Ukrainian Ethnic Group Research Articles

Ukrainian Identity: Ontological Foundations and Essential Features

Turning to the phenomenon of Ukrainian identity as a multiverse of national values, as an objective ontological reality, an integral component of European civilization, becomes important in the institutionalisation of the spiritual and practical paradigm of our desire for freedom and independence. The Ukrainian national identity is based on the archetypal principles of human existence. This is a systemic and multi-level phenomenon that is embodied in a number of diverse criteria: biosphere, geological, anthropological, civilizational, ethnic, political, etc. In this context, the following dimensions of Ukrainian identity are decisive: anthropological code, territory (space of life), geopolitical determination, life activity, culture, and politics (state). Identity is based on the perception and understanding of one's own land, family, language, and culture as native and unified. The strengthening of the Ukrainian political nation should be included among the indisputable positive trends of social development. It is formed by the Ukrainian ethnic group and all national minorities in the country. Common to all is the citizenship of Ukraine - the state that they create for themselves to protect the rights and freedoms of each member of society, the national interests of the country in general. Congregationalism becomes the ontological foundation of the creation of a national state as a guarantor of the nation's self-preservation and the creation of the necessary political, economic, social, and other conditions for its development and establishment in the international community. Identity at the level of state policy means the ability of state authorities to organise collective action in such a way as to enable guaranteed opposition to real and potential aggressors. The ideological orientation of social consolidation in Ukraine is the national idea, which will determine the state-building priorities of social and political life based on civic principles. The fundamental feature of the Ukrainian national idea is its creative nature. This is motivated by the need to establish a constructive dialogue between values traditional to Ukrainian society and cultural innovations that penetrate globalisation processes.

Сравнительный анализ политики украинизации в 1920–1930-е годы на территории юго-восточных округов УССР и Кубанского округа Северо-Кавказского края РСФСР

The nationality policy that was implemented in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in the 1920s and 1930s led to major changes in the field of culture and education. However, this policy had not always been successful in the Ukrainian SSR and some other regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), e.g. in the south-eastern areas of the Ukrainian SSR and in the Kuban Area of the North Caucasus Territory of the RSFSR. In this regard, the purpose of thе article was to perform a comparative analysis of the content, directions and results of the policy of Ukrainization in the south-eastern areas of the Ukrainian SSR and in the Kuban Area of the North Caucasus Territory. In the course of the research, the author studied the historiography of Ukrainization in general: articles, monographs of modern Russian and Ukrainian scholars, as well as the periodical press published in the Ukrainian SSR between 1925 and 1933. Based on the data obtained, the author concludes that, in spite of the rapid and successful Ukrainization in these regions, it was implemented through administrative pressure, which formed a negative attitude towards this kind of ethno-cultural transformations on the ground, in particular, in some south-eastern areas of the Ukrainian SSR and in the Kuban Area of the North Caucasus Territory of the RSFSR, whose population differed significantly from the Ukrainian ethnic group in terms of language and self-consciousness. In the Kuban Area, neither the local population nor local authorities were interested in this policy, which slowed the process of Ukrainization and made the mechanisms for its implementation rather ineffective, even compared to the south-east of the Ukrainian SSR. As a result, the population in the south of the RSFSR became part of the Russian nation.

Religious activity and expression of national identity of Ukrainians during the introduction of the new Soviet ritual: 1960’s–1970’s

The party ideologues of the Soviet totalitarian state artificially developed and actively introduced into the life of the titular nation of the Ukrainian SSR a new Soviet ritualism, the main goal of which was to raise from every Ukrainian a Russified citizen of the Soviet type without national identity and religious beliefs, with a Russian consciousness, mentality and language. The article proves that the ancient church and religious traditions and customs of the Ukrainian people continued to be a part of the everyday culture of Ukrainians. The religious activity of representatives of the Ukrainian ethnic group was especially observed during the celebration of Christmas, Epiphany, Easter and other church holidays. And although the number of adherents of religious rites in the republic was different – from less in the East to more in the West, Christian values, despite atheism, continued to be the basis of the spiritual life of the absolute majority of Ukrainians.

