presents a pedagogical view of the philosophical teachings of the heart of Hryhoriy Skovoroda. The works of followers and biographers of are analyzed. H. Skovoroda, which outline the life of the philosopher. It is determined that the teachings of the heart are based on the idea of three worlds: the first – the macrocosm (Universe), the second – the microcosm (man), the third – the symbolic reality (Bible), which connects these two worlds and reflects them in itself. Quotes from the leading works of H. Skovoroda characterizing his philosophical doctrine of the heart. It is determined that the feelings and heart of H. Skovoroda became an instrument of knowledge, deepened the space of contemporary traditional science and brought his scientific thought to cosmic reality. Fragments of the biography of H. Skovoroda reflecting his philosophical views. It has been proved that in the history of Ukrainian culture the teachings of Hryhoriy Skovoroda became the starting point in the knowledge of the heart, combining religious and philosophical knowledge about it: the purified and enlightened human heart is the most important organ of metacognition (heart feeling).

Gogol on the man’s calling in European philosophy and Russian messianism

The purpose is to study that period of evolution of Gogol’s position, in which his ideas of russian messianism are most clearly outlined ("Selected Passages" and "The Author’s Confession"). To delineate the forms of determining the influence of messianism on his negative assessments of the anthropology of the Early New Age and the Enlightenment. Realization of the specified purpose presupposes, first, the analysis of his way of interpreting humanism in the European classical philosophy, and, secondly, to clarify the nature of his connection with the way of substantiating the idea of the Russian messianism. Theoretical basis. Our view of Gogol’s heritage is based on the conceptual positions of phenomenology, existentialism, and hermeneutics. Originality. It is revealed, that period of evolution of Gogol’s position, which most clearly outlines his ideas of russian messianism ("Selected Passages" and "The Author’s Confession"), his position on human nature and its calling is fundamentally different from the position of philosophy of Early New Age and the Enlightenment. If in the first case, it is a question of service to the russian empire, in the last one, it is a question of self-development of the person. Gogol’s dehumanization of those perceptions about the man that have occurred in European classical philosophy is a precondition in justification of russian messianism for him. One of its key factors is a narrow understanding of insight the ideas concerning the spiritual foundation of the world, namely – its reduction to the russian empire. Conclusions. Gogol’s philosophical doctrine of man is only partially described as belonging to the "philosophy of the heart". The disadvantage of this qualification is the impossibility of explaining the question of the origins in Gogol’s attempt to substantiate russian messianism. The article demonstrates that the deformation of the basic idea about the connectivity of man with the spiritual arche of the world is its substantive precondition for the philosophy of the Early New Age and the Enlightenment. Gogol narrows it down to the Russian Empire, which makes it impossible to positively delineate the orientations of the russian people. Therefore, his oeuvre during the work on "Selected Passages" and "The Author’s Confession" for future generations is a warning about the futility of a single russian path of development, isolated from European civilization. As the further development of russian thought and history proves, Gogol’s warning as a Ukrainian thinker really has not been heard. A vivid manifestation of this is the cave nationalism that we see today during the russian-Ukrainian war.

РОЗВИТОК ІДЕЇ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКОСТІ ОСОБИСТОСТІ В ІСТОРИЧНИЙ РЕТРОСПЕКТИВІ

In the article the development of the idea of civic consiousness of a personality is revealed in historic retrospection. The authors emphasize that in socio-historical terms, civic consciousness is a consequence of socio-political, socio- economic and cultural processes. Therefore, every state has always been interested in shaping this feature of its citizens. The idea of a civic society goes back to the era of ancient civilization. This term was actually coined by the Romans, who spoke of a civic union, community. Shaping Civil Law was one of the achievements of ancient Romans. In the Middle Ages, civic consiousness was valued less than in ancient times. In the period of Renaissance the importance of personal creativity and activity was increased. The Reformation emphasized the importance of a believer's direct communion with God. The emergence of nations shaped new views on the state and human rights. The term "civic consiouness" spread due to the Great French Revolution of the XVIII century, during which an official addressing “ citizen” appeared The Enlightenment contributed to the emergence of philosophy of natural rights. In the XIX century independent civil society organizations became an important factor in social development. In the article due attention is paid to the views of Ukrainian thinkers M. Drahomanov, M. Hrushevsky, I. Franko conserning the role of the civil society and the education of its members as the basis of Ukrainian statehood. During the XX century the idea of a civil society gradually lost its leading position in political thought. Instead, the theory and practice of the state became increasingly important. Radical political changes that engulfed the countries of Eastern and Central Europe in the late 1980s brought the idea of a civil society back to the center of theoretical reasoning and public life. The authors conclude that civic culture structures the social space of civil society, orienting the general needs and norms in its implementation, individual characteristics and views on common solidarity, trust and mutual understanding. When the approach is effective such organizational design, citizenship expresses a sense of their place and participation in public life. Citizenship is accompanied by some features of a democratic society.

