Typology Of Actors Research Articles

Типология акторов в чешских телевизионных новостях 1989–2021 гг.

A human face is called one of the main expressive means of the screen, this is true for all kinds of audiovisual content including television news, which have a high degree of credibility among the audience due to their audiovisual nature. The main purpose of the paper is to study whether and how the actors in television news have changed in the period of 1989–2021. We employed the content analysis to examine 1608 TV news items of one of the Czech TV channels in three periods – 1989, 2005 and 2021. We analyzed 2755 fragments of interviews that form the video news. The findings of the research illustrate how the number of actors in the Czech TV news rose by 2005–2021 (the number has increased 7-9 times compared to 1989), and the presence of journalists – the authors of the news pieces – in the frame has increased significantly too. There is a stable functional structure of actors typical for all three periods of the research: on average, the presence of about 70% of “participants”, 20% of “eyewitnesses” and 10% of “experts” in TV stories is revealed. According to the categorization of actors by areas, we found out that there is a significant domination of the representatives of the political area: from 47 to 61% of the actors (“participants”) relate to politics and power. Over the years, the presence of foreign politicians in Czech television news has grown, and there has been a substantial increase in the number of representatives of public organizations as actors. In addition, there is a democratization of actors in the economic sphere: the number of “managers and businessmen” has at least halved over the years, and the number of specialists and employees in Czech TV news has increased four to six times.

Efforts of Different Regimes in Kenya Toward National Cohesion and Integration, 1963-2022

Kenya like many states in the African continent is a multi-ethnic nation. Since its independence in 1963, Kenya has had challenges in putting together its communities. Conflict always arises as a result of the unequal distribution of resources among communities. This article will strive to unravel the efforts of different regimes in Kenya since its independence in achieving national cohesion and integration. The article argues for a rethinking of socio-economic policies through political goodwill and instilling national ethos, otherwise, the initiatives for national cohesion and integration will be in vain, stillborn, and frustrated across the nation. To adequately answer the above question, the researcher will be guided by this sole objective which is to examine the efforts of different regimes in Kenya toward achieving national cohesion and integration. The assumptions of the study will be, ethnic conflict is influenced by the context, typology of actors, and nature of the divergent interests sought for. The study is expected to offer a unique opportunity for policymakers to understand the political context and varied interests of various political players to not only predict the outcome but also determine the agenda-setting for national cohesion and integration in Kenya. The article adopted a qualitative approach by going through available literature on the subject matter to reach a logical conclusion. The author concludes by offering policy recommendations necessary for achieving national cohesion and integration in Kenya.

Towards socio-digital rural territories to drive digital transformation: General conceptualisation and application to the olive areas of Andalusia, Spain

The future of rural areas, in different geographical contexts around the world, faces enormous challenges and uncertainties, with the emergence of complex territorial dynamics. One of the main disruptive factors underlying the current challenges in rural realities is digital transformation (DT). This study has two objectives: 1) to develop a theoretical framework for the analysis of DT in rural areas from a territorial perspective, through the proposal of the concept of ‘socio-digital rural territories’ (SDRT); and 2) to analyse the specific case of the olive areas of Andalusia where DT is starting in recent years. For this purpose, Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques are used, both to build the theoretical framework and to evaluate the concepts developed at a practical level in the case study. The results obtained show that addressing DT in rural areas from a territorial approach should consider the technological innovation system (TIS) and relational social capital (RSC), embedded in the technological and social dimensions of a territory, as key elements to promote successful dynamics towards a SDRT. On the other hand, the analysis of the DT network in the olive-growing areas of Andalusia (the DT olive network) shows that the actors that stand out for their role as knowledge emitters include digital technologies companies, knowledge generation agents, knowledge transfer agents and the scientific and informative media. On the contrary, the main receiving knowledge actors are olive growers, cooperatives or cooperative groups, non-cooperative groups and agricultural organisations. The density of connections in the network is high considering the type of actors and connections analysed. The DT olive network has a high potential for the creation of RSC. Thus, there is bonding capital, in which a high number of connections between actors predominate, although with low homogeneity in the typology of actors. And there is bridging capital, in which organisations of different types participate, and as it is a decentralised network, it favours the lack of concentration of power. Finally, this article offers a novel explanation of how knowledge is exchanged and created in a social network, and how this exchange creates new intellectual capital. This capital, which in the case of DT is territorial digital capital, is translated into digital technologies. The results indicate that the DT olive network and its RSC lead to the potential formation of an SDRT in Andalusian olive areas.

