Typology Of Understanding Research Articles

Ahl Al-Hadith dan Ahl Al-Ra’y: Dari Konstruksi Metodologi Hingga Tipologi Pemahaman Hadis Dialektik

The complexity of the Prophetic traditions is not only related to the validity of the sanad and matn, but also to the socio-historical setting that lies behind the text of a hadith, even also the psychology of the Prophet himself. Amidst the complexity, there are two large groups which have different construction of understanding and tend to be in conflict, namely the ahl al-hadith and the ahl al-ra’y. This article addresses two basic questions: first, how is the construction of the method of understanding of both traditions; and second, how is the typology of dialectic hadith understanding between two of them? Based on qualitative-interpretative methods and historical approaches, I argue that the understanding of the hadith of the ahl al-hadith pivots on the rules of al-‘ibrat (fi akhbar al-sunnah bi ‘umum al-lafz la bi khusus al-sabab, while the method of understanding the hadith of the ahl al-ra’y lies on the rules of al-hadith salih li kull zaman wa makan. The typology of understanding of the dialectic hadith between the two groups pivots on the rules of al-‘ibrat (fi akhbar al-sunnah) bi khusus} al-sabab la bi ‘umum al-lafz.

Analisis Metode Pemahaman Ḥadīth Muḥammad Shaḥrūr dalam Kitab al-Sunnah al-Rasūlīyah wa al-Sunnah al-Nabawīyah

This article specifically discusses the method and typology of understanding of the ḥadīth held by Muḥammad Shaḥrūr in his work al-Sunnah al-Rasūlīyah wa al-Sunnah al-Nabawīyah. The results reveal that Shaḥrūr offers a number of stages in understanding ḥadīth, are: first, understanding ḥadīth not as a divine revelation. Second, understanding ḥadīth according to the principles of al-tanzīl al-ḥakīm. Third, distinguishing the role of the Prophet Muhammad as an ordinary man, a prophet, and an apostle. Fourth, collecting ḥadīths which are meaningful or still in one theme. Fifth, testing ḥadīth with ratio, healthy logic, and science. Sixth, testing ḥadīth with the historical fact, and seventh, distinguishing the unseen and the seen. Furthermore, the typology of the understanding hadis of Shahrur in his book can be classified into a moderate-reformist school. This is because he invites Muslims to reconstruct the understanding of ḥadīth contextually.

How to understand, evaluate and influence efficient progress in South Africa’s land reform process: A typology from historical lessons from selected sub-Saharan African countries

Background: With reports of widespread failures in South Africa’s land reform programmes, the levels of policy uncertainty in the political rhetoric that influences land reform have been increasing. Since 1994 policy targets to transfer land to black farmers have not been met. Of the 2005 target to transfer about 25 million ha of commercial farmland to black farmers by 2014, less than 5 million ha. have been transferred for commercial use. Some studies report failure rates in resettlement projects of up to 90%. To account for the failures, revisions of policies and amendments to legislations have been proposed within a political environment that is becoming increasingly intolerant to slow progress in land transfers and to resettlement failures.Aim: Against this environment, this paper presents a typology for understanding and evaluating important elements of the land reform project in order to influence progress in the process.Setting: The study adopts a historical review of land reform processes in post-colonial Kenya and Zimbabwe in order to identify potential challenges and key lessons for South Africa.Methods: Hence, using institutional and historical analytical lenses in exploring different narratives, the paper reviews reported failures and successes in land reform policy cases from the selected countries. From an institutional framework, prevalent social institutions and key lessons from Kenya, Zimbabwe and South Africa, a typology for evaluating important elements of the land reform process in South Africa is developed and discussed. Additionally, a review of global data collected on average sizes of farms in different regions of the world is provided as evidence to support propositions of what would constitute efficient farmland size ranges for small to medium commercial farms in South Africa.Results and conclusion: A proposition is made on how to use the typology to guide policy and research interventions to reduce failures and promote successful cases in different areas of the land reform process in South Africa, and possibly other similar contexts.