Питання геополітичних союзників України у вітчизняній політичній думці першої половини ХХ сторіччя

The article is devoted to the analysis of the coverage of the issue of finding geopolitical partners and allies of Ukraine in the geopolitical teachings of Ukrainian thinkers of the first half of the 20th century. The problems of determining foreign policy priorities and Ukraine’s participation in international alliances in recent decades, the search for reliable partners, foremost in the security sphere, are outlined. It is emphasized that the Revolution of Dignity and Russian aggression crystallized the geopolitical priorities of Ukraine – the course for European and Euro-Atlantic integration was returned to the country’s Constitution, and the Russian geopolitical threat became a fact of the collective consciousness of Ukrainian society. It is noted that the theoretical work of Ukrainian political theorists of the first half of the 20th century has not lost its relevance in our time. Furthermore, it is noted that in the interwar period, the Black Sea region was the geographical space that aroused the greatest interest of Ukrainian geopoliticians and which they considered decisive for the future of the Ukrainian state. In their opinion, the fact that Ukraine is historically a part of the Black Sea-Mediterranean communication space, and also ensured the trade relations of this region with the Baltic States, determines the area of search for partners and allies. However, not only countries located in the region are among Ukraine’s potential allies, but also states that have significant geopolitical and economic interests there. The attitude of theorists of Ukrainian geopolitics to the idea of the Baltic-Pontic Federation and the list of countries that can join it is analyzed. The Ukrainian thinkers’ understanding of the peculiarities of the attitude towards the idea of the union of the countries of Eastern Europe and the creation of the Ukrainian national state within its ethnographic boundaries of the main geopolitical subjects of Europe – Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Soviet Russia – is revealed. The significance of the interaction of the Ukrainian state with Poland and Romania is emphasized. It is emphasized that the ideas of Ukrainian geopoliticians of the first half of the 20th century have not lost their relevance and require further study and understanding.

Питання Криму в українських геополітичних доктринах першої половини ХХ сторіччя

The article is devoted to the analysis of the coverage of the Crimea issue for the existence and development of Ukrainian statehood in the geopolitical teachings of Ukrainian thinkers of the first half of the twentieth century. For them, the "Crimean issue" is part of the theoretical search for geopolitical directions of Ukraine’s development in the past, present and in the future. It is emphasized that the consideration of the geographical factor as an important factor in politics has a significant historical tradition. It is noted that Ukrainian geopolitical theorists of the first half of the twentieth century assumed that the conquest of the northern Black Sea coast provided Ukraine with access to the communication space in terms of defense, political interaction with its partners and trade and economic ties. It is noted that the works analyzed in this article state that the geopolitical significance of the Crimean peninsula, the Black Sea area and the Ukrainian lands is virtually unchanged in different historical epochs from antiquity to the events of the early twentieth century. It is noted that the loss of Crimea in 1918 was seen by Ukrainian geopolitical thought of the first half of the twentieth century as a strategic defeat, which was due, among other things, to the quality of the then domestic political elite and its lack of fundamental geopolitical knowledge. At the same time, thinkers draw attention to the fact that the then political partners of the young Ukrainian state were guided in their actions, primarily on the basis of their own national geopolitical interests. It is concluded that the theoretical work of representatives of Ukrainian political thought of the first half of the twentieth century in the situation around Ukraine and throughout the Eastern European region, including the issue of deoccupation and return of the Crimean peninsula to Ukrainian jurisdiction.

Питання майбутнього Росії в українських геополітичних вченнях першої половини ХХ сторіччя

The article is devoted to the analysis of the coverage of the future of Russia in the geopolitical teachings of Ukrainian thinkers of the first half of the 20th century. This problem is actualized by the large-scale Russian aggression against the Ukrainian state and the need to outline the content of the Ukrainian victory in this war. The discourse in the circles of politicians and scientists regarding the future of the "post-Russian world" received a powerful impulse after the statements of the American general Ben Hodges about the need to prepare for the division of Russia. It is noted that the Ukrainian political opinion of the first half of the 20th century considered the future of Russia and Ukrainian-Russian relations in the range from "coexistence" to participation in its "distribution". It is said that the views of one of the founders of the UРR, M. Hrushevskyi, have evolved from autonomism to the complete independence of Ukraine from Russia, the need to revive Ukraine’s natural geopolitical orientations. It is noted that S. Rudnytskyi, analyzing the political situation in Europe after the First World War and the interests and policies of the main European geopolitical actors, noted that most of them were focused on preserving Russia as a single large geopolitical space, which endangered not only the existence of Ukrainian an independent state, but also lasting peace on the continent and in the world. Attention is drawn to the fact that Yu. Bachynskyi, based on the Marxist methodology of analyzing the development of capitalism in Russia, concludes that it is divided into three separate political and economic mechanisms. It is emphasized that the most in-depth analysis of Russia’s prospects was made by Yu. Lуpa. Attention is drawn to the fact that the scientist considers the division of Russia not only inevitable, but also a component of Ukraine’s historical destiny. He believes that the return of the Muscovite state to its historical borders, provided that it renounces imperial ambitions, will contribute to the rapid well-being of the local population and the revival of moral values. Scientists pay special attention to the issue of the division of Siberia, which has an excellent population psychology and geopolitical directions of development.