Power and conviction dynamics on land and linked natural resources: explorative insights from the greater south region of Cameroon

AbstractCommunities in several parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) depend on natural resources for their sustenance. While growing pressure on such resources has been accused of framing conflicts, the power and convictions dimension of such conflicts remains relatively less explored. Taking the case of Cameroon, this paper undertakes an explorative analysis of power and convictions around land and linked natural resources. Specifically, the paper maps harmful convictions and their role in steering unequal access to land and linked natural resources; explores power manifestations among different categories of resource use actors; and discusses the role of different typologies of actors in shaping harmful convictions linked to land and other natural resources. Qualitative data derived from four communities in the greater south region informed this study: focus group discussions (14), key informants, and expert interviews (25) were employed. Using the actor-centred power analytical lens, the analysis entailed the use of directed content analysis, thematic analysis and narratives. The results indicate the following: Firstly, while ethnic/region-based and elitism-based harmful convictions significantly drive land resource access, gender-based and religious-based convictions are less recurrent. Secondly, while elitism-based actors exercise power through coercion, religious and political actors employ (dis)incentives and dominant information, respectively, in their quest for forestland. Thirdly, elitism-based and ethnic/region-based actors are at the centre of harmful convictions around land and linked natural resources. The results inform the actor-centred power concept, with emphasis on convictions around land and linked natural resources. Future studies should explore the conflict implications of these harmful convictions.

Actor Roles in the Service Development Process

The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the different actors participating in the service development process, the roles they play, and the resources they contribute to the process. The public transport system in Sweden is a complex setting in which many actors control a variety of resources. Using the established tripartite network model (actors, activities, and resources), the present study identifies eight groups of actors: (1) the Strategic Creators; (2) the Competing Actors; (3) the Deciding Actors; (4) the Supporting Actors; (5) the Prime Movers; (6) the Suppliers; (7) the Service Performers, and (8) the Users. The primary contribution of this paper is to identify this novel typology of actors in the service development process. The study also proposes a conceptual model of the relationships among these various actors and their functions.

Smart Justice in Italy: Cases of Apps Created by Lawyers for Lawyers and Beyond

The smart city literature states that three levels of institutional layers (regulatory, normative, and cognitive) and four typologies of actors (government, universities, citizens, and the private sector) support private initiative for developing smart technologies. Focusing on the emergent phenomenon of smart apps ideated by lawyers’ private initiatives, this paper acknowledges that other factors, including the ubiquity of mobile technologies and the absence of effective public services provided by public institutions, contribute to the institutional and organizational humus necessary for the creation of intelligent technological proposals. In the light of the organizational theory framework, and based on the analysis of the literature on smart cities and e-justice and on the empirical investigation of two Italian lawyers’ apps (Collega and Anthea), this paper identifies the institutional, organizational, and technological conditions under which smart technologies are being developed in high-regulated public institutions’ contexts as justice systems. The findings of the study described in this paper help integrate the contribution of the literature on the topic.

Organic Farming: Is a Metamorphosis of Modern Agricultural Imperialism or a Postmodern Agricultural Model?

The implementation of organic farming programs in Indonesia involves various actors and various interests in it. The relationship between actors and their interests has positioned organic agriculture at the intersection between modern agricultural camouflage and the antithesis of modern agriculture (postmodern agriculture). How did this happen? so this research is very important to provide a complete picture in describing the involvement of actors and power relations as one of the key factors that will determine theformulation of policies for developing organic agriculture in the future. This research used a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by in-depth interviews, observations, and document studies. The research data were analyzed concerning the Miles and Huberman (2002) framework, which consisted of stages of data reduction, analysis formulation, and concluding. The results showed that there were four typologies of actors, namely, type A actors oriented to spiritual values; actor type B oriented to moral values; type C actor is oriented to rational values and type D actor is oriented to political/powervalues. The struggle between actors is dominated by driving actors (advanced farmers or champions, state apparatus, capitalists) who have stronger knowledge power. The rhetoric and images narrated by the driving actors then become tools for domination to seize the rights of other actors with the interests and powers attached to each actor. The implementation of organic agriculture which is full of power interests puts organic farming programs in Indonesia trapped in a market trap and a poor meaning reduction of moral values, human values, spiritual values, and ecological values.