Multidimensionality of the Institutionalization of the Values of the Ukrainian Ethnic Group

Multidimensionality of the Institutionalization of the Values of the Ukrainian Ethnic Group

THE SYSTEM OF MORAL-ETHIC VALUES IN UKRAINIAN NON-RITUAL LYRIC-EPIC FOLKLORE: THE RESPONSIBILITY CATEGORY

The article is devoted to the problem of responsibility in non-ritual lyric-epic folklore. The poetic macrosphere of lyric-epic folklore reflects the multifaceted spiritual universe of the Ukrainian ethnic group, mental peculiarities, features of the national character, historical aspects of social development, and various transformational processes. Forms of rational and irrational understanding of the world were revealed in the folklore text, which influenced the formation of a special sociocultural paradigm. In traditional non-ritual poetry, the world itself, in all its inexhaustibility of interpretations, appears as the center of an axiological system, an unchanging value in man's understanding of all that exists. The broad information content present in the texts of traditional culture contributes to the realization of communicative efficiency, which helps to socialize and differentiate between essential and non-essential. The poetic system of the lyric-epic song represents the features of the structuring of a complex anthropological model. In the collective memory, exceptional events were imprinted, which reveal the actualization in the folk consciousness of precisely the moments of the destructive nature of an individual's irresponsibility for the consequences of his own actions. The article highlights the concept of "attachment of responsibility": everyone must be responsible for their actions. Through the multifaceted artistic macrosphere of the song, a number of important interpretations of the essence of moral responsibility in the axiological sense are revealed. An irresponsible act causes a corresponding reaction on the part of individual individuals, merging into a general moral and ethical assessment by the entire community. Thus, through the folklore image of the traditional lyric-epic song, the folklore idea of the uniqueness and uniqueness of human life, which is included in the living memory of other people, their experience and the spiritual world, is transmitted.

THE IDEA OF TRUTH-JUSTICE AS A TOOL FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LEGAL MENTALITY OF THE UKRAINIAN ETHNOSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONWIDE STATE CREATION: A SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

In the last years of its history, the Ukrainian ethnic group faced numerous external and internal challenges, which, to a large extent, were the result of its previous genesis and profound transformations in public consciousness. At the same time, one of the central stereotypes of the domestic political and legal mentality is the idea of truth and justice as a basic social ideal and the basis of the legal order. Analysis of research and publications. The problem of mentality and the formation of behavioral stereotypes has been of interest to domestic and foreign scientists for a long time. The concept of «mentality» is most widespread in the writings of the French historical school «Annals». The scientific work of M. Blok, F. Braudel, M. Vovel, J. Le Hoff, J. Lefebvre, L. Fevre, R. Mandr and other scientists reveals the content of mentality and its structures, as well as the peculiarities of their influence on everyday life and activities of individuals who lived in different historical eras. The purpose and objectives of the article. In this article, the authors aim to analyze the idea of truth-justice as a tool for transforming the legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnic group and to show its influence on the content of its behavioral stereotypes. Research methodology. The methodology of this research has a complex nature and is based on a socio-philosophical and philosophical-legal analysis of the behavioral guidelines of Ukrainians in the field of legal understanding. The results. The social ideology, developed on the basis of ancient social ideas and stereotypes of the national legal mentality, should become a tool for correcting such destructive phenomena in the state-building discourse as legal nihilism, anarchism, civic passivity, corruption, nepotism, etc. At the same time, the concepts of truth-justice, will-freedom and fraternity-equality are key in Ukrainian legal culture. Discussion. The interpretation of this idea in scientific opinion is not unambiguous. This idea clearly manifests itself in the context of the opposition between Truth and Evil in the national culture. Truth is inseparable from human existence and daily activities. The idea of truth is closely related to the idea of justice, which, according to many researchers, is a later, more rational and clearly defined phenomenon derived from truth. Justice as a socio-philosophical phenomenon is intended to act as a kind of moral measure of relations between individuals in society. It is considered as an authoritative criterion for establishing the correspondence between the nature of human activity and its assessment by the social community. Conclusions. Destructive behavioral stereotypes of the Ukrainian ethnic group that were formed, among other things, under the influence of factors of stressogenesis can be corrected with the help of the legal ideology of state building, which should be based on the content of the idea of truth and justice. The developed ideology should be based on the most stable constructive guidelines of the national legal mentality, organically complementing and ideologically justifying them.

