Ukok Plateau Research Articles

REE Distribution in the Water and Bottom Sediments of Small Lakes within the Ukok Plateau and the Ulagan Depression (Russian Altai)

REE Distribution in the Water and Bottom Sediments of Small Lakes within the Ukok Plateau and the Ulagan Depression (Russian Altai)

The Most Important Archaeological Discoveries Relating to the Neolithic to Early Iron Age Cultures of Siberia

On the basis of the current knowledge, key archaeological discoveries made in Siberia and the Russian Far East over the three centuries, and spanning the interval from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age, are assessed. Principal scholars and their works are listed. Rescue excavations have made it possible to construct archaeological typologies and to model historical and cultural processes. D.G. Messerschmidt’s role as the discoverer of the Early Iron Age of Khakassia and of the Tom rock art site is described. Later, this rock art site was thoroughly studied by A.P. Okladnikov and A.I. Martynov. Achievements of the 20th century continued those of the 18th and 19th centuries. On the basis of typologies elaborated by S.A. Teploukhov for Khakassia, similar cultural and chronological models for neighboring areas of Western Siberia were constructed. A.P. Okladnikov’s typology for the Cis-Baikal Neolithic and Bronze Age were elaborated by his colleagues and students. The earliest stages of the Amur Neolithic with the most ancient ceramics in Northern Asia, dating to 16,780–14,200 cal BC, were described. E.N. Chernykh’s and S.V. Kuzminykh’s theory of SeimaTurbino—a transcultural phenomenon of key importance for the Eurasian Bronze Age—is outlined. While its basic features are better known today, their theory has retained its relevance. With regard to the Early Iron Age, the major excavations concerned mounds such as Arzhan-1, Arzhan-2, and Chinge-Teya-1 in Tuva. In the Altai Mountains, likewise outstanding Pazyryk kurgans (600–200 BC) were excavated. An entirely new stage in Scythian age archaeology was marked by N.V. Polosmak’s excavations of “frozen”, undisturbed burials of middle-ranking and low-ranking Pazyryk people on the Ukok Plateau. Similar burials were excavated by Z. Samashev and H.P. Francfort on the western slopes of the Altai. Pazyryk chronology was elaborated owing to the use of the tree-ring analysis.

DEEP STRUCTURE OF THE ALTAI MOUNTAINS AND MODERN GRAVITY FIELD MODELS

The results of the ground-based absolute gravity and space geodetic measurements for the Altai Mountains were considered in combination with EIGEN-6C4 Global Geopotential Model (ETOPO1 Global Relief Model) generated from the satellite data. Analysis was made on different kinds of data: model values for the vertical component of gravity, values of Bouguer and Faye gravity reductions, variations of the vertical gravity gradient, and changes in altitude of the measurement sites. With EIGEN-6C4 model for Bouguer reduction, the crustal thickness curve was drawn along the Novosibirsk (southern West Siberia) – Ukok Plateau (Altai Mountains) line with a length of 800 km. The Moho depth increases from 40 km in the northwest of the area to 51 km in the southeast. For the homogeneous crust model, there was obtained the Moho depth distribution in the Altai Mountains and their foothills.The analysis of the results of modeling Bouguer and Faye reductions, the data on quasigeoid heights and the relationship between relief height and Bouguer anomalies implies that the Altai Mountains area as a whole is isostatically compensated. Non-compensated are some intermountain basins, such as, for example, the Kurai and Chuya valleys.

Анализ фаунистического сходства сообществ пернатых хищников некоторых местообитаний Алтайского края и республики Алтай