Power across the global health landscape: a network analysis of development assistance 1990-2015.

Power distribution across the global health landscape has undergone a fundamental shift over the past three decades. What was once a system comprised largely of bilateral and multilateral institutional arrangements between nation-states evolved into a varied landscape where these traditional actors were joined by a vast assemblage of private firms, philanthropies, non-governmental organizations and public–private partnerships. Financial resources are an explicit power source within global health that direct how, where and to whom health interventions are delivered, which health issues are (de)prioritized, how and by whom evidence to support policies and interventions is developed and how we account for progress. Financial resource allocations are not isolated decisions but rather outputs of negotiation processes and dynamics between actors who derive power from a multiplicity of sources. The aims of this paper are to examine the changes in the global health actor landscape and the shifts in power using data on disbursements of development assistance for health (DAH). A typology of actors was developed from previous literature and refined through an empirical analysis of DAH. The emergent network structure of DAH flows between global health actors and positionality of actors within the network were analysed between 1990 and 2015. The results reflect the dramatic shift in the numbers of actors, relationships between actors, and funding dispersal over this time period. Through a combination of the massive influx of new funding sources and a decrease in public spending, the majority control of financial resources in the DAH network receded from public entities to a vast array of civil society organizations and public–private partnerships. The most prominent of these was the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Global Fund for AIDS, TB and malaria, which rose to the third and fourth most central positions within the DAH network by 2015.

Typology of actors' influence strategies in intersectoral governance process in Montreal, Canada.

The objective of this article is to document the strategies developed by actors from different sectors during the processes of intersectoral governance. As a case study, the article focuses on the process of renegotiating the Terms of Reference of the Montreal Initiative for Local Social Development, a regional intersectoral intervention with the mission of guiding and supporting the actions of local intersectoral coalitions referred to as Neighbourhood Round Tables. The renegotiation process was marked by crisis in intersectoral governance. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 16 actors representing the four sectors involved in the intersectoral governance process, about four systematically selected critical incidents. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using QDAMiner software. Interpretive and cross-sectional thematic analysis was conducted to assign meaning to the results. Results show that the actors developed intersectoral (shared or mediated) strategies and intrasectoral (creative unilateral, power-based unilateral or multilateral) strategies to influence collective decisions. The strategies, presented in a proposed typology, were distinguishable by their goals, their organizational origin, the actors involved and their fundamental mechanisms. Intersectoral strategies were developed at the regional level and aimed to promote or defend collective interests. In contrast, intrasectoral strategies sought to protect sectoral interests. The findings illustrate how actors' strategies operate within intersectoral governance processes. They show that collective decisions are shaped by the strategies created both at the boundaries of, and within, sectors. The proposed typology, if validated and applied to other cases, may help better understand how partners interact to influence collective decision-making.

Topology, typology, and dynamics of commons‐based peer production: On platforms, actors, and innovation in the maker movement

In this paper, we aim to present a comprehensive analysis on the emerging phenomenon of distributed innovation in commons‐based peer production (CBPP) platforms. Starting with the exploration of the widely held belief on value‐creation confined to industrial settings, we raise several questions regarding the feasibility of, and a need for, an inclusive innovation process that can tap grassroots capacity into both traditional (industrial research and development) and emerging (peer‐to‐peer) innovation models to yield sustainable solutions. In particular, we explore the emergence and structuration of digital innovations in the maker movement, as it presents an alternative construct of innovation wherein access to and sharing of knowledge is predominantly distributed. With innovation outcomes often freely revealed, its very structuration could pose a principal challenge to our conceptualizations of value creation and competitive advantage in the current economic model. Drawing from responses received from 200 collaborative innovation platforms, six semi‐structured interviews focusing on socio‐technical innovation cases, as well as four in‐depth narrative interviews with maker turned entrepreneurs, we present a detailed analysis on the topology of network, typology of actors, as well as the underlying innovation ecosystem in CBPP networks in Germany. In doing so, we contribute to the conceptualization of peer‐to‐peer distributed innovations in collaborative platforms.