THE SPACE OF SPIRITUAL CORPORATION IN THE HUMAN DIMENSIONAL ASPECT

The article examines the issue of modern understanding of the component space of national culture, as well as the effects of various civilizational systems on the space of human cultural activity. It is noted that the phenomenon of national spirituality is a powerful factor in the self-development of the nation's moral existence, which reproduces the space of national culture (external and internal). 
 The purpose of the work is to determine the various degrees of human perception of the social space and the presence of God in the universe, nature, and philosophical systems.
 The research methodology consists in the use of dialectical and analytical methods to study the philosophical understanding of the spiritual values of a person. The functional-instrumental method is applied in order to identify the features of the progress of philosophical considerations and their impact on a person in modern society.
 Based on the considered concepts, it can be noted that the existence of spatial spiritual characteristics of physicality in the Ukrainian ethnic group are related to the interpretive aspects of creative power (Holy Trinity). Nowadays, the problem of cultural space is determined by a number of solutions to environmental problems, the close interaction of the biosphere and the noosphere. And also the problem of preserving the integrity of the environment, the solution of which is necessary for a person to exist. The priority solution to this problem is that the phenomenon of national spirituality acts as a powerful factor of self-development and moral improvement of the existence of the nation and individual. The solution of the specified problem is connected with many human interests, as well as the creation of civilizational comfort in the functioning of the mechanisms of today's complex philosophical processes. The spiritual aspect of the spatial characteristics of national culture today is due to the need for a philosophical counterbalance in the conditions of modern globalization.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL VALUES AS A COMPONENT OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

The article highlights the main historical stages of the formation of the system of political values as a component of Ukrainian national identity. It is indicated that political values are the basis of the formation and implementation of the national development strategy, the ideology of state formation, state policy, adoption of laws and management decisions. It is emphasized that an important historical stage in the formation of political values was the period of the Cossack state, founded in the first half of the 16th century, which had a significant impact on the formation of national identity. This state was based on such values as freedom, fraternity and equality, Orthodoxy, dignity, respect for the opinion and will of the community, faithfulness to one's word and duty. Attention is focused on the fact that the 20th century was an important stage of Ukrainian state-building, when the Ukrainian people tried to build their state and actively developed their national self-awareness and political values. M. Hrushevskyi, P. Skoropadskyi, S. Petlyura, S. Bandera, Yu. Shukhevich and others should be named among the key political figures who influenced these processes. Each of them had slightly different ideas about the state structure of Ukraine, but they all aspired to its independence and sovereignty. It is indicated that the political values formed in different periods of the formation of Ukrainian statehood reflected the important principles that formed the Ukrainian ethnic group and its culture, and also contributed to the preservation of Ukrainian identity and national consciousness. It is on these values that modern Ukrainian society, which strives to preserve and develop its culture and national identity, is based. It is these values that the servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine profess today, who have absorbed the best experience of the Ukrainian people's liberation strugg le for their freedom and independence.