Birds of the orders Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Strigiformes are at the top of the food chain, and therefore, they are the most vulnerable to changes in the natural environment caused by human activities. The condition of populations of birds of prey can serve as a criterion for the well-being of a biotope. The current state of nesting groups of many species of birds of prey in Altai Krai is of great concern. The survival of many of them is now in question, as numerous threats are generated by lumbering, mining, farming, poaching, growing energy infrastructure, and other human activities. In this regard, there is an urgent need for a detailed study of the species composition and population numbers of birds of prey and owls in the Altai region, as well as regular monitoring of populations that still exist. In this paper, we made a comparative analysis of breeding groups of raptors of different habitats of the Russian part of the Altai region: the Ukok plateau, the Ulandryk River gorge, the Anui River valley and the Kasmalinsky pine forest. Data on the species composition are taken from both our works and literature. We carried out a comparative analysis of breeding groups of birds using the coefficients of faunistic similarity of Jaccard and Sörensen. Since we had to compare more than two breeding groups, we used Mountford cluster analysis to order the similarity coefficients, which consists in sequentially combining the most similar groups. The results of the analysis of the Jaccard and Sörensen coefficients turned out to be very similar. The greatest similarity of the nesting species composition was found between the Anui River valley and Kasmalinsky pine forest (Кj=0.63; Кs=0.77). More significant differences were found between the Ukok plateau and the Ulandryk River gorge (Кj=0.44; Кs=0.60). And the maximum differences were found between the Kasmalinsky pine forest and the Ulandryk gorge (Кj=0.17; Кs=0.29). These differences can be explained by the specifics of the physical and geographical conditions and vegetation cover of different habitats of the Altai region. The poor species composition of raptors in the Ulandryk Gorge (7 species of birds of prey and 1 species of owls) is due to the complete absence of woods in this habitat. Therefore, there are no tree-nesting species here. The gorge is inhabited only by those species of raptors that can build their nests on the rocks. There are also no species here that require special types of prey, which are not sufficient in this biotope. The richness of the species composition of raptors (18 species of birds of prey and 8 species of owls) in the Kasmalinsky pine forest is because most species are dendrophiles and find here the optimal substrate for nests – large pines. The forage base here is also optimal for most species of raptors. Only specific mountain-steppe and high-mountain species do not nest in the pine forest. According to the species composition of raptors, habitats such as the Ukok plateau and the Anui river valley are in an intermediate position between the Ulandryk gorge and the Kasmalinsky pine forest. Both have rocky outcrops suitable for nesting and trees. Therefore, in these biotopes birds that prefer nesting both on rocks and in trees can be found.

Степной орёл в Алтае-Саянском регионе – результаты исследований 2019–2023 годов

Степной орёл в Алтае-Саянском регионе – результаты исследований 2019–2023 годов

Пазырыкская культура в XXI веке: открытия и гипотезы

The 21st century heralds the qualitatively new level of the Pazyryk culture research. Along with more in-depth insights into the material culture and the reconstruction of the worldview possessed by the Pazyryk people, the core focus now is on the study of a human being, with all physical features, pathologies and diseases; cultural marks (tattoos and mummification); hairstyle; clothing, etc. We explored individual traits of the people buried in the River Ak-Alakha valley on Ukok Plateau in the southwestern Altai Mountains. It has been confirmed that the morphology of those buried people refers to several anthropological types. This is a core fact for the understanding of nature and peculiarity of the Pazyryk culture: this culture was the result of integ­ration among people with different genetic roots, mostly migrants. 
 The obtained insights let consider the Pazyryk culture of the Altai Mountains as a new population formed as a result of close contacts between newcomers (migrants from today’s Central and Western Asia as well as Mongoloid individuals of Eastern Siberia) and the indigenous people. It is proven that migrants from remote lands with different nature and climate contributed much to the Pazyryk culture formation, which was decisive for the pathological status of the Pazyryk people of Ukok as extremely negative. The anthropological reconstruction of four men’s appearance from the River Ak-Alakha valley mounds using M.M. Gerasimov’s method has helped to trace similarities in the types of the modern popu­lation and identify exact regions from where the people later buried in the mounds could have arrived in Altai.

