Ukrainian Galician Army Research Articles

Бібліотечна справа як складова культурно-просвітньої та національно-політичної діяльності Української Галицької армії на Правобережній Україні (липень-грудень 1919 р.).

The purpose of the article is to find out, based on the analysis of sources and historiography, the place and role of library management in the cultural-educational and national-political activities of the Ukrainian Galician Army in Right-bank Ukraine in July - December 1919. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The use of such methods as analysis, synthesis, as well as systematic, descriptive, statistical, and comparative methods made it possible to realize the set goal. The scientific novelty lies in an attempt to comprehensively study library management as a component of the cultural-educational and national-political activities of the Ukrainian Galician Army in Right-bank Ukraine in July - December 1919. Conclusions. During its stay in Right-bank Ukraine in July - December 1919, the UGA paid great attention to cultural-educational and national-political work among the Galician riflemen and the Podolians. One of the important tools of this process was library management. The main coordinating bodies of such activities were the "Department for Education under the UGA Stage Command" and the "Propaganda Bureau," reorganized in the fall of 1919 into the "Press Apartment." The Halychyna inhabitants took the use of the library quite seriously in cultural-educational and national-political activities. It was regulated by a number of instructional materials and covered both the rear and front areas. The existing difficulties, of an objective and subjective nature, prevented us from fulfilling what had been planned. But, despite this, it was possible to significantly improve the cultural-educational and national-political level of Galician riflemen and the population of Right-bank Ukraine, to raise the level of national consciousness, first of all, among the latter, as well as to lay the foundations for the awareness of the unity of Naddnistrianshchyna and Dnipro Ukraine.

Military Women in Museum Exhibitions in Lviv (Ukraine): Past Experience and Modernity

Ukrainian women received military experience during the First and Second World Wars and in the contemporary Russian-Ukrainian War in services such as the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (USS), the Ukrainian Galician Army (UGA), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the Soviet Army, and the Armed Forces of Ukraine (UAF). This paper analyzes the representations of Ukrainian women's military experiences during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in museum exhibitions in Lviv (a city in Western Ukraine). The authors conclude that the experiences of women veterans of the First and Second World Wars frequently remain neglected, creating an incomplete picture of the past and continuing to shape representations of women’s roles in the current Russian-Ukrainian War.

ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВИХ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ЦВИНТАРІВ В ІСТОРИЧНИХ МІСТАХ ГАЛИЧИНИ

Cemeteries are an integral part of the cultural landscape of every city or town, evidence of the ideology and spiritual life of their time. Military cemeteries may not be in every settlement, but they very clearly record their time, history, ideology. Today we have just such an important and historical moment and we have a war again in our country. Which means dead heroes. And this in turn means new military cemeteries. Galicia has a rich history of military cemetery formation. The first military cemeteries appeared in Galicia, and thus in Lviv during the First World War. That is, in the early twentieth century. The twentieth century was further marked by a series of events which replenished the number of military cemeteries.. These are the Second World War and the struggle for the Ukrainian state. Regardless of the status and the age of the cemetery, from an architectural point of view, the cemetery is a very vulnerable object that requires continuous care and ordering. Military cemeteries are additionally overlaid with an ideological component that complicates their existence. Let's take a look at how thedead warriors were treated in the past. In ancient Greece, mounds were heap up on the battlefields, which were both graves of the dead and symbols of victory. On the tops of mounds, stone lions were installed as a symbol of invincibility and courage. And during the Enlightenment, when burial was restricted in churches and churchyard cemeteries, new cemeteries were built outside the city walls. The changes also concerned the approach to the dead in general and the dead heroes in particular. The attitude towards soldiers' anonymity has changed.The first soldiers to be honored with a memorial tombstone were soldiers killed during the domestic wars of the French Revolution. Until the First World War, no military cemeteries were created in Europe. It was the First World War that provoked the need for the establishment of military cemeteries in our latitude. The Departments of Military Graves were engaged in construction of military cemeteries In Galicia with headquarters in Krakow, Przemysl and Lviv. Lychakiv Cemetery became the place of the first military burials of the First World War in Lviv. After the First World War the Polish state in Lviv builds a pantheon on the Lychakiv Cemetery in the so-called "Lviv Eagles" for Polish soldiers who died for Poland's independence in the Polish-Ukrainian war. The Second World War is breaking out in Europe very quickly. The front passes through the Galicia several times. . After the war Galicia was split between the Soviet Union and Socialist Poland. . In 1951, the Eagle Memorial in Lviv was destroyed. In 1971, the graves and the colonnade were destroyed by tanks and construction equipment. Military burials of World War I in Lviv were also located at the Yaniv Cemetery. In particular, a military memorial to UGA shooters, which was destroyed by the Soviet authorities in 1971 by bulldozers. After Ukraine gained independence in 1991, events began to reverse. In 1998 a construction of the memorial for the soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army was started at the Lychakiv Cemetery, and in 2005 it was solemnly opened. In 1997-1999, a memorial to the UGA shooters was restored at Yaniv Cemetery in Lviv. In 1990, the restoration of the Memorial of the Lviv Eagles at Lychakiv Cemetery began. In 2014, in the independent Ukraine, the execution of the celestial hundred took place. The fallen heroes returned to their homes. In Lviv, they are buried at the Memorial to the soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army at the Lychakiv Cemetery. Other cities also hold memorials to the victims. Very soon, after the shooting of the celestial hundred, the war began. It is still going on. And the expense of the losses we incur in this war does not stop. The question of the military cemetery to the heroes of the modern war remains open.