The Kyivan Rus Version of Ukrainian Genesis. Arguments For and Against

National history is the core of the formation of national consciousness, the strength of which determines the viability of the nation. The birth of the national history subject is one of its key problems, without whose solution the successful building of a modern Ukrainian nation is impossible. In addition to the three main versions of the origin of Ukrainians (Trypillia, early mediaeval, and late mediaeval), some Ukrainian researchers propose the so-called Kyivan Rus concept of Ukrainian genesis.The article presents a critical analysis of the Kyivan Rus concept of the birth of the Ukrainian nation. Vasyl Balushok, who has published two monographs touching the issue of the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians, is its most active supporter among modern domestic researchers. In them, the researcher examines in detail the main aspects of the Kyivan Rus version of the origin of Ukrainians. Therefore, the basis of the article is the analysis of two of his monographic studies, which provide a fairly complete picture of the current state of the problem of the Ukrainian ethnic group origin from Kyivan Rus.Balushok believes that the formation of the Ukrainian ethnos took place in Rus state and ended at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. The main shortcoming of V. Balushok's version of Ukrainaian genesis is the researcher's failure to recognise the first, tribal phase of the formation of Ruthenians-Ukrainians. It covers the entire early Middle Ages from the end of the 5th to the 10th centuries, when the Ukrainian ethnos consisted of related proto-Ukrainian tribes: Antes, Sklavens, Dulebs, Polans, Drevlians, Volhynians, Ulychis, Tivertsi, Croats. The latter consolidated into an aristocratic nation of Ruthenians-Ukrainians in the state of Rus during the 10th–13th centuries.The ethnogenesis of Ukrainians took place within the framework of the universal laws of the ethnohistorical development of the peoples of the middle part of Europe: Englishmen, Spaniards, Frenchmen, Romanians, Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Ruthenians-Ukrainians, etc. All of them went through three main phases of development: 1. The tribal period of the early Middle Ages (5th–9th centuries); 2. Aristocratic nations of the developed and late Middle Ages (10th–16th centuries); 3. Modern nations of the new and modern times (17th–21st centuries). V. Balushok's non-recognition of the tribal phase of Ukrainian genesis contradicts the specified universal laws of the development of the great ethnic groups of Europe.

ЗНАЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЕТНІЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ДЛЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКОЛОГО-ОРІЄНТОВАНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ МОЛОДШИХ ШКОЛЯРІВ

The article identifies the importance of Ukrainian ethnic culture for the formation of environmentally-oriented behavior of primary school children. The ecological and educational potential of Ukrainian folk culture and pedagogical experience of its use are clarified; the essence of the concepts "Ukrainian ethnic culture" (culture created by the Ukrainian ethnic group for a long historical time, passed down from generation to generation), "tradition" (a concept that defines various forms of past influence on the present and future of the Ukrainian people), "custom", Ukrainian folk remedies and methods of influencing the personality of primary school children are identified and characterized. The peculiarities of ecological traditions of the Ukrainian ethnos are determined, which are combined into two types: 1) based on reason and appropriate motivations in the form of desire for good, duty, justice, respect for natural rights, 2) traditions based on feelings and motivation in the form of sympathy, pity, love, care, etc. The concept "custom" (involvement of people in the social and cultural experience of the Ukrainian people and its transmission from generation to generation) regulates relations between people, maintains community cohesion.

INDIVIDUAL FACTORS OF STRESSOGENESIS OF THE LEGAL MENTALITY OF THE UKRAINIAN ETHNOS IN THE CONTEXT OF DOMESTIC STATE-FORMATION: SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHY ANALISE

In 2013-2022, the Ukrainian ethnic group faced numerous external and internal challenges, which were largely the result of its previous historical development and profound transformations in the public consciousness.These changes, in turn, have become a natural reaction to a number of historical processes and phenomena that have taken place in the territory of the people from ancient times to the present. In this article, the author aims to analyze some factors of stress genesis of the ethnic legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnic group and show their impact on the content of its behavioral stereotypes. The methodology of this study is comprehensive and is based on socio-philosophical and philosophical and legal analysis of behavioral attitudes of Ukrainians in the field of legal understanding.Results. In the course of analyzing the scientific works of a number of researchers, we found that during its historical existence, the Ukrainian ethnic group has experienced a number of events, phenomena and processes of objective reality, which led to the transformation of the content of its behavioral stereotypes. Factors of stress genesis can be divided into endogenous and exogenous. Exogenous sources of Ukrainian ethnopsychologists include, for example, continuous invasions of various aggressors (Tatar, Polish, Russian, German) and various attempts to acculturate Ukrainians.According to them, endogenous factors include various migration processes that have generated marginality and betrayal by Ukrainian leaders of their people. In the future, the established guidelines play or may play a destructive role in the process of nationbuilding.Conclusions. We found that the stress genesis of domestic political and legal can be defined as the process of creating political and legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnos under the influence of events, phenomena, processes of its sociohistorical development, as well as factors of geographical location and environmental conditions. community and, as a consequence, cause transformations in the content of its guidelines. In addition, the border situation of Ukrainian lands, long statelessness of the ethnic group, serfdom in the homeland and other factors of socio-historical development of the national ethnic group have led to the emergence or deepening in the people’s consciousness such destructive stereotypes as anarchism, legal nihilism, freedom “, absenteeism and civic passivity, deep corruption traditions and nepotism, low status of state property, etc.