КОНЦЕПТ «ВЕЛИКА УКРАЇНА» У ВІТЧИЗНЯНІЙ ПОЛІТИЧНІЙ ДУМЦІ

Horlo N. V. The concept of «Greater Ukraine»in the domestic political thinking. – Article.The article considers the interpretations of the concept of «Greater Ukraine» in the views of Ukrainian thinkers and the public discourse of the late nineteenth – early twenty-first century. It is shown that the core of understanding the concept of «Greater Ukraine» from the end of the nineteenth century (i.e. the beginning of the stage of politicization of the national liberation movement) was the idea of the unity of the Ukrainian lands. It was due to the division of the Ukrainian people and the presence of its ethnic territories in different states.Yu. Bachynsky in his work «Ukraine irredenta» was the first to substantiate the idea of unification of Ukrainian lands. Representatives of geographical scienceS. Rudnytsky and V. Kubiyovych characterized the ethnic Ukrainian lands and determined the geographical range, thus laying the foundation for the idea of political unification of Ukrainian lands. Representatives of the nationalist movement of Ukrainian political thought (M. Mikhnovsky, D. Dontsov, M. Kolodzinsky, Yu. Lypa) filled the concept with political content, emphasizing the ways of forming an independent Ukrainian state. On the contrary, M. Hrushevsky, whose views evolved from autonomous to independent, gave the concept of «Greater Ukraine» a predominantly cultural connotation.The concept of «Greater Ukraine» proved to be in demand during the period of Ukraine’s independence, its content is adjusted in accordance with current realities: during the period of Russian armed aggression, there is a noticeable tendency to radicalize the idea towards natiocracy.The article emphasizes that the concept is based on the idea of the unity of ethnic Ukrainian lands, which does not mean the inclusion of «Greater Ukraine» territories of non-ethnic population. The difference from European«megali ideas» is that the Ukrainian «Great Idea» is not irredentist in itself because it does not contain a great- power component.The author believes that, given the political nature of the Ukrainian nation, the concept of «Greater Ukraine» should include not only an understanding of the spiritual and mental unity of Ukrainians scattered around the world, but also the awareness of the national identity of representatives of all ethnic groups that form a politicalnation.

Analysis of Oleksandr Kulchytskyi’s Anthropological Research in the Context of European Philosophy

Purpose. The paper is aimed at studying the peculiarities of the Oleksandr Kulchytskyi’s doctrine of human, taking into account the context of European philosophy and especially in comparison with the paradigm of philosophizing in the Lviv-Warsaw school. The theoretical basis of the study is determined by Kulchytskyi’s scholarly works in the field of philosophy and philosophical anthropology, as well as the latest researches that reinterpret the influence of Twardowski’s theoretico-methodological ideas on the formation of the philosophical worldview of the Ukrainian thinker. Originality. Based on the appeal to primary sources, Kulchytskyi’s philosophical doctrine of human in the unity of its basic principles and theoretico-practical results is reconstructed. The ways of forming the key ideas of his philosophical anthropology are determined, their originality is substantiated, despite the cooperation with Twardowski’s school, as well as despite numerous discussions and researches of Western European philosophico-anthropological, existentio-ideological and socio-psychological issues. Conclusions. It is found out how the philosophical worldview of Oleksandr Kulchytskyi was formed and how he gradually came from the research of the human psyche within the framework of anthropological structural psychology to the realization of the need to study philosophical anthropology. The personalistic features of his philosophical doctrine of human are characterized; in particular, attention is paid to the distinction between the concepts of person and personality, determining the importance of the social factor for the formation of human worldview, didactic aims of anthropological studies. It is shown how in Kulchytskyi’s philosophical anthropology the analysis of the existentio-worldview dimension of human existence, manifested in different spiritual situations and socio-cultural conditions that influence the specifics of thinking and the nature of the personality mentality, acquires special importance. The originality of Kulchytskyi’s arguments about human in the context of both Ukrainian philosophy and in general European philosophical thought is stated.