The Peasant Revolution in Naddniprianshchyna (1917–1920) on the pages of «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle»

The purpose of the article is to explore and evaluate the attitude towards the events of the peasant revolution in Naddniprianshchyna among the eyewitnesses – soldiers of the Galician units, participants of the national liberation movement of 1914–1921 in «Greater Ukraine». Research methods: historical-chronological, comparative, and descriptive. The main results: the article reveals the specifics of the military-historical memoirs published on the pages of the journal «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle», as a source of the history of the Peasant revolution in Naddniprianshchyna. Four categories of authors writing for «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle» on peasant issues were identified: participants of the Ukrainian national movement in Naddniprianshchyna (M. Mykhailyk, F. Meleshko, Ya. Vodianyi); prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army and the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (S. Stechyshyn, V. Struk); senior officers of the «Kyiv» Sich Riflemen (I. Andrukh and I. Vyslotskyi); foremen and riflemen of the UGA (Ukrainian Galician Army). The first two categories of authors were either local residents or lived among the peasantry for a long time and painted a coherent, albeit contradictory, picture of the development of events in the Ukrainian countryside in 1917 – early 1918: their main concern was the activation of national-democratic forces and the growth of social struggle in peasants against landlords, radicalization of military-political confrontation. The authors of the third category, who came from the ranks of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, pointed out the indifferent attitude of the peasants to the national idea, traced the evolution of the attitudes of the peasantry of Naddniprianshchyna under the conditions of the Hetmanate of P. Skoropadskyi and other political regimes. The fourth group of authors (the UGA soldiers) is the largest. Their articles are devoted to the turning points in the development of the Ukrainian revolution: the transition to Zbruch, the typhus epidemic, and the split of the UGA, alliances with the Volunteer Army of A. Denikin and the Bolsheviks. Against the background of these military and political events, the problem of relations between the military and the peasantry can be clearly traced throughout the entire path of the UGA. The UGA soldiers focused their attention on such negative phenomena among the peasants as desertion, reluctance to fight for Ukrainian statehood, theft of military property, and hostile attitude towards sick soldiers. At the same time, the UGA soldiers contributed to the growth of the national consciousness of the population of Naddniprianshchyna. The mosaic fragments of relations with the peasantry, which contain memories, diaries, and essays of the UGA soldiers, are a valuable source of the history of the Peasant revolution in Naddniprianshchyna in 1917–1920. Practical significance: the results of the research can be useful in conducting general studies on the peasantry, compiling textbooks, and training manuals, in the preparation of lectures and seminar courses in institutions of higher education, and in local history workshops. Scientific innovation: for the first time, a complex of military-historical memoirs published in the «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle» has been summarized and considered in the context of peasant research discourse and, in particular, the peasant revolution. Type of the article: research.