Pazyryk Culture on the Ukok Plateau

The article discusses the unique heritage of the Ukok Plateau in the southeastern part of the Altai Mountains. The author shares findings from research on the ancient Scythian culture in Altai and the archaeological monuments discovered. It has been possible to expand the knowledge about the ancient inhabitants of the Plateau due to the complex research work of the groups of Russian archaeologists from Novosibirsk headed by V. I. Molodin and N. V. Polosmak. Particular attention was given to the discovery by N. V. Polosmak in 1993 on the Ukok Plateau, i. e. the mummy of Pazyryk woman who lived in southern Siberia more than two millennia ago. The mummy was found in a mound of permafrost, so the burial was preserved and appeared to researchers in its authentic form: a larch log cabin was placed under the mound, almost three meters deep from the surface, and six horses, fully dressed and harnessed, killed especially for burial, were placed on its northern side. An important component of the Pazyryk culture is the art of the animal style, widespread among the Scythian peoples. Almost all the items of equipment accompanying the burial of a Pazyryk woman belonged to the products of the animal style. Although this burial was common to the Pazyryk people, it had some extraordinary features. First, the woman's burial was a solitary one, while in the barrows excavated earlier, women were buried together with men. Secondly, the barrow itself was solitary, although, as a rule, all the Pazyryk burial mounds are chains of barrows oriented from north to south. Thirdly, the objects of the accompanying inventory were distinguished by high craftsmanship, and the burial chamber was large. And finally, the silk shirt was a great rarity for the Pazyryk inhabitants. Foreign scientists also took part in the research, applying completely new methods of research. For example, ancient DNA was isolated from the tissue of a female mummy which allowed to study of the racial and ethnospecific features of the representatives of the Pazyryk culture of the Altai Mountains. The found artifacts testify to the presence of a developed culture belonging to the so-called Pazyryk culture among the ancient inhabitants of Altai.

Результаты спасательных раскопок на могильнике Курайка в 2015 г.

The paper presents the results of emergency excavations at the Kuraika burial ground (Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic) in 2015. Four burials were studied, located on a high cliff of the eroded edge of the terrace on the right bank of the Kuraika River. Two objects were burials of adults, made in relatively deep pits under rectangular ground structures. Two more small objects with children's burials were attached to these objects. According to their characteristics, the studied mounds correspond to other objects excavated at this site. The closest analogies to the burials of the Kuraika burial ground are found at the Ak-Kol-1 and Kaldzhin-6 sites, explored on the Ukok Plateau (Southern Altai). Common features of the funeral rite are also recorded at the Kok-Pash burial ground in Eastern Altai. Burials under ground structures of a rectangular shape of the second quarter belong to the Kok-Pash type of sites of the Hunno-Sarmatian time of Altai. They dated back to the second quarter of the 1st millennium AD.

Gelechiaomelkoi sp. nov. - a new species from the Russian Altai Mountains related to the Nearctic Gelechiamandella Busck, 1904 (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae), with a synopsis of Gelechia from the Altai Republic of Russia.

Gelechiaomelkoi sp. nov. is described from the Ukok plateau and South Chuisky ridge in the Altai Mountains of Russia. The adult of the new species, including its male genitalia, is illustrated and compared with species most similar in morphology and DNA barcodes—G.sororculella (Hübner, 1817) and G.jakovlevi Krulikovsky, 1905 from the Palaearctic region, as well as G.mandella Busck, 1904 from Canada. This last species is redescribed based on adult specimens, including the genitalia of both sexes, and a lectotype is designated. Gelechiasirotina Omelko, 1986 is recorded from the Altai Republic for the first time. An updated list of six species of Gelechia from the Altai Mountains of Russia is given. Dorsal habitus photographs of all species are provided. The male genitalia of the lectotype of G.jakovlevi is illustrated for the first time.

New Epizootic Territory in Gorno-Altai High-Mountain Natural Plague Focus on the Ukok Plateau

The aim of the work – analysis of peculiarities of the plague epizooty found in the southern steppe part of the Ukok Plateau in 2020.Materials and methods. Epizootiological survey was conducted over the area of 1573 km2 in July and August, 2020. 141 mammals, 157 ectoparasites (including 152 fleas), 17 bone remains samples, and 50 regurgitates of predatory birds have been tested for plague.Results and discussion. The background species of mammals – natural hosts of Yersinia pestis in the southern steppe part of the Ukok plateau are gray marmot, long-tailed souslik, and Daurian pika. Abundance of the gray marmot was high and amounted to 1.7±0.18 inhabited burrows per 1 ha (n=30) with 90 % occupancy. Three strains of Yersinia pestis ssp. pestis have been isolated: from Oropsylla alaskensis fleas collected from long-tailed souslik, gray marmot carcass, and regurgitates of predatory birds. Yersinia pestis DNA have been detected in 14 objects. Eight positive results of serological tests have been obtained. The epizooty area that was confirmed by Yersinia pestis isolation totaled 252 km2 . As a result of the survey the circulation of Yersinia pestis ssp. pestis have been for the first time established on the Ukok Plateau. The target species – the gray marmot, as well as the long-tailed souslik, are actively involved into the epizooty.