TIPOLOGI MAJELIS TAKLIM DI KOTA BOGOR TIMUR

<p>There are 487 majelis taklim at Bogar City and 102 at East <br />Bogar sub district. These figures represent trend in the Bogar<br />community, especially in East Bogar sub district, to actualize their<br />religious life. <br />Popularity of majelis ta/dim phenomenon is not an un-historic<br />process; it is a continuous and compound process. Social<br />improvements occurred in Bogar City community, especially in East<br />Bogar, because of development processes, have vary religious life,<br />both in activities media and in understanding urgent Islamic<br />concepts. Three objects referred to observe comprehension and<br />variety in the community in this research are polygamy, allotment of<br />inheritance, and hajj. Those objects are related to the popularity<br />of majelis taklim phenomenon, in the village, in the real estate<br />complex or even in the governmental institutes. <br />Based on observation of majelis taklim phenomenon at<br />East Bogar sub district, there are two conclusions, namely:</p><p><br />1. There are two factors which cause the popularity of majelis<br />taklimat East Bogar sub district, namely ustadz s orientation and<br />majelis taklim community s orientation .. Ustadz s orientation is<br />related to transfer of knowledge which ustadz has. Each santri<br />who just come home from Islamic boarding house or just passed<br />from Islamic higher education tend to form majelis taklim or become<br />ustadz of a majelis taklim. Community s orientation is related to no<br />activities factors, self-actualization, and social interaction although<br />motivation toget better religious understanding is a dominant factor.</p><p><br />2. Typology of understanding religious objects related to<br />polygamy.inheritance law, and hajj is divided into 2 (two) aspects:</p><p>a.In ustadz community, there are two trends</p><p>1). Understanding polygamy, inheritance law and hajj <br />by rientation to texts as religious reference </p><p>2). Understanding polygamy, inheritance law and hajj<br />by Orientation to texts as religious medium. <br />b. Typology of community understanding of religious objects<br />elated to polygamy, inheritance law and hajj is also divided into<br />two trends as their ustadz s typology. It is also influenced by status<br />and economic factors.</p>

Framing Spatial‐Religious Conflicts: The Case of Mormon Development in Jerusalem

AbstractThe paper's aims are twofold: first to present framing methodology as an approach which provides insights into conflicts stemming from the construction of new religious sites. Second, to analyse the Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center, using framing in order to understand the spatial‐religious conflicts involved in its establishment. The findings fall within three frame categories (‘super‐frames’) identified in the research: ‘process’, ‘values’, and ‘issues’. The findings reveal that the discord surrounding the BYU Center had to do primarily with process and the values, and not around the issues themselves. The methodology provides a typology for understanding and analysing the different stories told by stakeholders involved in spatial‐religious conflicts where the decision adopted might be perceived as endangering identity and ‘sense of place’. The typology may be helpful in the analysis of similar disputes elsewhere, and shed light on ways to reframe conflicts over sacred place

Towards a typology of gender‐related school effects: some new perspectives on a familiar problem

The superior performance of girls, especially in terms of GCSE examinations, continues to attract attention. Much of the debate to date, however, has focused on absolute differences in attainment rather than differences in pupil progress. Furthermore, the role of the school in contributing to the differential progress of the two sexes has been little explored in previous research on school effectiveness which has been largely gender‐blind. The research reported here tracks the progress of over 450,000 pupils in almost 2,700 English mixed secondary schools from Key Stage 3 to GCSE.First, a typology for understanding gender‐related school effects, which relates schools' overall ‘effectiveness’ to the relative progress of the two sexes in individual schools, is developed. Then the extent to which schools are distributed across the different cells of the typology is considered. The analysis confirms expectations that there are a very considerable number of schools where girls have been making greater progress than boys between KS3 and GCSE and also that there are hardly any where boys' progress has been superior to that of girls. An unexpected finding, however, was the discovery that in almost half the schools in the country the progress of the two sexes was broadly equal. Furthermore, in a substantial minority of schools raising the overall levels of performance of both sexes may well be a more pressing priority than reducing the gender gap. The implications of the framework for the development of strategies designed to reduce the ‘gender gap’ are then considered. Figure 1b: GCSE point score v. KS3 average levels for two schools with different levels of effectiveness Figure 1a: GCSE point score v. KS3 average level—national lines for boys and girls