«Хай нас розсудить залізо і кров!» : начасність проблематики газети «Стрілець» (1919 р.)

The history of creation and peculiarities of functioning have been studied, the thematic dominants of the front-line magazine «Strilets» have been emphasized, the editorial office of which often changed its location (according to the deployment of the Ukrainian army). The geography of the publication has been clarified: Ternopil–Stanislaviv–Stryi–Zalishchyki–Kamyanets-Podilskyi–Borshchiv–Kamyanets-Podilskyi, and it has been also examinated that for some time the newspaper was published under the changed name «Ukrainskyi Strilets». The relevance of the topic of the article has been substantiated – it proves the congruence of the topics and problems voiced by the magazine’s authors a hundred years ago with the dramatic realities of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war. The state of scientific development of the researched topic in modern journalism has been highlighted. Based on the analysis of the publications, the purpose of the press was revealed, which was primarily to deepen the national consciousness of Ukrainians during the war and to strengthen the authority of the Ukrainian army. Attention was paid to internal editorial aspects of the functioning of «Strilets», the circumstances of the change of editor-in-chief of the publication were disclosed. The most active authors of the newspaper were identified, their pseudonyms and cryptonyms were named. The main topics that most often worried the authors of the magazine are highlighted, including: the language issue that is still relevant today, in particular the need to nurture the native language and overcome the linguistic inferiority complex; the construction of an independent Ukrainian state and the unification of all Ukrainian lands from the Syan to the Don; combat achievements of the Ukrainian Galician Army (UGA); memories of the participants in the war events of 1918–1919, biographies of the heads of the UGA, etc. It is shown that thanks to a well-thought-out editorial policy and a well-chosen authorship, «Strilets» was supported by the military leadership and was popular among soldiers. It was found out that many problems that were raised in the military press a hundred years ago remain relevant to this day – Ukrainians are once again defending the independence of their state by military means. Key words: «Strilets» newspaper, army, Ukrainian state, editorial office, publication.

«The chronicle of the red guelder rose» as a source from the history of the peasant revolution in Dnipro Ukraine (1917–1920)

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to find out the source-scientific potential ofpublications on peasant topics in «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle» magazine (1929–1939).Scientific novelty. It is for the first time that the author of the article analyzed the source valueof the periodical for the study of the peasant revolution in Naddnipryanshchyna in 1917–1920.Conclusion. The article has defined the circle of authors of the «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle», who included materials on peasant topics in their posts, and classified these publications.The following types of «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle» publications have been distinguishedby genre and species: memories (war memoirs), diaries, and historical and military essays (shorthistorical articles). According to the origin of the authors and their affiliation to certain militaryformations, three groups of works have been distinguished: posts of war prisoners (of the Austrianarmy, Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen); memories of direct participants of the peasant revolution, natives of Naddnipryanshchyna; works of soldiers of the Sich Riflemen, Ukrainian GalicianArmy and the Ukrainian People’s Republic army (the last group is the most numerous).It has been established that the chronological boundaries of «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle»publications on peasant topics, as well as the territorial localization of the covered events, are determined by the author’s time and place of stay on the territory of Naddnipryanshchyna. The periodof the second half of 1919 – early 1920 was reproduced in more detail through the efforts of thesoldiers of the UGA. In the territorial dimension, «The Chervona Kalyna Chronicle» publicationspresented certain aspects of the history of the peasant revolution in certain localities of almost theentire Naddnipryanshchyna.It has been found that the authors of the memoirs revealed many aspects of the peasant revolution: pogroms by peasants of landlord estates, the nature of the policy of reconciliation withlandlords, the phenomenon of peasant republics, features of national and cultural life and peasantattitudes in different regions. The most informative sources for the study of the peasant revolution incertain regions for a long time have been the memoirs of M. Mykhailyk, F. Meleshko, and the articleof K. Ario. It has been concluded that the publications of the magazine can serve as an additionalsource for the study of insufficiently researched pages of the peasant revolution in Naddnipryanshchyna of the period 1917–1920, in particular, its social and political aspects (clarification of theattitudes of the peasantry, its relations with the military).