Comparative Genetic Analysis of Yersinia pestis Strains Isolated on the Ukok Plateau and other Territories of the Altai Mountains

The aim of the study was molecular-genetic identification and analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of Yersinia pestis strains isolated on the Ukok Plateau in 2020, in order to establish the current boundaries of the natural mega focus of plague in the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia.Materials and methods. 37 strains of Y. pestis of the main subspecies isolated in the Tuva mountain and Gorno-Altai high-mountain plague foci and adjacent territories of Mongolia in 1971–2020 were studied. The whole genome sequencing of the strains was performed using the Ion S5 XL System (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Ion Torrent Suite software package 5.12 and Newbler gsAssembler 2.6 were used to process the data and assemble de novo the sequences of raw reads. The average size of the collected genome was 4.55 million base pairs. Core SNPs were detected by aligning the contigs of Y. pestis strains on the CO92 genome using the Snippy 4.6 program, then 28 SNP homoplasies were removed. The resulting set of SNPs contained only the core region of the genome (955 SNPs). The dendrogram was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method applying the PhyML 3.1 program.Results and discussion. The current population structure of Y. pestis of the main subspecies, antique biovar, phylogenetic line 4.ANT, endemic to the foci of the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia has been determined. The presence of 4.ANT-21 clone, which became widespread in the territory of these natural foci of plague at the begining of the XXI century, was revealed. It is shown that three strains isolated on the Ukok Plateau in 2020 belong to clone 4.ANT-21. According to phylogenetic analysis, evidence of 4.ANT circulation on the Ukok Plateau before 2018 was obtained. The lesson that has been learned is that it is necessary to study the territories of Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China bordering the Ukok Plateau in order to establish the current boundaries of the 4.ANT mega focus.

The Paleogenetic Study of Bertek-33, an Afanasyevo Cemetery on the Ukok Plateau, the Altai Mountains

We present the results of a paleogenetic analysis of bone samples representing seven adult individuals from Bertek-33—an Afanasyevo cemetery on the Ukok plateau, in the Altai Republic, Russia. The fi ndings are interpreted with reference to archaeological and anthropological data. Four systems of genetic markers were analyzed: mitochondrial DNA, polymorphic fragment of the amelogenin gene, autosomal STR-loci, and Y-chromosomal STR-loci. Genetic results indicate the dominance of Western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups (T, J, U5a, K, H) and the homogeneity of the male gene-pool represented by variants of the Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1b. Data on mtDNA, Y-chromosome, and individual autosomal markers attest to the Western Eurasian affi nities of this group. The sample falls within the mtDNA and Y-chromosomal diversity of the Afanasyevo population of southern Siberia. Possible kinship between the individuals buried at Bertek-33 is discussed. Also, we address theoretical issues such as the accuracy of comparisons and the interpretation of genetic data with regard to cultural features.

Notes on Potentilla (Rosaceae) of Altai. 7. New findings in the flora of Kazakhstan

The article presents a new data on distribution of 12 taxa of Potentilla L.in Kazakhstan. The plants were gathered on the territory of the East Kazakhstan Region (EKR) within the Altai Mountain Country (AMC). P. radiata Lehm. from the Kalbinsky ridge and P. rhipidophylla Soják from the Ukok Plateau proved to be the new species for Kazakhstan. P. radiata is mentioned for the first time for the AMC flora. The new locations are indicated for the other 10 species previously known in the flora of the EKR. One of them, P. asiatica (Th. Wolf) Juz., is mentioned for the first time for Rudny Altai and the Ukok Plateau. For the first time P. × angarensis Popov, P. pensylvanica L. and P. thuringiaca Bernh. ex Link. are mentioned for the Kalbinsky ridge and P. gelida C. A. Meyer subsp. boreoasiatica Jurtzev et Kamelin – for the Ivanosky ridge. P. agrimonioides M. Bieb. and P. tergemina Soják are new species for the Tarbagatay ridge of Katon-Karagay region, both are also mentioned for the first time for the flora of the Katon-Karagay State National Nature Park (KKSNNP). The article presents a key developed to identify P. radiata and related species of the territory of the EKR. In addition to Potentilla species, a new location of Farinopsis salesoviana (Steph.) Chrtek et Soják (Potentilla salessowii), a rare shrub for the flora of EKR, is mentioned. The labels of the studied samples are fully quoted; comments are given to all discussed species. The samples of the presented taxa are kept in the herbarium fund of the KKGNPP, duplicate materials have been deposited in the Herbarium of Altai State University (ALTB; Russia, Barnaul).