Aboriginal organized crime in Canada: Developing a typology for understanding and strategizing responses

The present study explores the theory and, to the greatest degree possible given the limitations of the data, the reality of aboriginal participation in what may be defined as ‘organized crime’ in Canada, engaging the possibility of a definition of ‘aboriginal organized crime’ and the proposal of a ‘typology’ of participants. In the development of both the definition and typology, the researchers build upon Beare's definition of organized crime to include the dimension of motivations—whether social, political or economic—which theorists agree are crucial in understanding organized crime activities, but which do not appear in current definitions of the term, as well as important contextual factors informing participation in aboriginal organized crime networks.

Let's make a deal: understanding the negotiation process in ordinary litigation

Americans have a long-standing reputation for relying upon the legal system to deal with all manner of problems and issues; litigiousness is often seen as an American disease. Yet 99% of legal cases started in the courts never even make it through the courthouse door, because formal court action is never initiated. Instead, participants reach an out-of-court settlement. What does this dominance of negotiated settlement over adjudication mean? Has Equal Justice Under Law given way to Let s Make a Deal ? So far, most of the evidence from judges and lawyers, policy makers and researchers has been anecdotal, and the public image of complex legal machinations and back-room deals derives from a few spectacular and atypical cases. Based on findings from the Civil Litigation Research Project, begun in 1979 and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice, Herbert Kritzer has constructed a coherent picture of the routine of ordinary litigation. He shows, for instance, that the vast bulk of ordinary cases that account for most claims in federal and state courts are rather cut-and-dried affairs that deal with relatively modest amounts of money important information for the proponents of litigation reform. He examines the economics of bargaining, for both lawyers and their clients, and the extent to which litigation is governed by monetary concerns. Evaluating the models of negotiation and game theory that are currently in vogue, Kritzer posits a more useful typology for understanding what actually happens when lawyers, plaintiffs, and defendants sit down to make a deal. His illuminating insights into the divergent interests of attorneys and clients correct many of the assumptions of standard economic theories of litigation and bargaining.

Studium: Perspectives on Institutionalized Modes of Reading

T HE MODERN WORLD has developed understanding to the highest virtuosity. It has made understanding itself a subject of understanding. When understanding becomes problematic it must try to find a new ground for understanding what understanding is. But there can be no stopping at this point. Understanding always has, as it were, to take a step back in order to be aware of itself. In due course it will be drawn into a regressus ad infinitum; it will have to understand the understanding of understanding and so forth. It can never grasp itself completely. If understanding is dynamic in nature, it can never reach a point from which it could really become transparent to itself; its only chance to get an insight into its own nature lies in leaving the magic circle of pure reflexivity and in looking for the connection between understanding and the concrete situation where it takes place. Only when understanding conceives of itself in relation to the place where it unfolds can it become aware of its own historicity. If we want to arrive at a historical typology of understanding, we must ask for the places of understanding, its institutions, and discursive formations. Such an approach to the problem of understanding sheds new light on the reader, to whom the aesthetics of reception has drawn particular attention. The aesthetics of reception refers mainly to the reader of the printed book and particularly to the reader of fictional literature, which seems to have become the paradigm of reading in general. The reader presupposed by the aesthetics of reception is, as it were, an ideal recipient, to whom neither the text nor the language of the text seems to pose any difficulties and who seems to have immediate access to the meaning inherent in the text. Such a reader is as sure of the text as of his own interests, in the horizon of which he is consciously or unconsciously appropriating the text. Up to now the theory of reception has, however, not paid much attention to that mode of appropriating literary texts which