'We Will Carry the Legless and Feed the Armless': Lviv's Ukrainian Community and Disabled Veterans of the Ukrainian Galician Army in Interwar Poland

'We Will Carry the Legless and Feed the Armless': Lviv's Ukrainian Community and Disabled Veterans of the Ukrainian Galician Army in Interwar Poland

Olena Stepaniv Contribution to the Development of Transport Geography and Geologistics in Ukraine

Peculiarities of life, military, the diplomatic activity of Doctor of Sciences in Geography, O. I. Stepaniv, as well as her scientific achievements as a Ukrainian geographer and geologist, are revealed. Olena Stepanov was the first woman in Ukraine and the world – a military officer in the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Ukrainski Sichovi Striltsi, USS) and the Ukrainian Galician Army (Ukrainska Halytska Armiia, UHA) during the First World War and the Ukrainian Liberation War of 1917–1921, a diplomatic official of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Ukrainian People’s Republic. Having a doctorate in geography and history, she made a significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian geographical science, including economic and social geography, as well as transport geography and modern understanding of geologistics. The last two areas of geographical science are most fully disclosed in her work “Modern Lviv”, which provides a comprehensive description of the transport infrastructure of Lviv and Lviv region and its importance in the transport system of Ukraine, in particular, emphasizes the central position of Lviv as a transport and logistics hub on the trans-European way connecting the Baltic and Black Seas; identified the main transport routes of Lviv region, important on a national scale; in addition to the main roads, regional and local ones were identified and characterized. The characteristics of transport routes were combined with the indication of the most significant industrial enterprises of Lviv region; tourist and recreational areas and centres which were located on the ways of transport routes were indicated, as well as the tourist specialization of these centres (in textbooks on the geography of transport of the Soviet era, it was not mentioned at all); such transport and logistics indicators as road congestion, traffic intensity on them were used, as well as their historical names were given and their significance in the past was revealed. O. I. Stepaniv’s scientific works remain relevant today. This applies not only to the problems of the geography of transport communication in modern Lviv but also to current issues of international logistics, in particular, Ukraine’s participation in the Baltic-Black Sea transport and logistics integration system. O.I. Stepaniv’s scientific works on transport geography are of direct importance to the most modern EU project in the field of transport and logistics – the Three Seas Initiative (TSI). The recent TSI Summit in Tallinn (October 19–20, 2020) highlighted the impact of the TSI on the entire Baltic-Adriatic Black Sea region. TSI is open to countries – strategic partners of the EU, including Ukraine. Although the latter is not a member of the EU, it was invited to the first TSI summit in 2016 andis currently an active participant in many projects under this Initiative, without having formal membership in the TSI. Ukraine should continue to cooperate with TSI, especially with Poland, in such important infrastructure projects as the Gdansk-Odesa highway, the railway Viking project, the development of gas infrastructure within the North-South corridor (involving Ukrainian underground storage facilities of “blue fuel”), etc.

ПИТАННЯ ПОВСЯКДЕННОГО ЖИТТЯ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ВОЯКІВ У ПЕРШІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХХ СТОЛІТТІ НА СТОРІНКАХ ЖУРНАЛУ «ВІСТІ КОМБАТАНТА»

The article tells about how the Ukrainian diaspora magazine "Visti Kombatanta" addressed the issues of everyday life of servicemen in the twentieth century. The author found that many elements of military everyday life are contained in the memories of members of various military formations in which Ukrainians served. The pages of the magazine cover the following aspects of everyday life: military training, relations in the military environment, the quality of logistics and nutrition, spiritual and material care of soldiers, participation in hostilities. Separately, the article considers how the publications of the magazine "Visti Kombatanta" covered the situation of Ukrainian prisoners of war. The journal publications reveal the peculiarities of military everyday life in the armies and military formations where Ukrainians served in the twentieth century. In particular, these are the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the Free Cossacks, the Ukrainian Galician Army, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and the Polish Army of General Anders. In addition to the mentioned military units, it was found out what the everyday life of servicemen in the Ukrainian units of the German armed forces was like during the Second World War. In particular, the Galicia Division, air defense units. A large number of publications in the magazine are devoted to the events of November 1918, when independence was proclaimed in the western Ukrainian lands. Separate publications in the journal contain descriptions of the activities of the military medical service and the Red Cross. The author found that the publications of the "Visti Kombatanta" provide in-depth material to cover the issue of everyday life of servicemen.