High genetic diversity of ancient horses from the Ukok Plateau.

A growing number of researchers studying horse domestication come to a conclusion that this process happened in multiple locations and involved multiple wild maternal lines. The most promising approach to address this problem involves mitochondrial haplotype comparison of wild and domestic horses from various locations coupled with studies of possible migration routes of the ancient shepherds. Here, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of six horses from burials of the Ukok plateau (Russia, Altai Mountains) dated from 2.7 to 1.4 thousand years before present and a single late Pleistocene wild horse from the neighboring region (Denisova cave). Sequencing data indicates that the wild horse belongs to an extinct pre-domestication lineage. Integration of the domestic horse data with known Eurasian haplotypes of a similar age revealed two distinct groups: the first one widely distributed in Europe and presumably imported to Altai, and the second one specific for Altai Mountains and surrounding area.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ПОЧВАХ И ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ ВОДАХ ПЛОСКОГОРЬЯ УКОК (ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНЫЙ АЛТАЙ)

Актуальность исследования обусловлена слабой изученностью химического состава почв и поверхностных вод плоскогорья Укок, являющегося объектом всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Цель: изучить уровни содержания химических элементов в почвах и поверхностных водах центральной, южной и юго-восточной части плоскогорья Укок и дать эколого-биогеохимическую оценку этой малоизученной территории. Объекты: основные типы почв (криоаридные и горные лугово-степные, горные луговые, горные тундровые) и поверхностные воды (реки Жумалы, Калгуты, Аргамжи, Ак-Алаха, Тархата и озеро Укок) плоскогорья Укок (Республика Алтай, Российская Федерация). Методы. Содержание металлов в почвах определено методом эмиссионного спектрального анализа в Институте геологии и минералогии СО РАН, общее содержание микроэлементов в природных водах – в химико-аналитическом центре ИВЭП СО РАН спектрометрическим методом с использованием электротермической атомизации. Результаты. Представлен химический состав различных типов почв и поверхностных вод высокогорного плоскогорья Укок. Уровни содержания химических элементов в почвах плоскогорья не превышают их кларков в почвенном покрове и соответствуют их концентрациям в горно-тундровых почвах Алтая. Исключением являются почвы и почвообразующие породы над Калгутинским W-Mo-V-Cu месторождением, где отмечается аномально высокое содержание вольфрама – до 30–60 мг/кг. С ореолами рассеяния и воздействием отвалов штольни и хвостохранилища обогатительной фабрики этого месторождения мы связываем повышенное содержание Cu в водах реки Калгуты – 16 мкг/дм3 и в почвах бассейна. Почвы плоскогорья отличаются невысоким валовым содержанием P и Са, но обогащены калием – его содержание превышает 2 % в большинстве образцов. Концентрация фосфора в почвах плоскогорья Укок возрастает с запада на восток, от выровненной (центральной) части к горным окаймлениям, что обусловлено фосфоритоносностью коренных пород Алтае-Саянской горной страны. Низкие значения элювиально-аккумулятивных коэффициентов большинства металлов в изученных почвах плоскогорья могут служить показателем отсутствия на данный момент здесь выраженного антропогенного загрязнения. Содержание большинства элементов в почвах увеличивается c глубиной. В горно-тундровых торфянистых почвах под ерником обнаружена биогенная аккумуляция Mn. Для степных почв отмечено некоторое накопление в поверхностных горизонтах Zn, Cr, V и Ni. Наиболее равномерным распределением отличается Pb и Zn. Исходная неоднородность моренных и озерно-ледниковых отложений определяет разнообразие внутрипрофильного распределения металлов в почвах, на них сформированных. Не выявлено четкой зависимости содержания большинства макро- и микроэлементов в поверхностных водах от уровня их концентраций в почвах. Тем не менее отмечено повышение интенсивность водной миграции железа в заболоченных ландшафтах Бертекской части бассейна реки Ак-Алаха, в водах которой обнаружено его наиболее высокое содержание.