ГОЛОДОМОР 1932-1933 РР. В УКРАЇНІ (ЗА ДОКУМЕНТАМИ АРХІВУ СКОРОПАДСЬКИХ В ЦДІАК УКРАЇНИ)

The article analyzes an unknown body of documents on the history of the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932-1933, preserved in the Skoropadskyi Fund - the archive of the family of the last hetman of Ukraine, Pavlo Skoropadskyi. For a long time, this archive was kept in the private property of P. Skoropadsky's daughter YElizaveta Skoropadska, and later in the East European Institute named after V. Lipinsky in Philadelphia (USA). In 2006, the archive was sent to the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (Kyiv), where it was at the stage of scientific and technical development and became available to researchers only at the end of 2022. Documents on the history of the Holodomor were deposited in the fund thanks to YE. Skoropadska, who from 1933 headed the Committee for Aid to the Starving in Ukraine, which provided material aid to the victims of the famine in Ukraine, conducted organizational work to collect funds for the starving, and disseminated information about this famine in the world. The archive of E. Skoropadska includes hundreds of documents with a total volume of more than 6,300 sheets. This is the largest archive of documents about the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine and the world. It contains letters from witnesses of the Holodomor, testimonies of various people, articles, clippings from newspapers and magazines, etc. The article concludes that the analyzed documents indisputably prove the artificial nature of the famine of 1932-1933, which was planned and carried out by the communist regime of the USSR and became a terrible crime against the Ukrainian people. During the Holodomor in Ukraine and the Kuban, where mostly representatives of the Ukrainian ethnic group lived, whole villages died and millions of people died. The collection of archival documents by YE. Skoropadska about the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine is unique for Ukrainian historical science. These materials are the most complete, integral and voluminous body of documents collected "on hot tracks", which have no analogues in Ukraine and the world.

Ukrainians in Slovakia: settlement and language

Problem formulation. The Ukrainian diaspora is an important object for geographical research. Features of ethnic composition of the country of residence, its language and religious composition, age structure of Ukrainians straight affect to the processes of assimilation and preservation of ethnic identity. The purpose of the study is to analyze and process population censuses data, which had conducted in Slovakia in 1991, 2001 and 2011. Methodology and materials. We found the materials necessary for our article in the public domain on the website of the Department of Statistics of the Slovak Republic and on the resource “Population statistics of Eastern Europe & former USSR”. To analyze the ethnic and linguistic environment in which Ukrainians live, in study used calculations of indices of ethnic and linguistic diversity, the coefficient of ethnic compactness. Results. According to population censuses, which had been conducted in Slovakia after 1980, the number of Ukrainians is declining. At the same time, the number of Ruthenians is growing, some of whom do not identify themselves as part of the Ukrainian ethnic group. Ukrainians live compactly in Presov and Kosice regions. In particular, these are the northern and eastern counties of the country, such as Presov, Snina, Humenne, Bardiiv, Svidnik, Mikhailovtse, Medzhilabortse and others. Ruthenians and Ukrainians are fourth and sixth largest ethnic groups in Slovakia. The country is relatively homogeneous in ethnic composition, as evidenced by the value of the index of ethnic diversity, which in most districts does not exceed 30%. However, in those districts where Hungarians, Ukrainians and Ruthenians live compactly, this value can be over 60%. Often in the process of ethnic and linguistic assimilation, belonging to a certain religion (denomination) is preserved. In terms of counties, the largest centers where Greek Catholics and Orthodox live coincide with the settlement of Ukrainians and Ruthenians. If Ukrainians and Ruthenians together do not make up 1% of the total population, the share of Greek Catholics and Orthodox in the population is almost 5%. The indicators of linguistic diversity according to the criteria of “native language” and “language of communication at work” are clearly correlated with the index of ethnic diversity. That is, on the one hand, it reflects the clear links between "ethnicity and language", and on the other – the language policy of the country, where Slovak predominates in all areas. Scientific novelty. The index of ethnic and linguistic diversity in terms of settlements and counties of Slovakia has been determined. According to the determinate indices and the main results of the census, a number of thematic maps were prepared with the help of GIS, which reflect the settlement of Ukrainians and Ruthenians, indices of ethnic and linguistic diversity and the share of Greek Catholics and Orthodox in the population. Practical meaninig. The obtained results and thematic maps can be useful in further research of Ukrainians living in Slovakia for historians, demographers, linguists, ethnologists, etc.