ОЛЕНА СТЕПАНІВ – ОФІЦЕР УСС ТА УГА, УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ДИПЛОМАТ, ГЕОГРАФ, ГЕОЛОГІСТ

Peculiarities of life, military, the diplomatic activity of O. I. Stepaniv, PhD in Geography, as well as her scientific achievements as a Ukrainian geographer and geologist, are revealed. The biography of O. I. Stepaniv (1892–1963) absorbed all the complexities of the twentieth century. A woman who aspired to comprehend science and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Lviv University devoted her youth to the struggle for independence of Ukraine. As an extraordinary person, she achieved success in military affairs even in these difficult times – she became an officer in the armies of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army; carried out significant public work to establish the Republic of Western Ukraine and became its diplomatic representative. At the same time, she continued her studies, was able to write and defend a dissertation in Vienna and obtain a doctor degree (PhD) in history and geography. From 1921 until her arrest for “anti-Soviet” activities in 1949, O. I. Stepaniv taught and conducted scientific work, in particular, on economic and social geography. It is noted that her works on the geography of transport can be considered as “forerunners” of geologistics, which emerged as a direction of geographical research only at the beginning of the XXI century. It is proved that O.I. Stepaniv views on the geopolitical, transport-geographical position of the Ukrainian lands were much ahead of the current level of comprehension of geographical material and still need their study. The authors emphasize that her transport and geographical works, in particular, dedicated to the city of Lviv (1943), are geologistical in their approach and in many respects “resonate” with the modern vision of the geopolitical and geologistical potential of Ukraine as an independent Europian state. The authors give an example of a modern EU project in the field of transport logistics “Three Seas Initiative”, aimed at developing the transport network of the Baltic-Adriatic-Black Seas region, to which Ukraine is invited as a strategically important partner (although it is not yet a full member of the EU).

The press of the Ukrainian Galician Army on the Internet: a comparative analysis of digitalized publications

The press of the Ukrainian Galician Army on the Internet: a comparative analysis of digitalized publications

Журнальная периодика в лагерях интернированных частей Украинской Галицкой Армии в Чехословакии (вторая половина 1919–1923 гг.): современное состояние исторических исследований

The article considers a degree of knowledge and the current state of scientific researche in the problem of functioning in camps of integrated units of Ukrainian Galician Army in Czechoslovakia (Deutsch Gabel, Liberec, Josefov), of a number of magazines (including «Voice of the Camp», «Ukrainian Shooter», «Ukrainian Wanderer» and so on). The materials, published on the pages of the above mentioned camp periodicals, represent a special value as the primary sources of the history of UGA camps. Their study is absolutely necessary for understanding the informative-educational and organizational-mobilization functions of the camp press of interned Ukrainian soldiers in the second half of 1919 – 1923. The journalistic period in the camp of international relations of the UGA in Czechoslovakia has established itself as an effective tool for influencing the world outlook and value orientations of Ukrainian soldiers. The idea of a united fighting for the independence of Ukraine. At the same time, in accordance with these living circumstances, in different living conditions in the conditions of emigration, an adaptation of the interned military personnel took place. The publication of camp periodicals became one of the evidence of a clear understanding by their first colleagues of the tasks and prospects of the Ukrainian liberation movement. Thus, we can easily imagine the daily life of the interned soldiers of the UGA in the camp.