Tundra-steppe on Ukok plateau (the South-East Altai).

Tundra-steppe on Ukok plateau (the South-East Altai).

The modern state of zooplankton in Altai high mountain lakes

Mountain lakes, especially those located at an altitude of 2000-3000 m above sea level, can be model objects for studying global climate changes, as their ecosystems are particularly sensitive to external impacts. The assessment of quantitative and qualitative changes in the hydrobiological communities of the high mountain lakes of Altai, in particular zooplankton, is important in predicting the development of lake ecosystems under different climate change scenarios. 19 lakes were studied in the Kara-Kudur, Saryachik and Chibit systems and Ukok Plateau in 2000 and 2017-2018. It was revealed that during this period in Altai there was a tendency towards air temperature increase in winter and transition seasons. There were structural changes of zooplankton community in the lakes of Kara-Kudur, Saryachik and Chibit systems. However, zooplankton is now dominated by species, which are indicators of organic matter accumulation in the upper layers of bottom sediments. In lakes of the Ukok Plateau during the past 20 years, there was also an increase in the number and biomass of zooplankton, the emergence of phytophilic and nectobenthic species, which may indicate an increase in trophic status of lakes.

Погребальный памятник афанасьевской культуры Бертек-33 на плато Укок (Горный Алтай): результаты палеогенетического исследования

В статье представлены результаты палеогенетического исследования останков семи взрослых индивидов из погребального памятника афанасьевской культуры Бертек-33 (плато Укок, Республика Алтай, Россия) и их интерпретация с учетом археологического и палеоантропологического контекста. Проведен анализ четырех систем генетических маркеров: митохондриальной ДНК, полиморфного фрагмента гена амелогенина, аутосомных STR-локусов и STR-локусов Y-хромосомы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о доминировании в исследуемой группе населения западно-евразийских гаплогрупп митохондриальной ДНК (T, J, U5a, K, H) и однородности мужского генофонда, представленного вариантами гаплогруппы R1b Y-хромосомы. Данные по митохондриальной ДНК, Y-хромосоме, отдельным аутосомным маркерам указывают на западно-евразийский вектор генетических связей этой группы. Исследованная серия укладывается в рамки внутрипопуляционного разнообразия генофонда митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы афанасьевского населения Южной Сибири. В статье рассмотрены возможные родственные связи между индивидами, захороненными в курганах памятника Бертек-33. Обсуждаются вопросы корректного сопоставления и интерпретации данных о генетических характеристиках погребенных и особенностях материальной культуры исследуемого населения.

The “Kalgutinsky” Style in the Rock Art of Central Asia

On the basis of petroglyphic sites Kalgutinsky Rudnik (Kalgutinsky mine) on the Ukok Plateau, Baga-Oigur and Tsagaan-Salaa in northwestern Mongolia, a distinct “Kalgutinsky” style of rock art of the Russian and Mongolian Altai is described. The distance between these sites is about 20 km. This group is marked by very specifi c stylistic features, common technological properties, a narrowly defi ned motif, featuring only animals, and a very intense desert varnish. All these features and the proximity of the sites suggest that they should be regarded as a special group, which we term the “Kalgutinsky” style and date to the Upper Paleolithic on the basis of several criteria. Images of mammoths at Baga-Oigur and Tsagaan-Salaa are similar to those known in the classic Upper Paleolithic cave art of Western Europe. An entire set of stylistic features typical of the “Kalgutinsky” canon is seen also in the representations of mammoths, and this manner is consonant with that of European Upper Paleolithic rock art. Our fi ndings suggest that a peculiar “Kalgutinsky” style existed and, moreover, that it represented a separate Central Asian locus of Upper Paleolithic rock art.

Опухоли на костях людей из курганов пазырыкской культуры в долине реки Ак-Алахи (плоскогорье Укок, Горный Алтай)

Опухоли на костях людей из курганов пазырыкской культуры в долине реки Ак-Алахи (плоскогорье Укок, Горный Алтай)