The philosophy of the Ukrainian ethnic group’s destruction in the Soviet period

The phenomenon of the destruction of the Ukrainian ethnic group during the Soviet times of the first half of the 20th century is analyzed. This phenomenon is represented as a consequence of the brutal violence and aggression of the Soviet authorities towards the Ukrainian ethnic group. In modern conditions, most studies of the violence phenomenon note that in the twentieth century mankind was faced with its unprecedented escalation. World War, Genocide, Holocaust, Terror - all these specific forms of violence have not only touched the Soviet Union but have also become an integral part of its history and culture. Violence has penetrated into all spheres of life and has become a universal means of resolving conflicts. However, the enlargement of violence does not yet determine the specificity of the present. The analysis of historical events of this period is based on two methodological approaches: ethological and anthropological, which have become most widely used in the philosophical and anthropological discourse on violence. These research approaches link the phenomenon of culture with the phenomenon of violence and, therefore, unlike most other approaches, represent violence as the direct object of the study rather than treating it as a secondary phenomenon, resulting from the failure of a particular system. In the last century, Soviet space was experiencing a powerful wave of radical socio-cultural transformations that changed the contextual conditions of human existence, which was stimulated by the rapid development of cultural and communicative technologies, socio-political disasters, and the existential significance of urban space was increasing. The tendencies of destruction, chaotization, the growth of uncertainty, the change of thinking, and value-semantic orientations of existence cause the disorientation of consciousness, which loses certain worldview points. On the one hand, there is the development of cutting-edge technologies that aim at rationalizing the processes of life-creation, and on the other hand, these technologies generate phenomena that offset the meaning of these values: from manipulation of consciousness to postmodernist the very discrediting idea of life. All this in the first half of the twentieth century in the territories of "underdeveloped communism" led to mass repressions and in fact, posed a threat to the destruction of the elite part of society. The research of the self-destruction problem of a person is not only in the empirical confirmation and statement of the anthropological destruction phenomenon but in the analysis of the foundations of the destruction in personality as one of the Soviet repression origins. The authors argue that the self-destruction of the individual is not only a socio-philosophical problem that is related to the corresponding forms of the society organization, its ideologies and technologies but also philosophical and anthropological, which emphasizes on the priorities of the human development concept as individuals with the expressed spiritual dominant in life.

ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРНІ УКРАЇНСЬКО-ЛИТОВСЬКІ КОНТАКТИ ЛИТОВСЬКО-ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ ДОБИ