УКРАЇНЦІ СХІДНОЇ ГАЛИЧИНИ У ВІЙСЬКОВОМУ ДИСКУРСІ: ПОГЛЯД ЧЕРЕЗ СТОЛІТТЯ (ІВАН ТЕОДОР РУДНИЦЬКИЙ)

The article is devoted to the activity of Ivan Theodor Rudnytzky, a military, social and political figure and a lawyer. His life is a vivid example of the fate of many Ukrainians from Galicia, who dedicated their lives to the struggle for Ukraine’s freedom and independence. Archival records, other documents and his memoirs were used to reclaim his name from oblivion.This article is the biography of one of the unsung heroes of Western Ukraine’s struggle for independence. In offers a brief genealogy of the Rudnytzky family and dwells on the formation of his character- beginning with Ivanʹs birth in Galicia (village Bedrykivci), on February 20, 1886 to 1920.Based on Ukrainian, Polish, Czech and Austrian archival materials and on secondary literature and memoirs, author traces the eventful life of an Austrian and, later, Ukrainian military officer, lawyer and freedom fighter who, although little known today, was one of the chief architects of the historic 1918 November Uprising in Lviv.While crystallizing the personality of her subject and describing his activities in military and civil life, both in Ukraine and in emigration, the author offers glimpses of new and heretofore unknown historical facts as well as insights into Zeitgeist of the inter and post bellum periods in Ukraine.Juli 1910 he is member a student demonstration at the University of Lviv. Beginning with the 1914, it describes Rudnytzkys career in the Austrian army, where he served as a commander of a machine-gun regiment and was wounded on the Italian front.It discusses as a key member of the Ukrainian Military Committee, which prepared the November Uprising of 1918, his work in the Ukrainian Galician Army. In Massаrykʹs Czechia (1920-1927), I. Rudnytzky served as a representative of the Ukrainian Galician Army in Vienna as well as a military attache in Prage until 1927.

The Military-tourist Potential of Kamianets in Podillia as the Capital of United (Soborna) Ukraine (1919–1920) During the National Liberation Struggle of the Ukrainian People in 1917–1921

The article highlights the military and tourism potential and directions of its use in relation to the Kamianets period of the UPR Directorate or Directory (1919-1920), when city of Kamianets-Podilskyi served as the capital of Soborna (United) Ukraine. The Directory and the Head of the Directory, Chief Ataman Simon Petliura, the government and ministries of the UPR, the General Staff of the Active Army of the UPR, WUPR government headed by the dictator E. Petrushevych, the Initial Team of the Ukrainian Galician Army worked in the city. The University and the theatre were situated there; 16 newspapers were printed; the Directory’s laws, resolutions and appeals, as well as army orders, were adopted etc. Thus, an important period of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle and the creation of the statehood of Ukraine, as well as its armed forces, is connected with the Kamianets era of the Directory of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. However, the existing military and tourism potential associated with the capital status of Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1919–1920 is still underused. The article substantiates the possibility and expediency of wide and sustainable use of the historical heritage of Kamianets-Podilskyi during the UPR as a tourist resource.

National issue in the West Ukrainian People's Republic. The 100th Anniversary of the achievements of Ukrainian state-building