A typology of actors and their strategies in multi-scale governance of wind turbine conflict within forests

Wind turbine construction, governed by complex multi-scale governance systems, can cause conflict between actors interested in forest management. We examined wind turbine conflicts in forests in two case studies, the state of Maine, USA and the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Specifically, we examined based on triangulation of documents, participant observation, and qualitative interviews with 46 actors how actors argued in favor of certain scales within the wind turbine multi-scale governance systems and how they applied scalar strategies within them. In this paper, we propose a typology that describes actor behavior within multi-scale governance systems. Seven different actor types within multi-scale governance were identified: the Knowledge Exchanger, the Linker, the Creator, the Maintainer, the Power Shifter, the Mobile Learner, and the Overwhelmed & Passive. Actors involved in wind turbine conflicts within forests re-shaped and re-defined the governance system by their actions in the conflict process. However, not all actors could equally participate in scalar strategies. Therefore, only some actors had advantages in re-shaping the governance system according to their interests.

Is Sustainability Attractive for Corporate Real Estate Decisions?

This paper provides an analysis of the impact of sustainable principles on corporate property decisions and attractiveness for business districts in the French context. It is based on a behavioural survey conducted across a large sample of corporate property managers and a MCA approach which highlights key factors about the influence of sustainable principles among traditional determinants of territorial attractiveness. This approach allows us to draw up a typology of actors regarding the diffusion of sustainability issues. It emphasizes a general improvement of sustainability on location choice especially for listed companies, owners of their head office and companies located into the main business districts of the Paris metropolitan area.

Representing Religion in the European Union. A Typology of Actors

For the first time in the history of the acquis communautaire, the Lisbon Treaty institutionalises an ‘open, transparent and regular dialogue’ between European institutions and ‘churches, religions and communities of conviction’. Drawing on a comparative analysis of 120 religious and convictional actors which have been in contact with European institutions from 1957 until today, this article proposes four types of relations between religious/convictional representations and European institutions, namely, private–public, experimental, proactive and institutionalised. It argues that the Lisbon institutionalisation of religious dialogue enhances the public visibility of the European Commission and, most significantly, of the construction of the European political system.

Local Communities in Front of Big External Investors: An Opportunity or a Risk?

In the current age of trade and financial openness, local economies in developing countries are becoming increasingly exposed to external investments. The objective of the proposed two-sector model with environmental externalities is to provide an insight into the interaction between external investors and local communities with a focus upon the different strategies and income sources available to each category. In this context, analysis suggests that environmental regulations and incentives offered in order to attract external capital investment (whether foreign or national) may have an un-uniform impact on the two typologies of actors.

The Goals and Strategies of Local Boundary Changes: Government Organization or Private Gain?

Urban research traditionally has explained local government boundary changes as the result of broad demographic and structural characteristics of cities, and has assessed the impact of local government organization in terms of community benefits. This paper argues for expanding this dominant model to include private interests. A typology of actors and benefits is developed and is then applied to the case study literature to demonstrate the gains available from annexation, consolidation, and incorporation. The paper concludes with suggest ions for a broader approach to analyzing local government boundary changes.

Aid and Development in Southern Africa: British Aid to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland

invasion and is now irrelevant or of historical interest only, although it does include a useful typology of actors and conflict determinants. It describes the impossibility of reform and the escalation in the level of conflict, arms race, and external support. Using sipri's extensive 'registers' it points to South Africa's regional military dominance but also notes the ecological limitations on the exercise of power. Its empirical analysis suggests that further conflict and radicalization are likely in the region. By contrast the eiu special report examines continuities in regional exchange, investment, and infrastructure, indicating the constraints on escalation and social change. Unlike the disjointed, heavy style of the sipri book, this text is succinct and readable; like the sipri analysis it too is largely descriptive but its policy implications are also clear. Its preoccupation with the economic issue-area leads to a particular concern for communication and integration. The eiu presents an economic explanation and justification for regional detente and focuses on the central 'accord' between South Africa and Zambia. Like sipri, it is less concerned with the prospects of the small black states of Southern Africa, but it is highly informed and persuasive about the political economy of major regional actors, dealing particularly with the salient issues of dependence on trade, capital, technology, and labour and with the issues of parastatals, transit, and regional instability. Together these two new monographs advance our understanding of Southern Africa but the eiu 'political economy' perspective tends to be more persuasive than the sipri 'power politics' approach; the former's focus on exchange and inequalities provides the major reason for the radicalization and escalation described in the latter.