In the course research the problems of the common political history of Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania were comprehended, first of all, the influence of the Slavic world on the process of formation of the Lithuanian state, mutual influences of historical and cultural nature. The article focuses on the cultural interethnic contacts of Lithuanians and Ukrainians. Linguistic interethnic contacts, Lithuanian-Ukrainian interactions in family and marriage traditions of Ukrainians are revealed. Within the frameworks of the study the language situation was described. It can be argued that the Rus influence was stronger here, because the so-called “Rus language” was used both in everyday life and in official records. But it posed difficulties in its linguistic interpretation, many variants for its nomination were suggested which was described in detail in the article. Numerous Lithuanians in modern Ukrainian lexicon representing various fields undoubtedly testifies to the importance of Lithuanian-Ukrainian contacts in the Middle Ages and the historical contribution of Lithuanians to the formation of the Ukrainian ethnic group. The reciprocity of Ukrainian-Lithuanian contacts is evidenced by numerous Ukrainian borrowings in the modern Lithuanian language, most of which undeniably entered the vocabulary during the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A striking example of Lithuanian-Ukrainian interaction presents such a sphere of spiritual life as marital relations. After all, in the Ukrainian lands beginning from the XVI to the first half of the XIX century Lithuanian Statutes were in force (before the introduction of new Russian legislation), to which the norms of Russkaya Pravda regulating marital and family relations in the Kyiv state were transferred. Thus, Ukrainians got their own marriage and family traditions. The institution of marriage in the Lithuanian Statutes is considered quite extensively, but to a greater extent they regulated relations between the more affluent sections of the society at that time. Meanwhile, certain norms were universal: a clear definition of marriage age, defining the rights and responsibilities of parents and relatives in creating a new family, the obligations of the groom, determining the position of women and their children, and others.

Hrushevsky M. and the concept of Ukrainian unity (1917–1918)

The article reveals M. Hrushevsky's contribution to the substantiation of the concept of the unity of Ukraine. Historiography includes a wide range of publications devoted to elucidation of the phenomenon of the development by scientist and constant leader of the Central Council of a comprehensive, multifaceted, polyhedral concept of the Ukrainian national democratic revolution, while its organic, integral (though in some sense self-sufficient) component – the theoretical formation of projects to collect in a heap ethnically related branches of Ukrainianness, the territories in which they lived – much less often became the subject of special study and evaluation, freely or unwillingly moved to the periphery of the analysis. As a rule, attention shifted to the events of late 1918-early 1919, when the historical figure no longer exerted such influence on social processes as before. However, the fact remains that a prominent intellectual, impeccably possessing scientific methodology and historical data, in particular – statistics, convincingly proved that the most reliable, most logical and understandable, by the large extent and in general terms legitimate version of the constructive movement to the desired goal must be strict adherence to the ethnographic principle. On its basis, the general boundaries of the settlement of the Ukrainian ethnic group were objectively delineated and specifically calculated real proposals were formulated (such work was not simple and not momental) as to include in the revived state at the district level (of course, especially in borderline cases) historically formed lands, where the undoubted predominant array was Ukrainianness. In controversial and сontradictory situations, taking into account the dynamics of revolutionary change, local referendums and plebiscites were planned. Honest, verified, fair approaches formed the basis of the defining documents that guided the current and perspective process of formation of Ukrainian statehood – the Universals of the Central Council and the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Theoretical hypothetical constructions were subsequently seriously confirmed in their deep essence by life practice. The author concludes that the specified aspect acquires a special sound and political relevance in connection with the modern information war, the epicenter of which has recently been more than a century of experience of Ukrainian statehood, especially its unity component.

European values as a factor in the transformation of the legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnic group: state-building discourse

European values as a factor in the transformation of the legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnic group: state-building discourse

Патріотичне виховання як чинник формування національної ідентичності в умовах російської агресії