Problem setting. In different epochs, the state-building processes in Ukraine had characteristic features that should be taken into account today. The achievements of the Central Rada, the Hetmanate, the Directory, and the Soviet government in Ukraine reveal the complex external and internal circumstances of state-building. Political leaders of this period pursued their own principles of governance, often ignoring the lessons of the past. Under each government, there were different views among the political electorate on this issue, which did not always reflect the interests of the people of Ukraine, and important decisions were generally made to please Western Europe.Recent research and publications analysis. Historical events of the early XXth century in Eastern Galicia are interesting for researchers of various specialities. In particular, V. Velykochyi, L. Volosianko, Yu. Zaitsev, S. Kobuta, O. Krasivskyi, M. Lytvyn, K. Mytsan, I. Pater, H. Poslavska, O. Rublov, O. Reient, Yu. Slyvka, V. Soldatenko, I. Soliar and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Modern problems of state-building in Ukraine and the participation of representatives of national minorities in them need a thorough scientific substantiation. In this regard, the direction of previously unresolved issues concerning the current state-building practices of the past years is singled out.Taking into account the lessons of national history, identifying the relationship between historical experience and modern problems, ensuring certain heredity, combining Ukrainian achievements with the achievements of world practice of state-building determines the topicality of the problem.Paper main body. Meaningful experience of state-building must be taken into account when reforming modern state structures and, in particular, regarding the definition of powers, tasks, cooperation of various branches of government. Nevertheless, the events of 1917 – 1920ies haven’t been studied enough, because the understanding of the achievements and miscalculations of Ukrainian state-building of the revolutionary era would help to outline the strategic understanding of Ukraine’s tasks at the present stage.In October 1918 after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ukrainians of Western Ukraine began preparations to create their own independent state. In the western Ukrainian lands, although the state revival took place under the significant influence of the events in the Dnieper region, in almost all aspects the desire of Western Ukrainians to gain state independence was radically different from the attempts of Eastern Ukrainians.In a short time, the West Ukrainian People's Republic managed to create a fairly effective system of public administration, based on the constitutional practice of Austria.Already in the first months in Western Ukraine, central and local public administration bodies were formed: the Ukrainian National Council, the State Secretariat, State Secretaries, County National Councils, County Commissioners, Public and City Councils, and Public and City Commissioners.The courts were independent of other branches of government, according to the law of November 21, 1918, and the Highest State Court in Lviv, following the Austrian model, was the Supreme court institution.The West Ukrainian People's Republic managed to ensure stability and order on its territory, despite the war, and it was even passed the Law on Land (April 14, 1919) and introduced its own currency – hryvnia and karbovantsi. Prompt and effective creation of public administration is a unique achievement in the whole of Eastern Europe. It was an ideal model of a modern European democratic state governed by the rule of law – the result of the propensity of Galicians to social organization, which developed significantly in the pre-war decade.The Act of Unity became a powerful manifestation of the will of Ukrainians to ethnic and territorial consolidation, evidence of their dynamic self-identification, and the formation of a political nation.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The experience of Ukrainian state-building is important for today, as it makes it possible to anticipate similar situations and avoid mistakes. The West Ukrainian People's Republic has left a noticeable mark in the development of Ukrainian national statehood. For the first time since the Galician-Volyn era, Western Ukrainians gained national independence. Important reforms have been carried out in many spheres of public life. An effective system of central and local authorities and administration, health care, education, publishing, and a capable Ukrainian Galician Army was created.The main achievement of the events of 1917 – 1920 was the revival of the idea of Ukrainian statehood and national-state consciousness of the population of Ukraine, and a new generation of Ukrainian intellectuals picked up the concept of the national-state building.

Степан Рудык в общественно-политической жизни Галичины первой половины ХХ в.

The purpose of the article is to cover the life path of unjustly forgotten Stepan Rudyk, socio-political figure, journalist, editor, who reflects the fate of the whole generation of Galician Ukrainians in the Austro-Hungarian and Polish states. The author analyzes the biography of a publicist against the backdrop of dramatic events of the 1920s and 1930s in western Ukraine, which reflect the struggle of Ukrainians for national identity and state-building aspirations. Research methodology is based on a combination of different scientific methods: historical, biographical, prosopographic, analytical, synthetic. The scientific novelty of the work is to introduce the general public unknown materials and archival documents concerning Stepan Rudyk's personal data and shed light on his contribution to the construction of Ukrainian civil society in Galicia in the context of Polish colonial discourse. This is accentuated by the personal deeds of Stepan Rudyk, who testified to daily patriotism and devotion to the Ukrainian idea. Conclusions. Generations of Galician Ukrainians, who were born in the late XIX and early XX centuries, have gone through the difficult way of fighting to have an opportunity to receive education in their mother tongue and to have their own state. They defended their nation-building ideals with weapons in the ranks of the Ukrainian Galician Army, in student associations, editorial of cultural journals, which led to persecution and arrests by the Polish authorities. A highly educated graduate of the University of Vienna, khorunzhyi of Ukrainian Galician Army, editor of “Striletska Dumka” and Lviv magazine “Kultura” – Stepan Rudyk – was killed in a Soviet prison.

Основні тенденції історико-культурного відродження в Україні, 2005–2010 рр.

Основні тенденції історико-культурного відродження в Україні, 2005–2010 рр.