The article examines the features of patriotic education of Ukrainian youth in the context of the formation of national identity. It is noted that this process was significantly intensified in the context of Russian aggression, when the entire Ukrainian people united into one, defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, democratic values, human rights and freedoms. Today, Ukraine is an outpost of European civilization, protecting it from the expansion of the Russian Federation. It is noted that in the context of increasing current threats and challenges, national-patriotic education is an important security factor, as it is aimed at forming the national identity of young people, their willingness to defend their homeland. It is emphasized that patriotism is the basis for the formation of national identity. It is pointed out that, in essence, national identity is a multidimensional concept that can integrate cultural, ethnic, professional, regional, gender, or other types of identities, preserving each of them. It is noted that several identity groups coexist in Ukraine, each of which seeks to become national. The first group includes identities that have a strong national-patriotic character, focused on preserving the identity of Ukrainians, the development of national language, culture, customs and more. The second group is partly pro-European cosmopolitan identities, focused on democratic pan-European values, seeking integration with the European Union. The third group includes pro-Russian identities, which are disappearing in the face of the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine, as Russia has completely discredited itself by destroying peaceful towns and villages, killing civilians. The last, fourth group consists of cosmopolitan identities that perceive themselves as citizens of the vanished USSR and do not accept the values of the three previous groups. It is noted that the idea of polyethnic, social, political harmony on the basis of the generally accepted goal – ensuring the spiritual and material well-being of the citizens of Ukraine should be the basis for the formation of national identity; The idea of patriotism, love for Ukraine as a defining value; national self-esteem and respect for representatives of other nations and national minorities. It is emphasized that in the conditions of Russian aggression there is an active formation of national identity, which is based primarily on supporting the culture and language of the titular Ukrainian ethnic group, education of patriotism and the formation of the Ukrainian political nation.

Language as the main sign of the identity of the Ukrainian nation

The article analyzes the relationship between language and identity in Ukraine. The role of language as a source of the spiritual life of the people, a determining factor and the main sign of the identity of the Ukrainian nation is highlighted. The interrelationship of language as a factor in the formation of the identity of the Ukrainian nation is analyzed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the linguistic aspect as the main feature of the identity of the Ukrainian nation. Language is a means of forming and becoming a person, his intellect, will, feelings and form of existence. Language is a tool with which you can learn about the world around you. One of the main functions of language is identification. The function of linguistic identification is that language is a means of identification of speakers, that is, a means of expressing their belonging to the community, nation and ethnicity. In the process of national identification, the linguistic self-identification of each individual plays a major role, because it becomes the factor of the consolidation of society and the engine of building a strong, democratic and independent country. According to the concept of state language policy in Ukraine, the statehood of the Ukrainian language is a key factor in the consolidation of Ukrainian society throughout the territory of Ukraine, a guarantee of preserving the national identity of the Ukrainian ethnic group and the state unity of Ukraine. The results of the sociological survey showed that 94.6 consider Ukrainian as their native language and 64.9 speak exclusively Ukrainian; 97.3% of respondents believe that they are fluent in the Ukrainian language. The Ukrainian language is part of the XXI century. as a language that successfully meets the complex, responsible and multifaceted needs of the state and ethno-cultural development of the Ukrainian people, has a functionally dynamic and open structure for further development.

CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL DISCOURSE OF UKRAINIAN FOLKLORE DEVELOPMENT IN CLASSICAL UNIVERSITIES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

The article analyzes the achievements of Ukrainian folkloristic, taking into account the cultural and historical factors of its progress in the second half of the nineteenth century, and outlines the contribution of classical universities teachers in the educational practice of folklore tradition studying. The valuable experience of classical universities teachers in the implementation of folkloristic directed courses, the organization of research work of students, and more are presented, etc. A significant event for the formation of studying folk literature educational practice traditions was the founding of the Department of Russian (Ukrainian) Literature at the University of Jan Casimir in 1848. There were identified the following cultural and historical factors that contributed to the process of studying folkloristic (folk literature) in the classical universities: initiatives of student youth on the establishment of Ukrainian studies departments, teaching in Ukrainian; activities of societies, public organizations, institutions established at classical universities, students' societies, the foundation of periodicals. University teachers were introducing elements of folk literature into the content of linguistic and literary disciplines, working out the folkloristic courses programs, promoting research, collecting activities of future professionals, directing educational work with students, following the contextual, functional, multicultural approaches to the study of folk literature, Ukrainian ethnic group traditional culture, Slavonic peoples, applying interdisciplinary links, methodological principles of other emerging sciences, namely, ethnography, ethnology, historiography, linguistics, literary studies.
 Achievements of studying the folk literature theory and practice in the XIX century led to the development of Ukrainian folkloristic, assertion of methodological principles of scientific-folkloristic schools, emergence of future philologists and historians' folkloristic training system, and the foundation of folkloristic areas (textology, linguofolkloristic, source studies, ethnomusicology, etc.).