Activity of schools and educational courses for soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army interned in Czechoslovakia as a form of their socialization (1919-1920)

This article analyzes the activity of schools and educational courses in the camp for interned Ukrainian Galician Army combatants in Německe Jablonne (Czechoslovakia) in 1919-1920. One of their main tasks was elimination of illiteracy among soldiers. Soldiers who had a sufficient educational background (complete elementary education or incomplete secondary education) attended special courses covering cooperation, milk production, agriculture, etc. Besides, interned soldiers could learn the trade of shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, locksmiths, bookbinders, and electricians; there were also veterinarian and medical studies. Petty officers had an opportunity to finish their school education and prepare to enter higher educational institutions inCzechoslovakia. Due to the above activity, interned Ukrainian soldiers could find a job connected with their professional experience within Czechoslovakia, while university graduates worked as engineers, teachers, doctors, etc. The activity of camp educational courses resulted in a significant drop in illiteracy rates among interned soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army. That phenomenon helped them be prepared for civil status. The educational initiative in camps provided Ukrainian soldiers with great opportunities for studying abroad according to their civil qualifications.

THE PODILIAN PAGE IN THE HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN GALICIAN ARMY IN THE MEMOIRS OF CONTEMPORARIES

The paper studies the Podilian page in the history of the Ukrainian Galician Army through the memoirs and recollections of its contemporaries. The importance of the latter for аn in-depth investigation of the issue leaves no doubt. It is argued that along with the actual material, they сontain valuable theoretical generalizations. The memoirs in question are conditionally classified according to their origin. The content of the memoirs is analyzed in terms of military-political, socio-economic, and national-cultural aspects of the above said military formation deployed in the Podilia region. In addition to the information on the battles fought by the Galician army, the memoirs and recollections are found to contain data on its size, organization, combat path. As well they contain information on the then political events that directly affected the Ukrainian Galician Army and the relationship of the Galician soldiers with the residents. It is noted that сertain concrete facts in the memoirs testify to the complexity and sometimes contradictory nature of those relationships. The publications attest to the true attitude of the Podolians to the Galician army and show a significant proportion of both supporters and opponents. Personal reflections of the contemporaries are also recorded in their memoirs. Keywords Ukrainian Galician Army, Podilia, Galician troops, memoirs, recollections.

ZUNR (WEST UKRAINIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC) IN ENCYCLOPAEDIC EDITIONS

The encyclopedic editions that cover the topic of ZUNR are analyzed in this article. The main focus is on the Soviet encyclopedic editions "Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia" and "Soviet Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine" in which the authors covered the history of ZUNR under the crushing Soviet propaganda way. These articles describe the position of the Soviet authorities regarding the history of the ZUNR and the independence of Ukraine. Historical aspects of statehood are revealed, but as destructive and crushing for the Soviet apparatus. The unilateral nature of these articles was characterized as they covered ZUNR policy from a subjective point of view. The tendency of repetition of encyclopedic texts on ZUNR that passed from one Soviet edition to another is revealed. Changes in the emphasis on the study of the history of ZUNR with the restoration of Ukraine's independence have been observed. Significant attention is focused on modern encyclopedic projects, which cover the history of ZUNR and have become a kind of quintessence and business card of all previous scientific work on the subject of ZUNR. Examples in changing the emphasis in ZUNR research by modern researchers are given. The basic conceptual bases of national historiography concerning the history of ZUNR are formulated. In the article, the author emphasizes the position of changing the assessment of the state policy of ZUNR officials to the state policy. Domestic researchers in new encyclopedic editions re-submit ZUNR history and most of the stigmatized spots have been cleaned up and fairly introduced into national encyclopedic editions. The article emphasizes the need to develop new archival data that will become available in the archives of the Catholic University of Rome. Declassification of these materials will make it possible to review articles in encyclopedic editions of already independent Ukraine. Make their own adjustments and add to existing present historical material. The author emphasizes that encyclopedic science is an important field of historical disciplines, because it covers a large amount of material in an accessible abbreviated form. Key words: Western Ukrainian People's Republic 1918–1919, national democratic revolution, «Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia», «Soviet Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine», «Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine», «Western Ukrainian People's Republic 1918–1923. Encyclopedia», Ukrainian Galician Army.